Ducat Golden. Expensive zemali Russian. Royal ducat segolide

ducat Wegolide iyunithi malini Empire Russian neSoviet Union. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene, waba elilodwa noma kwenye okulingana in ruble. Leli gama lalisetshenziselwa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili ukuze ubheke imali yamaphepha amayunithi eziyishumi, ngokwesibonelo, i-hryvnia, ruble, euro nokunye. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso kokukhululwa kwe-USSR Uhlamvu lwegolide, isisindo, impahla kanye Ubukhulu zazo okuphindaphindiwe eziyishumi-ducat UNicholas. Kukhona enye inguqulo. Kusolakala ukuthi ibizo elithi "igolide ucezu" lisuselwa Isiphawulo esithi "ngegolide elihlanzekile", okusho "Red". Okwakushiwo entsha izwi ekugcineni waqinisa izikhundla zabo ngemuva kabusha lwemali 1922-1924.

Tsarist Russia

Ngaphambili, kwencazelo "ducat osemqoka" sisebenza kunoma yikuphi igolide angaphandle kubalwa kusuka izinga okusezingeni ingxubevange. Abaningi babo kwakungabantu sequins futhi ducats yayivela eNetherlands kanye neHungary. Nge-Ivan III kuPetru mina ensimini ka Russia kubalwa igolide esiyingqayizivele zemali wasebukhosini. Babuye ngokuthi zemali zegolide (njengoba inketho - Cervone), kodwa iyakwazi ingasetshenziswa njengendlela izimpawu umvuzo. On mikhiqizo kwaba isithombe ukhozi uhhafu sobude portrait (inyoni ngezinye izikhathi kabili ephethwe kwaba nhlangothi zombili lwemali).

Phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi uPetru mina

Ukwethulwa izingcezu zegolide ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa ekutjhugululweni yemali. Izindlela ezintsha yokukhokha isisindo kwaba 3,47 amagremu kanye isampula 986. Zonke izici ke kwakufana ducat Hungarian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwasungulwa umkhankaso ukukhiqizwa zemali izingcezu ezimbili zegolide. Isisindo sawo kwaba kakade 6,94 amagremu.

Russian igolide abangu ekhishwe 1701. Ekuqaleni, 118 amakhophi zavezwa. Zazisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuthengiselana nge abathengisi kwezilwandle.

Golden ducat 1907 (usuku izincwadi ezibhaliwe) etholakala ikhophi eyodwa. Wayekhona Vienna Museum kusukela ukuqoqwa Biron. Ngo-2010, le ndlovu esiyingqayizivele kwakulinganiselwa ku amadola na bengamakhulu amathathu amawaka. Hermitage, ungabona base bangempela esiliva ducat 1907 Ngokuvamile kukhona remakes yalesi uhlamvu lwemali, wenza ephezulu grade wesiliva nethusi. Inani labo balinganiselwa ku ruble angaba yizinkulungwane 50 umkhiqizo zisesimweni esikahle (XF).

Phakathi nokubusa uPetru lasebukhosini ducat segolide kubalwa kusuka 1701 kuya 1716. Ngemva kwalokho, salandelwa zemali ruble ezimbili nokubhidlika aphansi. Izibalo zikhombe Andrey Pervozvanny - the ongumvikeli emazweni Russian.

Resumption of the ayenza lezi ka ducats kwenzeka e 1729 ngaphansi uPetru wesiBili. Lapho u-Elizabethe ihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, phezu zemali kwakufanele benze idatha ngenyanga, futhi ngezinye izikhathi usuku yokudalwa kwayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Kwaba khona ukwahlukana ecacile ku izinhlobo ezimbili - kanye umfanekiso St Andrew noma State Emblem. Imfihlo nokujaha ducats Dutch eqala kulowo Mint e 1768. Bakhandwa Awenzelwe izidingo inkosi igolide lokudayisa amazwe.

igolide Russian nge uNicholas II

1907 kwaphawula ukuqala ukukhululwa kwegazi banknotes amasha e amahlelo ruble ayishumi. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa ngezinga izindlela wokwenza ephepheni. Ngokushesha isikhipha umyalo ukukhipha amakhadi esikweletu in ruble 1909 ngonyaka isampula eziyishumi. Kwakumelwe lisetshenziswa kuze kuqala Okthoba 1922. Exchange imali entsha wenza ngesilinganiso ruble ayizigidi 10. 1 ruble ubudala, kodwa abazange bakumele impande. Ngenxa yalokho, saqala ukukhiqiza izinhlamvu zemali ezinhlanu-ruble okusezingeni eliphezulu 986 amasampula, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sehliselwe imizuzu 917.

Inketho okunye

Phakathi yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye waqala Mint imali yokukhokha platinum (obizwa nangokuthi omhlomphe igolide). Kwaba eqolo zemali Russian esikhathini. Engenangqondo Uma unganakile, ikhambi ilula: ngu 1827, yengcebo isiRashiya kwakuwulimi izinqolobane umxhwele platinum, okuyinto ekhishwe placers Ural. Kwaba kangangokuba ukudayiswa ngqo ensimbini eyigugu nje ehlala emakethe, yingakho kwanqunywa ukukhulula ducats ezimhlophe ejikelezayo. Umqondo minting platinum zemali kwakungekaNkulunkulu Bala Kankrin. Izinhlamvu zemali kusuka ongahluziwe 97% we metal ikhiqizwa 1828 nonyaka 1845. Uma lokhu baba etholakala amahlelo ruble ezintathu, eziyisithupha neziyishumi nambili ziyizinceku - ngempela ezingavamile eRussia. Umbala wawo kungenxa yokuthi i-usayizi embossing ngempumelelo ngaphezulu sikhethwe njengoba kakade ngaphambili ekhiqizwa 25 amasenti, amadola amahlanu futhi sibe nokwazisa. Ngakho, lo mqulu metal, futhi nohlolwe 3, 6, ruble 12.

Ngokokuqala ngqá e lwemali yenkokhelo kusho ukuthi cishe ngokuphelele sakhiwa-platinum. uhlamvu lwemali Langaphambilini awabhalwanga ka ensimbini eyigugu, kodwa kuphela njengoba okuyinhloko ingxubevange ukuze ithusi noma igolide manga.

Soviet Russia

Ngo ngemuva kokumiswa amandla Soviet eminyakeni yokuqala kwakukhona ukuhlukaniswa uhlelo yemali kanye nokukhula ngokushesha kwamandla emali. ukuzethemba sabantu akazange asebenzise noma iyiphi "Kerensky amanothi" noma "amanothi Soviet," noma Duma imali noma wasebukhosini credit cards. Ihlelo lokuqala yadalwa 1922. Sashintshana kwenziwe isilinganiso 1:10 000. Ngenxa yalokho, it ephethwe ukuhlela uhlelo yemali, kodwa ukuyeka izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali - akukho. Kubahlanganyeli Eleventh iCongress of the RCP (b) unqume ukukhipha lwemali Soviet esitebeleni. Yiqiniso, saxoxa mayelana isihloko esisha imali. It unikeza abaleke ubudala futhi ukwethula izinketho ezintsha - "wamavukelambuso '. Ngokwesibonelo, Yabantu Commissariat abasebenzi wathola ithuba shayela lwemali "federalist." Wahlola futhi bendabuko amagama - a ruble, ducat, lo hryvnia. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi hryvnya ngokuthi izindlela zokukhokha, lalisakaze endaweni ye-Ukraine, futhi ruble ephathelene ne-ruble esiliva, kwanqunywa ukuba igama imali entsha elidala - zemali zegolide. Labantu wasebathatha ngokuzethemba. Isizathu kwaba ukuthi zemali zegolide ibonwa njengoba ezokuphepha non-cash, hhayi njengendlela yokuthola ukwelashwa. Abaningi babenethemba lokuthi wayeyoba umklomelo ngemali yephepha singesegolide, kodwa isenzo sikahulumeni exchange sesihle futhi akabonakalanga. Noma kunjalo, leli phephandaba igolide ngenkuthalo ushintshe zemali ezibizayo isiRashiya, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ngezinye izikhathi, owokuqala ngisho kancane overpaid ngenxa lula wesitoreji yabo futhi zezimali. Siyabonga esitebeleni exchange rate tenner Uhulumeni wathola isisekelo esiqinileko ukuthunyelwa le New Economic Policy (nep).

eqinisa isikhundla

Ngo-1923, isabelo ducats nenqwaba ingqikithi imali liye landa lisuka kwabangu ezintathu amaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili. Amabili uhlelo lwemali eziqhutshwa kuleli zwe. Ngakho, i-Bank State umemezele entsha nsuku zonke izinga tenner. Lokhu kwanikeza evundile okungamila kokuqagela kubangela ukubonakala nobunzima ekuthuthukiseni imisebenzi kwezomnotho kanye ukuhweba. Nge chervonets kwesikhathi baqala ukusebenzisa kakhulu kuleli dolobha. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, kwakungase ukuthenga abalimi abacebile kuphela, kuyilapho abantu abavamile kwaba prohibitively ezibizayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakubikwa umbono ukuthi ukuthengiswa kwempahla wamanothi KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - ke kuyinto embi, ngakho imikhiqizo yezolimo amanani anda, isingeniso zabo bangena emzini kunqatshelwe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kwakukhona ihlelo ruble yesibili (1: 100).

Izikhangibavakashi emazweni akude

Zonke evelele kwaba kwema- zegolide kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho, okokuqala ngo-April 1924 exchange rate aso eqala ukuba kucashunwe New York Stock Exchange. Ngenyanga yokuqala, wahlala ezingeni esingeqile dollar zayo silinganiso. E Berlin, eLondon kwaba nomthelela neSoviet lwemali olungekho emthethweni e 1924-1925 GG. Ekupheleni kuka-1925 sanquma umbuzo hlu yayo phezu Vienna Stock Exchange. Nakuba ducat besele kukhulunyiwe e Shanghai, Tehran, Rome, waseConstantinople, eMilan Riga ngokusemthethweni. It kungenziwa umklomelo noma ngithenge emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke.

ukubuya okunqobayo

Ngo-October, kwanqunywa ukuthi ducat segolide bayokhululwa futhi belingana leli phephandaba. Ngobukhulu futhi izici, kuba kuyavumelana ngokuphelele nalo pre-wamavukelambuso eziyishumi-uhlamvu lwemali. Vasyutinskii - main medalist Mint - kwaba nombhali umklamo omusha. Ngakho, kwi obverse ukuboniswa elingenamikhono izingalo RSFSR, kube yibo - umlimi-womhlwanyeli. Lesi sakamuva esenziwa Shadr ebaziwe, manje kuba Tretyakov Igalari. ducat ngamunye segolide ( "womhlwanyeli," njengoba edume ngokuthi) kwesikhathi sangomhla 1923.

Cash ka ensimbini eyigugu e iningi okudingekayo ukuze kuhulumeni waseSoviet imisebenzi namanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ducat igolide (izithombe ethulwa esihlokweni) ngezinye izikhathi lisetshenziselwa njengoba yokukhokha kuleli zwe. Lezi zinhlamvu ezazenziwa enhloko-dolobha bese sisabalale isimo.

Lapho waqala kuphela ukukhiqiza izinhlamvu zemali ezibizayo Russian zegolide, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa sehlakalo: abameleli Western ezinekhono zenqaba ingcaca ukuqala ukwamukela lezi zimali, njengoba babenaso kufanekisa zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Isixazululo watholakala ngokushesha. Isisekelo omusha zemali Nicholas wathatha ucezu zegolide, ezizenzile abezinye izizwe wathatha ngokungenamibandela. Ngakho, uhulumeni wamaSoviet aqala ukuthenga lezi izinto eziya phesheya zokuthi ibhange amanothi umfanekiso umbusi owaketulwa.

Isikhathi emva nep

Zidilika New Economic Policy kanye nokuqala kwezimboni ziye zancipha ducat segolide. Intengo waso phakathi ruble 5.4 dollar ngalinye. Ngemva kwalokho, ingabe isakwazi efakwe phesheya. Ukuze ahlanganise uhlelo lwezimali, Ruble kuboshelwe iphepha ruble ayishumi. Kungakanani iyona ducat igolide ngo-1925? Bamnika ruble ayishumi. Ngemva kwalokho, ukungenisa kanye ukuthekelisa ayigugu metal zemali ngaphandle Union wavalwa ngokuphelele.

Ngo-1937 kwaba khona uchungechunge value ngokulinganisa of 1, 3, 5 no-10 ducats. I emisha ye sikhathi - isithombe Lenin kolunye uhlangothi lwawo lwemali.

Ngo-1925 washaywa ndlovu ivelakancane wethusi. Ngu zonke izinyathelo, kuba kuyavumelana ngokuphelele nalo Uhlamvu lwegolide. Ngo-2008, ngesikhathi endalini eMoscow eyathengwa ukuze ruble Russian kwezigidi ezinhlanu (acishe abe yizinkulungwane 165 dollars).

sempi

On iningi German-matasa Soviet ezindaweni ducat akazange siyeke ukuhamba. ruble Ten uvunyelwe eyodwa Reichsmark. Indida wukuthi abahleli (amaphoyisa, izimeya kanye nabanye abantu ababemdibi munye amabutho undlovukayiphikiswa) e 1941-1943. Bakhandwa ukhokhelwe namaSoviet "uStalin" Rouble 1937 ukukhululwa nge izithombe labo abalwela inkululeko ngokumelene amaNazi kanye iRed Army pilot lempi (lawa kwakungamadodana okuthiwa yengcebo amanothi).

ku-Soviet indawo ebiza ngaphansana eJalimane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amaNazi eyayenziwe ulele izinga Reichsmark, Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi yokukhululwa emzaneni kubahlaseli ukubaluleka imikhiqizo ezimakethe zendawo unqabile kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho kathathu. Leli qiniso Yiqiniso, nakanjani ziqondakala bendawo.

ESoviet Union wakhokhelwa igolide kuze 1947. Bona kwathathelwa indawo amanothi amasha anikezwe ruble. ducats Ten wanikeza esinye ruble.

Olympics 1980

Isikhewu eSoviet Union kusukela ngo-1975 kuya ku-1982, zemali zokuqala ekhishwe like ducats isampula 1923 nge elingenamikhono izingalo RSFSR kanye nezinsuku entsha. ukuzungeza Ubude kwaba 7.350.000 amakhophi. Lezi zinhlamvu ezazenziwa ngesikhathi iMidlalo Yama-Olympic e Moscow, kodwa abazange babe isimo ithenda zomthetho endaweni zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Zazisetshenziswa ekuqhubeni angaphandle ukuhweba ukuthengiselana futhi uthengiswa izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe.

Phakathi no-1990 Central Bank waqala ukuthengisa "-Olympic zegolide" njengoba zemali utshalomali, futhi ngo-2001-ejensi wombuso unqume ukwenza kubo ithenda zomthetho kanye trehrublevkoy esiliva "Sobol".

I imikhonyovu edume kakhulu

chervontsi Soviet babe ngokwanele lwemali kanzima futhi ezahlukene amandla wokuthenga okusezingeni eliphezulu. Avame kokuzihlanganisa ukuze zingenze emnothweni wase-USSR futhi zokukhokhelwa ezingekho emthethweni amazwe.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke kulesi sici abasebenzi ovelele Shell Oil Company, abakhonondayo iqiniso ukuthi Union nokobana amafutha ngentengo ngezansi isilinganiso emakethe.

Iningi ngokuvamile counterfeited umthetho namahlelo eyodwa yegolide ucezu, ngoba wayecaphuna ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. A maphilisi elikhulu ebhange zamanga amanothi babengase baboshwe ngo-1928 e Murmansk. Inhlangano komhlaba, ukusabalalisa mbumbulu imali yamaphepha, elanyatheliswa ngo-eJalimane, ke wakusho isisebenzi leposi Sepalovym. Iselelesi kohlelo indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa abanye ababekholelwa White Guards, kuhlanganise Sadaterashvili futhi Karumidze. Nokho, ecaleni izigebengu labetibambile waseSwitzerland eJalimane, lapho athola imisho ephansi okunokwenzeka. Ngemva kwalokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo bazuza amaNazi, ngubani phakathi neMpi Yezwe II kokuzihlanganisa imali yamaphepha kweSoviet Union nakwamanye amazwe.

Numismatist ukuba uqaphele

Phakathi nokubusa uNicholas II kubalwa a imperials agcwele futhi poluimperialy, okuyinto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zimiselelwe imali isisindo kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, engavamile engunyaza isikhalazo Russian Folk zemali in ruble 7.5 no-15. Isipho dvadtsatipyatirublevki stofrankovye futhi igolide basonta siyindlala numismatic. ezivamile Okuningi khona ducat abavamile. It eyakhishwa ngo 1898-1911 GG. Nokho, ngisho lapha kukhona okuhlukile: ngo-1906 olwenziwa ducat segolide bobukhosi, intengo zazo okwamanje ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi zamaRandi apiece. Kuphela 10 zalezi amakhophi zavezwa, yingakho abaqoqi bazimisele ukulwela ilungelo lokuba uhlamvu lwemali ezingavamile ezifana.

Abantu abafuna ukuvikela imali yabo, ngokuvamile bhekana isinqumo esinzima: noma uthumele imali ku zamadola, noma ama-euro, noma ushiye in ruble ... sazi nokuntengantenga kwezimakethe zezimali emhlabeni wonke, abaningi ucabangela okunye zokutshala imali. Ngokwesibonelo, izindleko ekuphumeni igolide ducats Nokho hhayi ngokushesha, kodwa kancane kancane. Nokho, indlela ukunquma ubuqiniso zemali? On igolide tchervonetses bobukhosi uNicholas II zimane izimpawu mintsmeysterskie. Olimini German münzmeister okuthiwa umuntu mathupha obhekene inqubo yokudala uhlamvu lwemali, bese - ukulawula Mint. Izibonakaliso ngenhla ibekwe ngaphansi osukwini lokukhishwa, umlenze noma umsila ukhozi, ngaphansi uwuphawu isimo noma ngasonqenqemeni. Bona lalinabashumayeli zokuqala ezimbili münzmeister. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlu lobukhosi udaba ducat 1899 kwaphawulwa nokugqamisa ububi "FZ", ngoba ngesikhathi imisebenzi zokuhlonipha babelwa uFeliksi Zalemna.

ukutshalwa kwezimali eside e zemali eminyakeni embalwa kungaletha amaphesenti amabili noma amathathu we eyinzuzo ukuthi uzovuma, hhayi kabi.