Amahlamvu lecondzile nemisho lemagalagala: amafomu, izinhlobo, umehluko

Autumn - sezikhathi amahle kakhulu onyakeni. Ukuhlukahlukana cefe bemvelo kule nkathi bazongena esitelekeni ukwazi, abahluke ngakho komunye nomunye eshiya elula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Phyllotaxy isitshalo ngasinye okhethekile (ngezinye izikhathi elinye noma whorled), nokuthi kuso kungaba azimisele, it kusebenza yiluphi uhlobo. Masitadishe kabanzi izici nemisebenzi uhlobo leaf ngamunye.

Kunquma Botany

Kanye izimbali, izimpande, sifanamsindvo kanye amahlumela, amahlamvu kukhona izitho ezibaluleke kakhulu vegetative izitshalo, okuyinto iphinde ibheke umsebenzi photosynthesis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasenzela neminye imisebenzi eminingi, ezifana iqhaza kuzinqubo emishinini yokuphefumula, ukuhwamuka futhi Guttation izitshalo. Kukhona okulandelayo izinhlobo amahlamvu: elula eziyinkimbinkimbi, yilowo nalowo kubo has izici zayo siqu futhi itholakala uhlobo oluthile isitshalo.

Isikhathi esining impela, leaf blades zenziwa amaqabunga, kodwa eqinisweni kuba umzimba ukuthi siqukethe ipuleti (okukuwo ngemithambo) nesibambo, oluvela ngasesinqeni Inthanethi leaf blade nge stipules. Ngaso sonke isikhathi kuthatha isikhundla lateral phezu kuba isihloko sesiqu, futhi wonke amahlamvu ahlelwe kuyo ukulandelana ezithile ukuze uhlinzeke ukufinyelela elikhulu uma sithola ilanga. Ubukhulu bayo kungaba isukela 2 cm m 20 (kusukela izihlahla zasezindaweni ezishisayo).

Sakhiwo sangaphandle nomumo

Omunye sici kwalezi kuyinto isimo sabo flat, okuyinto ebalulekile esiphezulu contact surface imvelo kanye kwelanga emoyeni isitshalo. Indlela elula amahlamvu kwakwakhe ziyahlukahluka ukubukeka. Kukhona okwenzeka nje lamina eyodwa kuphela, okuyinto ixhunywe base esebenzisa petiole. Kakhulu efanayo aqukethe lamina eziningana ngokufanele kwenye petiole. Khumbula libukeka maple leaf: maphakathi ukudlula vein thickest, lapho inamathelisiwe ezimbili noma ezintathu stipule ohlangothini ngalunye. a ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuma ishidi libizwa okuphambene, ngoba lamina zisekujuleni afanako komunye nomunye.

The main izingxenye - ipuleti imithambo ukusebenzisa kanye ebusweni futhi petiole, stipules (nakuba bengebona zonke izitshalo) kanye base, ngawo element ixhunywe stem lomuthi noma ezinye izitshalo.

Ngokungafani ifomu elula ishidi, e eziyinkimbinkimbi ungahlangana izinhlobo eziningana, ezithinta izakhiwo ehlukile futhi izici.

sakhiwo sangekhatsi

Engaphandle lamina Kwamanzi njalo embozwe isikhumba, esakhiwa ungqimba lamaseli kungekho nto enemibala emihle ukumboza Indwangu - epidermis. Imisebenzi esemqoka isikhumba - kuba ukuvikelwa yangaphandle umonakalo mechanical ukushisa. Ngenxa yokuthi amaseli ayo asobala, ukukhanya kwelanga kudlula kalula ngokusebenzisa ke.

Ebusweni ephansi futhi siqukethe esobala kulezi cells eduze eduze komunye nomunye. Nokho, phakathi kwabo kukhona amaseli abhanqiwe elincane eliluhlaza, phakathi lapho kukhona igebe. Le ngxenye futhi ngokuthi stoma. Futhi kokuvula yokuxhuma amaseli futhi oluhlaza ivule beyivale yokungena stoma. Kulezi ukunyakaza kwenzeka kanye ukuhwamuka umswakama futhi inqubo negesi lokushintshisana. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ebusweni eyodwa lamina babe kusuka 90 kuya ku-300 stomata ngayinye 1 mm ^2.

I ezithakazelisayo Eqinisweni: amaseli oluhlaza cishe njalo itholakala ohlangothini ishidi lapho esiphezulu emoyeni exchange. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, elintantayo phezu isitshalo amanzi, noma kweminduze capsule, stomata elise Ohlangothini olungaphandle zibheke emoyeni.

zinhlobo

Ososayensi ukuhlonza izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko amahlamvu: lokhu kungumnikelo ishidi ethafeni ngokungenakulinganiswa neyinkimbinkimbi ngokungaphezulu. Isakhiwo ngasinye kubo has izici zayo siqu. Kuye ukubukeka, inani amapuleti ukuma imiphetho zabo, amahlamvu kwakwakhe kungabuye ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana. Ngakho, lapha kukhona izinhlobo ezivamile, uma ekhethiwe ngokubonakala yabo:

• emise okwe-fan (ezibumbeke njengebholo umkhumbi);
• lanceolate (acute, ngezinye izikhathi ameva abakhona phezu);
• Lancet (sasivumela ezibanzi, ne imiphetho ayisesemikhulu);
• okusaqanda (umumo ovoid ukuthi tapers kancane maqondana base);
• palmate futhi Lobed (ngezinye izikhathi kungaba udidekile ngoba kokubili abe sebuningini izindwani);
• palmate (amapuleti washintsha esuka petiole, ukubukeka sifana iminwe);
• inaliti (mncane futhi ebukhali kakhulu).

Nokho, uhlu kuqhubeka isikhathi eside, ifomu eziyinkimbinkimbi seshidi has izinhlobo eziningana kuye ukuma emaphethelweni, futhi indawo izindwani leaf ngokwabo.

Izinhlobo izitshalo

Kanye emaphethelweni amapuleti ngokuvamile kungenzeka ukuba anqume ukuthi yikuphi zinhlobo lapho isitshalo esinikeziwe. Lawa mafomu alandelayo atholakala emvelweni, avame:

• nhlangothi zombili - babe imiphetho bushelelezi, okuyizinto namazinyo lingekho ngokuphelele;
• igiya - njengoba leli gama lisikisela, kulezi amahlamvu abakhona at emaphethelweni namazinyo;
• denticulate - asikhumbuza isaha, okuyinto amazinyo abukhali kakhulu futhi encane;
• mihlobiso - zinjalo kude inamagquma lapho kungekho oda okuqinile noma ifomu.

Izici ohlobo ngalunye

Kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhuluma mayelana izimpawu ehlukile amahlamvu lecondzile nemisho lemagalagala, njengoba lokhu kungasiza ukucacisa onjani izitshalo nalokho zinhlobo kungokwalabo. Ngakho, enye izici eziphawulekayo eziningi kohlobo ngalunye - isibalo amarekhodi. Uma kukhona izakhi ezintathu, khona-ke thina trifoliate emise amashidi. Uma emihlanu - palmate, futhi uma nje, bese bebizwa pinnately ihlukaniswe. On ipuleti ngamunye, ungakwazi buka veining uhlelo olukhethekile, lapho izakhi angene ezicutshini kwangaphakathi. Ngo zinhlobo elula eziyinkimbinkimbi, bayehluka ngesimo, isakhiwo. Nazi izinhlobo ikuyo yonke indawo iningi vein okusha

• arcuate (lapho venation sifana menorah - olunye lwezimpawu zenkolo yobuJuda neyalabo abazibiza);
• esiphambanweni;
• longitudinal;
• palmate;
• parallel;
• net;
• pinnate.

Esinye isici esiwuphawu - kuyindlela lapho kuhlelwa amaqabunga stem. Simple futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi - konke ngaphandle kokukhetha, Banamathele neziqu izitshalo ngezindlela ezimbili:

• nge isibambo, kuleso simo isitshalo kungokwalabo kwakubangelwa;
• ngaphandle isibambo, lapho base luyakhula futhi ihlanganisa esiqwini, kuyilapho ehlezi phambi kwethu isitshalo.

Amahlamvu zezitshalo: elula eziyinkimbinkimbi

Uma thina uhlukanise izitshalo ngesizathu amaqabunga, kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele la maqiniso alandelayo. Simple uvame ukuba zonke izitshalo herbaceous, kuhlanganise nezitshalo ezokudabuka kwamanye amazwe. Inxanxathela Nokho, njengoba kukhona like nezihlahla nemithi, njengoba kuqhathaniswa elula, ngesikhathi leaf kuwa, ehlatshwa akubona bonke ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi izingxenye: kuqala, plate uqobo, bese kuba isihloko sesiqu.

Ake sibheke izibonelo igama amahlamvu lecondzile nemisho lemagalagala izitshalo. Iningi izihlahla ezikhulayo e-Russia, amahlamvu kukhona ifomu elula. Aspen, birch kanye Poplar ube bobunjwa labehlukene: Lancet, round nge scalloped imiphetho kanye ngomkhonto emise, ngokulandelana. Lapho kuqala ekwindla yesithwathwa ngamunye kubo ushiya ewa ngokuphelele. Babuye ezitholakala izihlahla zezithelo ezifana lihhabhula, pere kanye cherry; izitshalo okunjenge-oats kanye corn, futhi ibe namaqabunga elula.

amafomu Inxanxathela abakhona ku okusabhontshisi, pinnate enjalo eshiya ipea. Amaqabunga palmate izihlahla babe ifomu elilandelayo :. Maple, usika izingcezu azidingayo ngokucophelela, lupin njll Khumbula Trifolium pratense, ezakheke libizwa Ternate nge imiphetho ciliated.

Yini imisebenzi eyenziwa amaqabunga?

amafomu alula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kwalezi zibangelwa kakhulu esimweni sezulu. Emazweni ashisayo, izihlahla babe amaqabunga amakhulu ukuthi ukukhonza njengephayona niqaphe imisebe yelanga.

Nokho, umsebenzi oyinhloko lubaluleke - ohilelekile-photosynthesis. Njengoba yaziwa, lezi zihlahla le nqubo ingathatha ukuguqula isikhutha zasenza-mpilo ngu ukumuncwa amandla elanga.

Eyesibili inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu emishinini yokuphefumula yeselula. Ukusebenzisa mitochondria ushiya ukuthola umoya-mpilo bese exhale ngokusebenzisa stomata kakade-carbon dioxide, bese kusetshenziswa ngesikhathi i-photosynthesis. Njengoba i-photosynthesis kwenzeka kuphela ukukhanya, isikhutha lilondolozwe ebusuku ngesimo acid organic.

Transpiration - a ukuhwamuka kwamanzi ebusweni amaqabunga. Ngenxa yalesi ukulawula ulungisa izinga lokushisa jikelele kanye nomswakama zalesi sihlahla. Izinga ukuhwamuka incike ubukhulu kanye ukushuba amapuleti kanye isivinini somoya ngesikhathi esithile.

Ukuzijwayeza futhi ukuguqulwa

amahlamvu Abaningi - elula eziyinkimbinkimbi - unekhono vumelanisa nezimo zemvelo. Ngo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo bazitholela vidizmenyatsya amakhono. Yileyo emangalisa kunazo zonke kubo:

• ikhono ukukhiqiza wax okuyinto amanga ebusweni futhi kuvimbele ukuhwamuka ngokweqile amanzi;
• akha egcina amanzi ngesikhathi imvula, kwenzeka ngenxa coalescing imiphetho ukuze yakha esitsheni sac-like (amafomu ezifana kungatholakala Liana eziningi zasezindaweni ezishisayo);
• ikhono ukushintsha kobuso amapuleti, wayihlahlela amahlamvu zivimbela imithelela imimoya enamandla, kanjalo ukuvikela izitshalo kusuka umonakalo.

Abaningi amaqiniso ahlobene nomsebenzi kwazo lezi zitho ebalulekile izitshalo Namanje ayiqondakali kahle. Lezi imihlobiso amahle bemvelo, ngaphezu imisebenzi engenhla, okwenza enye inkinga tebuciko - bayakuthokozela abantu lisebukhazikhazini balo futhi ezihlukahlukene ezinemibala egqamile!