Amasiko Olimi Olubhaliwe: IsiRashiya

Isiko senkulumo yomlomo nesibhaliwe sibonisa imicabango kanye nemibono yomuntu ngomumo noma ngokumelela okucacile. Ukudala izibonakaliso ezibonisa izinto zokuzwakala kudinga isikhathi esiningi. Kwakukhona ukwakheka kokubhala. Inkulumo yomlomo yavela esikhathini esingaphambene nesiboniso sayo esibonakalayo. Futhi lokhu kuyaqondakala kahle. Ifomu ebhaliwe, njengombuso, libhekiswe kumuntu ongekho okwamanje. Umlobi akanalo ithuba lokusho okuthile ngqo kumfundi wakhe, ngakho-ke uyamncenga ngombhalo. Isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe sazalwa kanyekanye nokwakhiwa komphakathi, ukuhlanganiswa komuntu.

Ulimi lwezincwadi

Kudingekile ukuhlukanisa umqondo wolimi lwezincwadi kusukela endleleni yokwethulwa esetshenziswa ekudalweni kwemisebenzi yobuciko. Leli gama lokugcina linamandla kakhulu. Isizathu sokubhala imibhalo enjalo ukusetshenziswa kolwazi olwamukelekile emphakathini, kodwa umqondo walo uhlukile futhi uthola ukucabangela ukuthi amadivaysi okusebenza emisebenzini ahlanganiswe ngokujulile ngokuphendukela kwemifanekiso ngokusetshenziswa okuningi kwezinhlobo ezinhle zokukhuluma. Umsebenzi obaluleke kunawo wonke wezwi yikwethulo lomcabango kanye nokuxhumana kolwazi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ulimi lwezincwadi luhlelekile futhi luqukethe ukusetshenziswa kwemishwana ekhulunywayo, kanye nezinkulumo ezihlukahlukene.

Ulimi lwezincwadi luyisici lapho, ngokuhambisana nezomnotho, ezombangazwe, ezenhlalo, ubunye besizwe budalwa. Lona uhlobo lwekhodi yokukhulumisana phakathi kwabantu bodwa noma amasiko ahlukene.

Ukukhuluma nokukhuluma inkulumo

Ulimi lwezincwadi lunezinhlobo ezimbili: kubhaliwe nangomlomo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu, kokubili ukubhuka nokuhumusha okuhambisanayo kuhanjiswa. Enkulumweni yomlomo, kokubili ifomu lombhalo kanye nomlomo lingasetshenziswa, kuye ngokuthi umuntu uzibona kanjani emphakathini, imikhuba yakhe, ukukhulisa, izimiso zokuziphatha zakhe. Kule ndaba, inkulumo ebhaliwe iboniswa kaningi kwifomu lebhuku. Yimikhakha yokukhulumisana eyenza ukhetho lwezilimi, okufomathi futhi inquma izinhlobo zezinkulumo.

Inkulumo yencwadi isetshenziselwa kabanzi ezindabeni zezombangazwe, ezomthetho, ezenzweni zesayensi, kanye nangendlela yokuxoxisana emihlanganweni esemthethweni nemikhosi, lapho isikhalaza kubasebenzi abaphezulu, emisebenzini yomndeni noma emakhaya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, leli fomu lokukhuluma lwakhiwe njalo ngokuvumelana nemigomo ekhona yokubhala ulimi, okuyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokuba khona kweziphakamiso ezihlobene nokuvumelana, okungafani nesitatimende esicacile sokucabanga nokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Inkulumo yencwadi ayivumeli ukuqhuma okubukhali emcabangweni owodwa, hhayi ukuletha isiphetho sayo esinengqondo, komunye.

Isichazamazwi sezesayensi, isilulumagama esisemthethweni sebhizinisi sisetshenziswa kabanzi. Amagama amaningi awunayo imingcele ecacile noma ukusatshalaliswa phakathi kokukhuluma, ngomlomo, enkulumweni ebhaliwe. Ziyasetshenziswa kabanzi emafomu ahlukahlukene futhi ngokuvamile ziyamukelwa. Ngakho-ke, isizinda sidalwe, okusho ngokucacile ukuveza ulwazi olukhethekile lwalolu hlobo noma loluhlobo lokuveza.

Umqondo wenkambiso yokukhuluma

Isiko senkulumo yomlomo nesibhaliwe yisibonisi sekhonkrithi nesilungile sezakhiwo zolimi kanye namakhono ayo kumongo wokuxhumana kwansuku zonke. Njengomthetho, kubonisa ukuba khona kwezinga eliphakeme lemfundo ejwayelekile kanye nentuthuko yamasiko kumuntu, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokucabanga kwakhe kanye nenkambu yokuqonda. Isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe siyisimo sencazelo ehlosiwe ukusebenzisa ulimi lwezincwadi kanye nemigomo yezobuchwepheshe uma uletha impahla kumlaleli ongase abe khona.

Amasiko okukhuluma njengesayensi

Isiko lokukhuluma njengesayensi sisondelene kakhulu nezinkhombandlela eziningana nezilimi ezingezona ulimi. Futhi ukuxhumana kwayo nexicology kanye ne-semasiology kuyabonakala. Phakathi kwezesayensi zolimi, ithonya lenkambo yolimi lwesiRussia lwanamuhla luye lwasakazeka , okuyisisekelo sokutadisha imikhuba yokuchazwa kwemibhalo kuzo zonke iziqephu zayo. Kuwusizo ukusebenzisa izimfanelo zokuxhumana zokukhuluma, ngokunemba nokuvumelana kwazo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezici ezinjalo nokuhambisana kwe-semantic kwandisa ulimi olusetshenziswa ngokubhala.

Isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe yothisha sizohluka ezindleleni zokuhambisa ezisebenzise umqondisi wezinhlangano zezohwebo, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo kanye nemithetho esemqoka zizofana nazo zombili izimo.

Izici zokuxhumana ziyabonakala phakathi kwesiko lokukhuluma kanye nesichazamazwi. Ziningi izichazamazwi ezikhethekile neziqondiso ezihlanganisa le nkinga zenziwe ngale ndaba. Ngokubambisana, ukusondelana okude nama-stylistics, ukutadisha ukusebenza kwamathuluzi olimi nokuhlola izici zokubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kwazo, kuchaza ukuthi kufaneleke ukusebenzisa izakhi ezithile, ukukhuluma, nokusetshenziswa kwezitayela ezahlukene. Isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe sihlanganisa ulwazi lwezolimi ezinjengalezo ezenhlalo, ukucabanga, ukuziphatha, ukucwaninga kwengqondo, i-aesthetics, i-pedagogy, nokugxekwa kokubhala. Ithonya hhayi kuphela kwezesayensi yefilosofi, kodwa futhi nezobuchwepheshe, lilokhu lilandelwa, ngenxa yokuvela kokutholakala okusha.

Umbono wanamuhla wesimiso sokukhuluma

Isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe ngumqondo obanzi kakhulu, kuhlanganise nesayensi eminingi nolwazi. Isici esijwayelekile sidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu lapha. Futhi, umphakathi wanamuhla kanye nemigomo eyamukeleke kuyo inethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni lesi siyalo. Ngakho-ke, izincwadi ezidalwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, njengeCurity "Ukuhlanzeka nokuLungiswa kweRussia," manje akusizi ngalutho ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kolimi lwaleso sikhathi kanye namafomu ekhethekile okukhulunywa ngawo kule nkathi.

Ukwethulwa kwamagama amasha, imigomo kanye nemigomo futhi ilandela ngokungahambisani nokwethulwa kwezilungiso kumqondo wolimi lwezincwadi zesikhathi sethu. Ngakho-ke, isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe, ulimi lwesiRashiya nomphakathi bayahamba ndawonye. Ukuba khona kwabo kuhlanganiswe ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwamafomu ezwi asemukelwe ngaphambilini, kodwa namuhla bangabonakala beqaphele futhi bengamukeleki ukusetshenziswa. Ukuhamba ngokuhambisana nenqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, ulimi lolimi lwenziwa izinguquko emkhakheni wokuqonda amagama amasha kanye nesicelo saso esikhulu.

Namuhla, isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe yomuntu webhizinisi kunoma iyiphi insimu yolwazi igcwele amagama amaningi nemisho emisha ehambelanayo nezinga lamanje inqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nemigomo esebenzisayo, ngezinye izikhathi ezivela kwezinye izilimi namasiko.

Isitayela esisemthethweni nesomabhizinisi

Isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe ebhizinisini iyinhlanganisela yamadivaysi ahlukene elimi kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziselwa insizakalo yezinsizakalo ezisemthethweni zebhizinisi. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kubhekisela ebuhlotsheni obuningi bokusebenzisana kwezebhizinisi, ezimweni ezehlukene besebenzisa ukucubungula okuqoshiwe kolwazi olungenayo. Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwalowo wesayensi kufakazela ukuthi kukhona izitayela ezahlukene zebhizinisi:

• Ibhizinisi-elisemthethweni (noma elisha);
• Kwezomthetho;
• I-diplomatic.

Zisondelene kakhulu, kodwa zinombono ohlukile okhombisa injongo nezinqubo zokufeza. Uma usebenzisa isitayela sezombusazwe, umsebenzi oyinhloko ukuxoxisana, isimo sobuhlobo bobuhlobo obunjalo.

Isitayela sezomthetho sihlanganisa ulimi lomthetho nemithethonqubo, lapho kunezibalo eziningi zezimo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezimo eziholela ekuqaleni komsebenzi.

Isitayela esisemthethweni nesomabhizinisi senkulumo sichaza izici ezithile zokuguqulwa kwezilimi ezanelisa izidingo zokuqonda nokuletha idatha kubo bonke abahlanganyeli nabathintekayo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe yommeli, njengesibonelo, singabandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwesitayela somthetho, futhi kwezinye izimo lapho kudingeka khona ukufeza ubunye obumbano, ukusetshenziswa kwesitayela sezombusazwe. Ngokuvamile isetshenzisiwe kuphela yezitayela ezisebenzayo kanye nanoma yimiphi imisebenzi yomuntu oyedwa.

Izilimi zolimi lwezincwadi zokubhala

Isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe kanye nemithetho yokusetshenziselwa imibhalo esemthethweni kanye nezenzo ezijwayelekile ezihlobene nokuzibandakanya ezihambisana nolwazi oluqhubekayo, futhi kucacisa ukufaka endaweni elula yedatha ephathelene nesimo esithile noma umuntu. Eminye imibhalo yomthetho ehlukene, izigaba ezingapheli ziyasetshenziswa ezamukelwa emphakathini wezamabhizinisi, kanye nokuqinisekiswa ngokomthetho.

Ukuhlelwa kwezimo zezinto eziqukethwe ematheksthini ebhizinisi, kwandisa ububanzi bokufuna amathuba okubonisa, isicelo. Kulokhu, kungase kube khona ubunzima obuhlotshaniswa ikakhulukazi nokukhetha kokusetshenziswa kwesilulumagama esetshenzisiwe, amafomu kanye nokuhumusha, ukudluliswa kwempahla yombuzo, kanye nokukhethwa kwamagama okukwazi ukuhambisa isitayela sebhizinisi lombhalo kanye nalokho okushoyo ngokwakhiwa kolwimi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imigomo engafaneleki kuphela ukuhumusha izinqubo ezithile noma izakhiwo zisetshenziselwa kakhulu, kodwa futhi iqondiswe kubantu abangokoqobo, abomthetho ekuthengiseni inkulumo ngokukhethekile ngesitayela sebhizinisi.

Isiqu sokukhuluma

Umkhuba wokukhuluma uhilela ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kwemikhosi ethile, imithethonqubo, kanye nokuhambisana nezivumelwano zomthetho. Ukuvumelana nemikhuba enjalo kuyamukelwa ekubhekiseni izikhulu zazo zonke izinhlaka, abameli, odokotela, abalindi bomyalelo, abasebenzi abaphethe imisebenzi ephakeme.

Isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe nenkulumo yokuphatha inkulumo igcizelela isikhalazo kumlingani noma i-interlocutor esebenzisa inkulumo ethize. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhulumisaneni komuntu siqu nomuntu osezingeni eliphezulu. Njengomthetho, kunemikhawulo eminingi ekusetshenzisweni kwamagama athile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwabo, okuphethe umbala ohlukumezayo noma omubi, futhi okuyimpoqo kubonisa inhlonipho efanele futhi kubhekiswe esikhundleni esiphethwe. Imithetho kaningi elandelwayo yokugcinwa kwetatimende zokukhuluma idinga ukubingelela nokuhlehlisa, ukubonisa ukubonga noma ukuxolisa, ukuhalalisela noma ukubhekisela komuntu siqu, izicelo.

Ngokungafani nezilimi eziningi zaseNtshonalanga, ngesiRashiya kunamabizo amabili - "wena" nethi "wena", okuchaza ngokucacile isimo somphakathi somuntu okubhekiswe kuso isikhalo, kanye nobuhlobo bobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, nokuba khona kwesikhulu ekukhulumisaneni kwabo. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kohlobo lwezokwelapha "ngawe" kungabeka esimweni esihlazisayo kokubili umthengisi nomlobi ngokwakhe, njengoba kubangela ukuhlambalaza umuntu futhi ubonise ukuxoshwa kwesithunzi somuntu.

Ukulungiswa kwenkulumo

Uhlelo lwamazwi lohlelo lolimi lubona izinto ezihlukahlukene zenhlalo futhi lunokumelana ngokwanele kubo. Ukulandela imithetho ngezindlela eziningi kuchaza umqondo onjalo ngokuthi "isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe." Ulimi lwesiRussia lunemithetho eminingi yokubhala, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuchichima kwabo kuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zesicelo sabo kunoma yiziphi izimo nokuphenduka.

Izindlela zokubhala zolimi, ngokungafani nezinye izigaba zesimiso sezilimi, zithinteka kalula kumthethonqubo. Bafundiswa kabanzi, banakho uhlelo lwabo lokubhala ikhodi. Kodwa-ke, nazo ziyashintsha ngaphansi kwethonya lemicimbi yomlando, kodwa zizinzile, ngokungafani nesayensi njengokwakheka kwegama.

Ukuceba komkhuba wokukhuluma

Izinga lemikhuba yokukhuluma kanye nokuchazwa kwalo okubhalwe ngokuyinhloko akuxhomeke kuphela kokwazi, izinkambiso ezamukelekayo, imithetho yelogical, kodwa futhi ekuqapheliseni umnotho wolimi lomuntu ongapheli kanye nokukwazi ukuwasebenzisa ngokukhululekile ekubhaleni imicabango yabo. Sekuyisikhathi eside ulimi lwaseRussia lubonakala njengenye yezinto ezicebile kakhulu. I-latitude yayo ibalwa yizinqolobane ze-lexical kanye ne- phraseological turns, kanye nombala we-semantic wezinto ngayinye kanye namathuba amakhulu okusebenza kwawo.

Kubuye kuqaphele ukuthi ubuciko bezingcweti, amathuba okuhlanganiswa kwamafomu ehlukene ahlukahlukene, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-lexical, uhlelo lwesigama, izinhlamvu ezihlukahlukene zezinhlamvu, ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidlulisela ukuhumusha kwenkulumo. Konke lokhu kutholakala kuvumela umlobi ukuba aveze imizwa engathandeki kanye nezincazelo, ama-shades anemininingwane yolwazi oludlulisiwe. Ukukhuluma ngokuhlakanipha ngamazwi aseRussia, ungadlulisa umsindo womculo, imibala yemibala, imisindo nemisindo, ukukhanya nokungajwayelekile kwamafantasti namaphupho, kwanoma yiziphi izimo zemvelo nemicabango yabantu emphakathini wabo wonke.

Isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe, ukucebile kwayo kumuntu oyedwa kunqunywa inani lemikhakha yezilimi lapho likwazi khona futhi lingakwazi ukusingatha ngokukhululekile, ukuhlanganisa inkulumo, okukwazi ukuveza isimo ngasinye ngesimo esibucayi sombuzo noma isihloko esixoxwa ngaso. Ukucebile kwenkulumo kunqunywa ukuchichima kokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene nezindlela zokuveza umqondo ofanayo nokusetshenziswa kwamafomu ahlukene anemvelaphi enhle kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwegama-ukwakheka ngokungeza iziqu zokuqamba, ukuphela, izilinganiso empandeni yezwi kwembula amathuba angenamkhawulo wokuvela ekukhulumeni kwezinkulumo ezintsha ezihambisa enye noma ngaphezulu kwemizwelo, incazelo.

Empeleni, isiko senkulumo ebhaliwe - kuyini? Lokhu kusetshenziswe okusemandleni, ngesikhathi esifanele semishwana yemibhalo kanye nekhono lokusho ngokucacile imicabango yabo. Ithuba lokuziletha ngokuphelele kunoma yimuphi umlaleli.