Amaseli Glial. Imisebenzi kanye nezici lamaseli glial

Isimiso sezinzwa siqukethe hhayi kuphela izinzwa kanye nomgudu walo. 40% imelelwa amaseli glial, okuyinto zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwakhe. Bona ngokoqobo kukhawulwe ubuchopho nesimiso sezinzwa kusukela lonke uketshezi lomzimba kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwawo ezizimele, ukuthi kubaluleke ngempela kubantu nezinye izilwane nge isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Futhi amaseli glial ikwazi ukuhlanganyela yini ebenza sihluke izinzwa.

Lo mbono jikelele glia

Setha lamaseli glial ngokuthi glia. Lokhu ikakhulukazi cell imiphakathi, okuyizinto isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko futhi azungeze. Asekela ubuchopho kanye nomgogodla intambo ifomu, kanye lokuveza ke izakhamzimba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi owaziwayo isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko ngenxa yokuba khona kwalo mngcele igazi ebuchosheni, babe izimpendulo mzimba. Nokho, nabo antigen angaphandle ebuchosheni noma umgogodla, kanye eku- cerebrospinal amaseli uketshezi glial, encishisiwe macrophage analogo kwezicubu neuropathy, phagocytose ke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto ukuhlukana kwezicubu neuropathy zobuchopho inikeza neuroglia.

Ukuvikelwa Immune zobuchopho

Ubuchopho, okuyinto ethatha eziningi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, futhi ngaleyo ndlela yakha mass izinto immunogenic, kumele ivikelwe amasosha omzimba humoral. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi izigaxana neuronal zobuchopho kuyinto kakhulu sensitive umonakalo, ngemva kwalokho izinzwa zibuyiselwe kancane kuphela. Ngakho, ukubukeka isikhala isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, okuzokwenza ukusingatha ukuzivikela komzimba zendawo, futhi kuzobangela abathile befa kwamaseli ezungeze noma izinzwa demyelination izinqubo.

Azungeze umzimba lilimele amaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo maduze uyogcwala elalisanda kumiswa. Futhi ebuchosheni ukubuyisela umsebenzi labalahlekile namangqamuzana ezinzwa akunakwenzeka. Futhi kukhawula ubuchopho neuroglia ukuxhumana amasosha omzimba, ngoba lapho isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko - lenqwaba antigen angaphandle.

Ukwahlukanisa amaseli glial

amaseli Glial zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili, kuncike morphology kanye nemvelaphi. amaseli Microglial secrete futhi macroglia. Uhlobo lokuqala amaseli evela ishidi mesodermal. Lokhu amaseli encane nge izinqubo eziningi uyakwazi phagocytose ukudla okuqinile. Macroglia - a esuselwe yi-ectoderm. amaseli Glial macroglia ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana kuncike morphology. Ukwabela amaseli ependymal futhi astrocytic futhi oligodendrocytes. Lezi zinhlobo iseli imiphakathi nazo ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana.

glia Ependymal

Ependymal glia maseli etholakala ezindaweni ezithize isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Bakha ulwelwesi endothelial we ventricles zobuchopho futhi central umsele umgogodla. Umsuka walo e embryogenesis bathatha kusukela yi-ectoderm, ngakho bamele okwakuvela ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwenkanyezi neuroepithelium. He is multi-egqinsiwe futhi wenza eziningi imisebenzi:

• inkomba: uhlaka ventricles mechanical, okuyinto busekelwa ingcindezi hydrostatic ka i-cerebrospinal fluid,
• secretory ukhetha sotshwala namakhemikhali athile;
• kuhlukane: ehlukanisa izicubu ubuchopho kusukela CSF.

izinhlobo ependimotsitov

Phakathi ependimotsitov has ukubukwa lalo. It ependimotsity 1st nokuhleleka 2nd futhi tanitsity. Eyokuqala kokuqala ifomu (basal) ulwelwesi ungqimba ependymal kanti eyesibili ungqimba ependimotsity amanga ngaphezu kwawo. Kubalulekile ukuthi ependymal glia 1st oda ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni gematoglificheskogo isithiyo (phakathi igazi imvelo sangaphakathi ventricles). Ependimotsity oda 2nd baye villi ngamakhasimende isiqondiso CSF zamanje. Futhi kukhona tanitsity okuyinto kwakha azwelayo.

Basuke etholakala izingxenye lateral we phansi i-ventricle lwesithathu. Ukuba microvilli ohlangothini apical kanti omunye usohlangothini inqubo basal, bakwazi ukudlulisela ulwazi indlela yokwakheka izinzwa of CSF uketshezi. Ngakho ngokwayo oludakayo ngokusebenzisa eziningi ukuvuleka encane umqhewu ependimotsitami phakathi 1st nokuhleleka 2nd angawa ngqo izinzwa. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ependyma uhlobo olukhethekile epithelium. A Analogue kahle kepha ngeke morphological ukuba azungeze umzimba - endothelium imithambo yegazi.

oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes - kukhona izinhlobo amaseli glial ezisizungezile sezinzwa izinqubo. Atholakala isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, kanye eduze izinzwa neuropathy autonomic elixutshwe. Sami oligodendrocytes amaseli zikanhlangothiningi anemisila amagatsha 1-5. Bona bathi Mesh nomunye, ukuzihlukanisa izinzwa kusuka imvelo yangaphakathi kanye nokunikeza izimo ngoba ezinzwa conduction uhlanganise isizukulwane. Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu oligodendrocytes, okuyinto zingafani morphology:

• iseli emaphakathi elise emhlabeni cerebral cell umzimba;
• SAT yezinyoni ezizungezile umzimba namangqamuzana ezinzwa e-ganglia neuropathy;
• Schwann amaseli ukumboza yayifanekisela nomxhantela neuronal nomfanekiso waso, emgodleni myelin.

Oligodendrotsitarnye amaseli glial atholakala asebuchosheni nomgogodla, nezinzwa neuropathy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akwaziwa ukuthi lihlukile SAT cell sikhungo. Njengoba sazi ukuthi izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo zonke emangqamuzaneni omzimba, ngaphandle ubulili, okufanayo, cishe ukuthi oligodendrocytes kungaba Okusizayo esikhundleni nomunye. oligodendrocyte ngohlelo ngokulandelayo:

• yokusekela;
• ukwahlukanisa;
• abe yedwa;
• trophic.

astrocytes

Astrocytes - a amangqamuzana obuchopho glial ezakha izidakamizwa ingqondo. Ziyakwazi star emise futhi incane ngobukhulu, nakuba zinezikhwepha ezingaphezu kuka amaseli microglial. Kulokhu kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela izinhlobo astrocytes: fibrous futhi protoplasmic. Uhlobo lokuqala amaseli ise mhlophe futhi ndaba grey zobuchopho, nakuba zinezikhwepha okuningi in white.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona ezivamile ezindaweni lapho kukhona nabaningi izinqubo myelinated neuronal. astrocytes Protoplasmic - liphinde glial amaseli: ezitholakala ndaba elimhlophe kanye grey zobuchopho, kodwa kukhona abaningi kakhulu empunga. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umsebenzi wabo ukuhlinzeka usekelo imizimba sezinzwa inhlangano isakhi kusivimbeli gazi ebuchosheni.

microglia

amaseli Microglial - lena uhlobo lokugcina glia. Nokho, ngokungafani nazo zonke ezinye amaseli isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, banayo imisuka mesodermal futhi bamele izinhlobo ezithile monocytes. kokumethemba zabo ziyisiliva ekunqandeni egazi. Ngenxa izici kwesakhiwo sezinzwa izinqubo zabo kwezimpendulo mzimba e isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko namangqamuzana wemfanelo nje glial. Futhi imisebenzi yabo makhulu ezifanayo nalezo macrophage izicubu. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo phagocytosis futhi antigen isethulo nokubonwa.

Microglia siqukethe izinhlobo olukhethekile amaseli glial ukuthi abe cluster yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo receptor, okufakazela umnkantsha imvelaphi kanye nokuqaliswa kwemisebenzi abo omzimba ku CNS. Futhi obhekene nokuthuthukiswa demyelinating izifo, isifo i-Alzheimer futhi Parkinson sifo. Nokho, iseli qobo - kungcono nje indlela ukugcwaliseka inqubo sokugembula. Ngoba, cishe, lapho uyokwazi ukuthola inqubo ukusebenza microglia, kuthiwa ukuyiveza izinqubo salezi zifo.