Duns Scot: okuyinhloko yemibono

Ioann Duns Skot wayengomunye kwezazi zenkolo omkhulu Franciscan. Wasungula imfundiso kaZiqu ngokuthi "scotism" kuwuhlobo olukhethekile scholasticism. Duns wayeyisazi sefilosofi kanye logician, eyaziwa ngokuthi "Doctor subtilis" - ngaleli gama yena yanikezelwa ngoba okunekhono, kuhlangana avulekile ka yomhlaba ehlukene namafilosofi emfundisweni efanayo. Ngokungafani nezinye zezazi ezidumile zamakhulu Ephakathi, kuhlanganise uWilliam Ockham futhi uThomas Aquinas Scotus labetibambile ukuzikhethela ngokulinganisela. Abaningi imibono yakhe baye baba nethonya enkulu ngekusasa Ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo, kanye namanye uZimu ukhona kufundvwe ngokokukhetha kwabacwaningi izinkolo futhi manje.

ukuphila

Akekho owaziyo ngempela ukuthi lapho ioann Duns Skot wazalwa, kodwa izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi igama lakhe, enesibopho Duns kwedolobha elifanayo, etholakala eduze elisemngceleni weScotland eNgilandi. Njengezilwane eziningi nabo sefilosofi wathola isidlaliso "Izinkomo", okusho ukuthi "ngoSelkirk". Wakhe sezizonke Mashi 17, 1291. Njengoba sazi ukuthi umpristi wendawo anikezelwe engilakhele isithunzi sobukhulu iqembu abanye abantu ekupheleni 1290, kuthathwa ngokuthi Duns Scotus wazalwa ngo ngekota yokuqala ka 1266 futhi waba mongameli ngokushesha uma safinyelela kweminyaka esemthethweni. Lapho esemusha, isazi sefilosofi esizayo yenkolo bajoyine Franciscans emthumela Oxford cishe ngo 1288. Ekuqaleni nane sazi ekhulwini ngangiseseyunivesithi Oxford, kusukela ephakathi kwengu-1300 futhi 1301, yena nengxenye ezingxoxweni ezinjalo zenkolo abadumile - ngokushesha, njengoba nje inkambo izinkulumo phezu "Imisho". Nokho, ayizange yamukelwe Oxford njengoba uthisha unomphela, njengoba wesigodlo wendawo wathumela sibalo amahle ohlonishwa University of Paris, lapho ozongitshela okwesibili kwi "Imisho".

Duns Scotus, ifilosofi eye wenza banikela ngendlela ebalulekile isiko emhlabeni, engenamandla okuqeda nezifundo zakhe e-Paris ngenxa ngokuqhubeka elwa phakathi UPapa Boniface VIII nokugcotshwa French iNkosi uPhilip Fair. Ngo-June 1301 izithunywa enkosini wangabaza ngamunye esigodlweni French Franciscan, ihlukanisa royalists kusukela Papists. Labo asekelwe eVatican, ngacelwa ukuba ngiphume France izinsuku ezintathu. Duns Scotus kwaba omele papists, futhi ngenxa waphoqwa ukuba ahambe kulelo zwe, kodwa sefilosofi wabuyela Paris ekwindla ka 1304, lapho Boniface wafa, futhi salandelwa entsha uPapa Benedict the XI, wakwazi ukuthola ulimi ezivamile nenkosi. Akwaziwa lapho Duns wachitha iminyaka eziningana ukudingiswa ngenkani; izazi-mlando zisikisela ukuthi wabuyela ukufundisa wafunda e-Oxford. Okwesikhathi esithile a owaziwayo wahlala futhi ozongitshela e Cambridge, kodwa isikhathi luhlaka akunakwenzeka ucacise le nkathi.

Scott waphothula izifundo zakhe e-Paris futhi wathola isimo master (inhloko ekolishi) cishe ekuqaleni 1305. Eminyakeni embalwa eyalandela, uye eyenziwa oFakazi bexoxe ngezinto eziphathelene nokusebenza esikoleni. Oda bese emthumela Franciscan Indlu Ososayensi e Cologne, lapho Duns ozongitshela ku scholasticism. Ngo 1308 isazi sefilosofi wafa; usuku lokufa kwakhe ngokomthetho kubhekwe ngoNovemba 8.

Isihloko Metaphysics

Kufundziswa Ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo kuyinto nolimi ezinkolelweni futhi nokuhlalisana kwabantu ibusa kwesikhathi zokuphila kwakhe. Medieval sichaza imibono ukuthi basakaza ioann Duns Skot. Philosophy, uchaza kafushane umbono waphezulu, kanye izimfundiso zezazi Islamic Avicenna futhi Averroes, isekelwe izikhundla ezahlukene emibhalweni Aristotelian "Metaphysics". Imiqondo eyisiqalo ngale ndlela "ngokuba", "Nkulunkulu" nesithi "ababaluleke". Avicenna futhi Ibn Rushd, yaba nethonya engakaze ibonwe on ukuthuthukisa nefilosofi esikoleni Christian, banemibono akuhambisani ophikisayo kule ndaba. Ngakho, u-Avicenna ophika kucatshangwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu isihloko Metaphysics ngenxa yokuthi akukho isayensi ayikwazi ukufakazela futhi ukuthi sikhona isifundo yayo; ngesikhathi esifanayo Metaphysics uyakhona kukhombisa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona. Ngokusho u-Avicenna, lokhu isayensi study okushiwo ukuba. Indoda ngendlela ethile correlates noNkulunkulu, ndaba futhi izimo, futhi lokhu isilinganiso kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba atadishe isayensi wokuba, okwakuba khona kuyo entweni Nkulunkulu futhi ehlukile yayo izinto, kanye ndaba futhi isenzo. Ibn Rushd ekugcineni kancane kuphela kuyavumelana nalokho u-Avicenna, eqinisekisa ukuthi cwaningo ukuba elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo eqala isifundo yayo izinto ezihlukahlukene futhi izinto ethile ehlukile futhi uNkulunkulu. Njengoba sazi ukuthi i-physics, kunokuba isayensi wekuvana Metaphysics inquma ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, asikwazi ukufakazela yokuthi isihloko Metaphysics unguNkulunkulu. Ioann Duns Skot, ifilosofi okuyinto kakhulu kulandela indlela ulwazi u-Avicenna, lisekela iqiniso lokuthi Metaphysics etadisha izidalwa, aphakeme zazo, akungabazeki, UnguNkulunkulu; Yena - inhlalakahle ephelele kuphela, kusukela lapho bonke abanye ancike. Yingakho uNkulunkulu iyahola ku Metaphysics kohlelo, okuyinto sihlanganisa nemfundiso kaZiqu obabazekayo sibonakalisa isikimu Aristotelian lwezigaba. Transcendentalers - lokhu kokuba izinga yabo yokuba ( "olulodwa", "kwesokudla", "kwesokudla" - lokhu imiqondo obabazekayo njengoba ephila ngalolu ketshezi, futhi bamele enye yezincazelo lomcebo) futhi konke likhona bahlukene isihlobo ( "kokugcina "futhi" elingapheli "," kudingeka 'futhi "ngenxa yezimo ezithile"). Nokho, e- theory yolwazi, Duns Scotus wagcizelela ukuthi zonke izinto zangempela lungena ngaphansi elithi "izidakamizwa" kungenziwa kubhekwe njengendlela isihloko isayensi Metaphysics.

universals

nefilosofi Medieval kusekelwe yonke imisebenzi yabo phezu ontological ngezigaba izinhlelo - ikakhulukazi izinhlelo kuchazwe umsebenzi "izigaba" umbono ka-Aristotle - lokubonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwe nezidalwa wadala futhi ukuqinisekisa ulwazi lomuntu yesayensi ngazo. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi singobani noPlato yilunga zohlobo zabantu owavele, basonta uhlobo lwe kwezilwane. Izimbongolo futhi basonta uhlobo lwe of isilwane, kodwa umehluko ukukwazi ukucabanga ngendlela ehluzekile ihlukanisa indoda kwezinye izilwane. Uhlobo lwe "izilwane", kanye namanye amaqembu ukuze ezifanele (isibonelo, uhlobo lwe "izitshalo") lisho isigaba izinto. La maqiniso kungukuthi uphikise yinoma ubani. Nokho, inkinga inkani, isimo ontological yalezi izizukulwane nezinhlobo. Ingabe zikhona empeleni, noma ekstramentalnoy kukhona imiqondo nje, okudaliwe yingqondo yomuntu? Ingabe izizukulwane futhi zama-kwezidalwa ngabanye noma kudingeka ngibaphathisa ahlukene, ngokuya isihlobo? Ioann Duns Skot, ogama nefilosofi kusekelwe yena uzibheka uhlobo jikelele, okhokhela eziningi ukunakekela lezi zindaba esikoleni. Ikakhulukazi, uveza ukuthi isimo jikelele ezifana "ubuntu" futhi "animalic" zikhona (nakuba bangamaqonqela "kubonisa ukuthi mancane" kunokuba abantu) nokuthi generality ngokwazo, empeleni.

ithiyori esiyingqayizivele

Kunzima sebekubeke ukwamukela ukuthi waqondisa ioann Duns Skot; izingcaphuno, esigcinwe imithombo yasekuqaleni nezifinyezo bakhombise ukuthi ezinye izici ngokoqobo (isib izizukulwane nezinhlobo) ngokubukwa bakhe babe ngaphansi kuka ubunye ambalwa. Ngakho, isazi sefilosofi uphakamisa isethi yama-agumenti esivuna esiphethweni ukuthi akuwona wonke ngobunye yangempela ubunye zenani. Ngo-agumenti esiqine wagcizelela ukuthi uma lesi simo kwaba ncamashi okuphambene, lapho konke ukwehluka yangempela ongawenza ukwehluka zezinombolo. Nokho, noma yimuphi ezimbili ezingalingani izinto quantitatively sihluke nomunye ngokulinganayo. Umphumela uba ukuthi USocrates kuyinto ehlukile kaPlato kuba njani ezahlukene kusukela ngamajamo weJiyomethri. Kulokhu, ingqondo yomuntu ayikwazi ukuthola lutho ngazo noPlato. It kuvela ukuthi isicelo umqondo jikelele "yisidalwa esingumuntu" nabantu ababili, umuntu usebenzisa bumbela elula kwengqondo yakhe. Lezi isiphetho kungazwakali bakhombise ukuthi ukwehluka ambalwa asigcini, kodwa ngoba ngesikhathi esifanayo mkhulu kakhulu, ngakho kukhona kancane abanye kuka ambalwa, le ezihlukahlukene kanye elihambisana aphansi kunobunye ambalwa.

Enye impikiswano yangempela yokuthi ngokungabi bikho ukukhalipha, okwazi ukucabanga engqondweni yethu, ilangabi lomlilo isazoqhubeka esikhiqiza ilangabi entsha. Owenza umlilo nelangabi kwakhiwa uzoba Umumo ubunye bangempela - ubunye obunjalo kudingani, okuyinto efakazela ukuthi kunjalo kuyinto yisibonelo causation ngalokuvakalako. ngaleyo ndlela ezimbili izinhlobo ilangabi axhomeke uhlobo jikelele yengqondo ubunye, okuncani kuna ambalwa.

inkinga indifferentsii

Lezi zinkinga Ngokutadisha ngokucophelela scholastics ngasekupheleni. Duns Scotus babekholelwa ukuthi isimo jikelele zibeka hhayi abantu, amayunithi ezimele, sinobunye yabo esingaphansi zezinombolo. Kulokhu, isimo jikelele kanye akuyona jikelele. Ukulandela izitatimende zika-Aristotle, Scotus uyavuma ukuthi jikelele ichaza omunye eziningi libhekisela izinto eziningi. Kanjani ukuqonda lo mbono wayecabangisisa ephakathi, Universal F kumelwe abe nandaba ngakho, ukuze zisebenza kuwo wonke F ngabanye ukuze jikelele futhi ngamunye izakhi zalo ahlukene babe ezifanayo. Ngamagama alula, F jikelele ichaza ngamunye F ngabanye kahle ngokufanayo. Scott uyavuma ukuthi kulo mqondo, futhi isimo jikelele akukwazi jikelele, ngisho noma elinesimo indifferentsii ezithile bomdabu: bemvelo jikelele asikwazi ukuba ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwezinye uhlobo ezivamile eziphathelene uhlobo oluthile izidalwa futhi izinto. iziphetho ezifanayo kancane kancane kuza zonke scholastics ngasekupheleni; Duns Scotus, Uilyam Okkam nezinye ongqondongqondo ozama adalule khona ngezigaba okunengqondo.

Iqhaza intelligence

Nakuba Scot wokuqala wathi umahluko phakathi universals nemvelo jikelele, udonsa oluvela zwi odumile Avicenna ukuthi ihhashi - kungcono nje ihhashi. Kanjani ukuqonda lesi sitatimende Duns, imvelo jikelele ngabandayo ekufezeni ngabanye noma jikelele. Nakuba bona eqinisweni ngeke kube khona kungekho individualization futhi universalization, kwisimo jikelele, akuzona ngokwabo noma yimuphi omunye. Ukulandela lesi logic, Duns Scotus lichaza wonke jikelele futhi ubuntu njengoba izici kwephutha uhlobo jikelele, ngakho - bedinga sokuzibonakalisa elungile. Imibono enjalo ihlukile, zonke scholastics ngasekupheleni; Duns Scotus, Uilyam Okkam namanye zefilosofi nezenkolo ukunikeza indima ebalulekile ukuze umqondo womuntu. Lokho kwenza Imininingwane intelligence imvelo kube jikelele, imuphoqe bangabenkolo ngezigaba enjalo, kuvela ukuthi ngokuya ambalwa, umqondo Kungashiwo okufanayo nangenhlalakahle isitatimende ephawula abantu abaningi.

uNkulunkulu ukhona

Nakuba uNkulunkulu lungekho elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo, ke nokho simele umgomo walolu isayensi; Metaphysics uhlose ukuthi ukhona nemvelo kwemvelo. Scott inikeza izinguqulo eziningana ubufakazi ukhona ukuhlakanipha okuphakeme; Zonke lezi imisebenzi zifana ngokuya uhlamvu lelandzisako, isakhiwo kanye namasu. Duns Scotus idale siyisinqumo esinzima kunazo zonke ukufakazela ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona lonke wefilosofi esikoleni. Amazwi akhe asekelwe achazwayo ngezigaba ezine:

• Kukhona imbangela obunqoba pervoitog ekubeni.
• lemvelo enye kuphela kuqala zonke izimo ezintathu.
• Natura ungowokuqala kunoma yiziphi izimo ethulwa, akupheli.
• Kukhona nenhlalakahle elingapheli eyodwa kuphela.

Ukuze ngisekele egomela zokuqala, yena ubalula nomnyombo agumenti non-eyisibonelo:

• Lwenza ibhizinisi X.

Ngakho:

• X adalwe ezinye inhlangano Y.
• Noma Y iyimbangela, noma idala uhlobo nenhlalakahle lwesithathu.
• Uchungechunge adalwe abadali ayikwazi ziqhubeke unomphela.

Ngakho, uchungechunge iphela iyimbangela - nenhlalakahle ongadalwanga okwaziyo ukukhiqiza, kungakhathaliseki nezinye izinto.

Ngokuya Timiso

Duns Scotus, ogama biography siqukethe kuphela nezikhathi yokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi nokufunda lezi zimpikiswano akusho asuke izimiso eziyisisekelo wefilosofi zesikole Ephakathi. Iphinde inikeza inguqulo eyisibonelo yenkulumo yakhe:

• Kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona onamandla esiyimbangela amandla ngokuphelele kuqala.
• Uma kukhona A alikwazi zenzeka kusukela kwenye nenhlalakahle ke, uma A ukhona, ezimele.
• Kasibili wokuqala enamandla esiyimbangela amandla angeke kwenzeke kusuka kwenye nenhlalakahle.
• Ngakho, amandla ngokuphelele wokuqala enamandla esiyimbangela izimele.

Uma impande imbangela ngokuphelele alikho, khona-ke alikho engenzeka ngempela ukhona. Ekugcineni, uma kuyiqiniso lokuqala, akunakwenzeka ukuba ancike yimuphi omunye izizathu. Kusukela kukhona kungenzeka ngempela ukhona, kusho ukuthi-ke ukhona kwayona.

Imfundiso ubunjalo

Duns Scotus umnikelo nefilosofi emhlabeni kubaluleke kakhulu. Uma usosayensi uqala ukhombe emibhalweni yakhe ukuthi isihloko Metaphysics ofundiswa njengoba enjalo, kuqhubeka umbono, bethi umqondo wokuba kufanele aphathelane ngokucacile ukuba konke sifundwa Metaphysics. Uma lesi sitatimende kuyiqiniso kuphela emaqenjini athile lezinto, into akuyona ubunye ezidingekayo ukuze bakwazi ukufunda lesi isayensi esifundvweni lesitsite. Ngokusho Duns, esifanisweni esisenze - kungcono nje uhlobo kwefrakshini. Uma umqondo ngokuyinhloko kunqunywa ezihlukahlukene kwezinto Metaphysics kuphela by Isifaniso, isayensi ayikwazi obumbene.

Duns Scotus linikeza izimo ezimbili ekunakeni imihlola isobala:

• isiqinisekiso futhi kuphikisa yokuthi okufanayo maqondana ukuphikisana kuncike ngabanye kwakhiwa;
• umqondo zalesi simo kungaba eside phakathi ngenxa syllogism.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphandle ukuphikisana singasho ukuthi uKaren wayekhona phakathi jurors bebodwa (ngoba angakhetha aye enkantolo kuka uhlawule), futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bephikisa intando yakhe (ngoba ngangizwa sengathi ngeke ngiphunyuke ophoqelelwe ngezinga ngokomzwelo). Kulokhu, ukuphikisana akunakwenzeka, ngoba umqondo wegama elithi "ngumnikazi kuthanda" ngendlela efanayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, syllogism "izinto Inanimate abakwazi ukucabanga. Abanye scanner ukucabanga eside kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba ukunikeza umphumela. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye scanner izinto Animate" kuholela esiphethweni kungazwakali, kusukela nombono wokuthi "ecabanga" isetshenziswa kuwo okulingana. Ngomqondo yendabuko, le nkulumo isetshenziswa kuphela umusho wokuqala; emshweni wesibili, anakho incazelo ongokomfanekiso.

izimiso zokuhle

Umqondo ubukhosi ngokuphelele kaNkulunkulu ayibeke ekuqaleni ezinhle, engena phakathi zonke izici isiko. Ioann Duns Skot labetibambile ukuthi imfundiso yenkolo kumele achaze ngezinto impikiswano tematheksthi yenkolo; yena uhlole izindlela ezintsha ekutadisheni iBhayibheli, esekelwe igunya of intando yaphezulu. Isibonelo salokhu umqondo hola: izimiso kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi nezenzo zomuntu zibonakala njengabafanelwe noma bangakufanelekeli nomvuzo Nkulunkulu. imibono Scott wakhonza njengephayona ezizwakalayo imfundiso entsha yokunqunyelwa kusengaphambili.

Isazi sefilosofi ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezimiso ukuzikhethela - mkhuba ukugcizelela ukubaluleka intando yakhe futhi inkululeko yomuntu e yonke imibuzo theory.

Imfundiso kaZiqu-Conception Immaculate

Kepha yezenkolo, impumelelo enkulu kakhulu Duns kubhekwe ezivikela we Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. NgeNkathi Ephakathi ke yayizimisele ngale ndaba izingxabano eziningi zenkolo. Kukhokonke, uMariya eyayingaba ngayo ngempela intombi ngesikhathi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, kodwa imibhalo waseBhayibhelini, abacwaningi abazange baqonde indlela yokuxazulula inkinga elandelayo: kuphela ngemva kokufa uMsindisi naye yabaleka inhlamba yesono sokuqala.

zefilosofi Omkhulu nezazi lamazwe Western ayehlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana, siphikisana le nkinga. Kukholakala ukuthi ngisho foma Akvinsky inqatshelwe ukuba yiqiniso kwalesi imfundiso, nakuba abanye Thomists azilungile ukwamukela lesi simangalo. Duns Scotus yena, wanika agumenti ezilandelayo: Kwase kuyisikhathi eside uMariya abadinga ukuhlengwa, njengabo bonke abantu, kodwa ngokusebenzisa ubuhle ukubethelwa kukaKristu, ezibhalwe phansi ngaphambi kokuba izigameko zenzeke efanele, anyamalala nenhlamba ehamba yesono sokuqala.

Lokhu impikiswano lunikeziwe isimemezelo sobupapa yemfundiso kaZiqu-we Immaculate Conception. UPapa John XXIII Kunconywa ukufunda imfundiso Duns Scotus isihambile abafundi.