Aluminium, ukukhiqizwa aluminium: ubuchwepheshe, inqubo kanye nencazelo

Aluminium has a lot of izici ezenza kube yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. It zisakazwa nemvelo, ukuthatha nendawo ephambili phakathi izinsimbi. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi ubunzima ukukhiqizwa yayo akufanele kube. Kodwa okusezingeni eliphezulu umsebenzi amakhemikhali izinsimbi kuholela yokuthi akazange ahlangane, akhiqize okumsulwa - kunzima, ebizayo namandla kakhulu.

izinto zokusetshenziswa for ukukhiqizwa

Kusukela lapho izinto zokusetshenziswa yilezi aluminium? ukukhiqizwa Aluminium wonke, elinenani eyiqukethe, eqolo futhi uneconomic. Khiphela ke kusukela bauxite, aqukethe kufike ku-50% aluminium oxides wayibeka ngqo phezu kwabo okukhulu emhlabeni.

Lezi ore aluminium babe kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi amakhemikhali ukwakheka. Ziqukethe alumina e isamba 30-70% ngesisindo, silicas, okungaba kuze kube u-20% yensimbi oxide ku uhla kusuka 2 kuya ku-50%, titanium (kufika ku-10%).

Aluminas, futhi lokhu alumina yakhiwa hydroxides, corundum futhi kaolinite.

Okusanda alumina okulungiselelwe kusukela nephelines steel okuyinto zimumethe futhi sodium, i-potassium oxide, Silica, futhi alunite.

Ukuze kukhiqizwe 1 ton-aluminiyamu okumsulwa kudingeka cishe amathani amabili alumina, okuyinto yena, uzilungiselele kusukela cishe 4.5 amathani bauxite.

bauxite

izinqolobane Limited bauxite emhlabeni. Emhlabeni wonke kuzo zonke izifunda eziyisikhombisa, nge ezifakwa yayo ocebile. It Guinea e-Afrika, i-Brazil, Venezuela futhi Suriname eNingizimu Melika, Jamaica, eCaribbean, Australia, India, China, eGreece naseTurkey luya eMedithera neRussia.

Emazweni lapho kukhona ezifakwa ocebile bauxite, lingathuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi aluminium. ezimayini Russian bauxite esifundeni esise-Ural, e-Altai futhi Krasnoyarsk Territories, kwelinye izifunda Leningrad esifundeni, nepheline - eNhlonhlweni Kola.

Imali abacebe okungewakho UC RUSAL iyinkampani Russian ifakwe. Lokhu kuhlola kulandelwa imidondoshiya Rio Tinto (Australia-England), uye Wajoyina Alcan Canada kanye CVRD. Endaweni lwesine Chalco inkampani kusuka China, ke Alcoa US-Australian corporation, okuyizinto futhi abakhiqizi elikhulu aluminium.

Umsuka ukukhiqizwa

physics Danish Oersted labelwe aluminium kuqala ifomu mahhala ngo-1825. Ukusabela chemical okwenzeka nge -aluminiyamu chloride kanye potassium ziyinhlanganisela, esikhundleni lapho ngemva kweminyaka emibili wemithi German Wöhler usebenzisa metallic potassium.

Potassium - i material ezibizayo, kodwa e ukukhiqizwa yezimboni aluminiyamu engumFulentshi St. Clair DeVille 1854 endaweni potassium sodium godu wasebenzisa, element ushibhile kakhulu, futhi kabili ukumelana aluminium chloride kanye sodium.

usosayensi Russian NN Beketov ungase azixoshe the aluminium kusukela oncibilikisiwe magnesium cryolite. In the Eighties sekwephuzile kwekhulu efanayo ukusabela chemical esetshenziswa amaJalimane kwi aluminium smelter kuqala. Engxenyeni ye XVIII leminyaka laliqongelelwe chemical wesibili kusho amathani angu-20 metal okumsulwa. Kwaba aluminium eqolo.

Ukukhiqizwa aluminium nge-electrolysis eladabuka 1886, lapho bobabili kucishe bafaka izicelo ze-patent le ndlela abasunguli isazi American ngu Hall kanye inqubo engumFulentshi Heroult. Bacela ukuncibilikisa alumina e cryolite oncibilikisiwe bese electrolysis ukuthola aluminium.

Nale waqala umkhakha aluminium, egcwele isikhathi esingaphezu omunye amagatsha elikhulu umkhakha leminyaka.

Izigaba main ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa

Ngokuvamile, hhayi aluminium yokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe sekushintshile kusukela ekudalweni.

Inqubo unezigaba ezintathu. On the lokuqala aluminium Okunengi nofana bauxite ngabe nephelines etholwe alumina - aluminium oxide Al ₂ O _3.

Khona-ke, kusukela zezimboni aluminium hydroxide isehlane nge ubumsulwa 99,5%, okuyinto singenele kwabanye ngezinjongo.

Ngakho-ke, isigaba sokugcina kuyacaciswa aluminium. ukukhiqizwa Aluminium usuphothuliwe yokuhlanza yayo 99.99%.

ukuthola alumina

Kukhona izindlela ezintathu yokuthola alumina kusukela imikhando yilezi:

- acid;

- electrolytic;

- ane-alikhali.

Indlela yokugcina - okuvame kakhulu, ezenzeka emuva le efanayo XVIII leminyaka, kodwa Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi liye ngokuphindaphindiwe zibukezwa futhi kakhulu ngcono, isetshenziselwa processing ephezulu grade bauxite. Ngakho etholwe mayelana 85% alumina.

SUMMARY indlela alikhali wukuthi aluminium izixazululo ukubola ngesivinini lapho yethulwe aluminium hydroxide. Isixazululo ezisele ayahwamuka emva ukuphendula ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu mayelana 170 ° C futhi waphinde wasebenzisa kwamakomidi alumina;

Okokuqala bauxite ochotshoziwe phansi Izigayo ngomcako caustic bese i autoclave at okushisa afinyelela ku-250 ° C, noqhekeko yamakhemikhali kanye sodium yayo aluminate Kumiswa, okuyinto buhlanjululwe i solution ane-alikhali kakade ezingeni lokushisa aphansi - 100 ° C nke yesixazululo aluminate is wageza thickeners ekhethekile, ehlukanisiwe kodaka. Khona-ke kukhona nokucekelwa yayo. Isixazululo ukuthi akhishwa ngokusebenzisa izihlungi esitsheni nge stirrer ngoba eshukumisayo okuqhubekayo ukwakheka kulo imbewu ingezwe okuqinile aluminium hydroxide.

I hydrocyclones kanye cleaner izihlungi labelwe aluminium hydroxide, ingxenye okuyinto wabuya njengoba impahla imbewu, futhi ingxenye iya calcination. I filtrate ezisele ngemuva ngokuhlukana we hydroxide, futhi ubuyela kuNkulunkulu inzuzo alandelayo batch leaching of bauxite.

inqubo Calcination (amanzi emzimbeni) hydroxide e kuhhonela rotary okushisa afinyelela ku-1300 ° C.

Ukuze amathani amabili alumina idliwe 8.4 kWh kukagesi.

Namandla chemical kwakwakhe kabani ukuncibilika lokushisa 2050 ° C, akusiyo aluminium. ukukhiqizwa Aluminium phambili.

Electrolysis alumina

Imishini esiyinhloko electrolysis kuyinto okugeza ekhethekile, uphahlwe carbon amabhlogo. Ukuze uthuthumele wakhe kagesi. okugeza I anodes carbon afakwa is combusted ekwabiweni okumsulwa oxygen ne ifomu oxides ulgleroda monoxide futhi dioxide. Izindlu zangasese noma elektrilizery njengoba benjalo ngokuthi ochwepheshe, afakiwe nase-wesifunda kagesi e chungechunge, ukwakha uchungechunge. Amandla lwamanje kulokhu ayizinkulungwane 150 amperes.

Anodes kungaba ezimbili zama: yamalahle ixoshe kusuka amabhlogo ezinkulu, ogama mass ingase ibe mikhulu kuka Söderberg amathani kanye eyayakhiwa briquettes yamalahle emgodleni aluminium, okuyinto sintered ngesikhathi electrolysis ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu.

Amathuluzi cell voltage uqobo emhlabeni 5 volts. Ucabangela voltage adingekayo ukuze yokubola oxide nokulahlekelwa zisetshenziselwe inethiwekhi branched.

Kusukela ziyoncibilika oncibilikisiwe alumina cryolite ezisekelwe metal ezibunjiwe, okuyinto ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho usawoti electrolyte is imali kwi okugeza amalahle isisekelo. It ngezikhathi ziyakhishwa.

inqubo ukukhiqizwa aluminium kudinga enkulu kagesi amandla ukusetshenziswa. Ukuze uthole ithani elilodwa aluminium kusukela alumina, kubalulekile ukuchitha mayelana 13.500 kWh kagesi DC. Ngakho-ke, esinye isimo ukuze kwakhiwe izikhungo ezinkulu izimboni ukusebenza eceleni enamandla amandla plant.

aluminium yokucwenga

Indlela kunazo owaziwa - a-electrolysis emithathu ungqimba. Iphinde senzeka zokugeza electrolysis nge amalahle eziko uphahlwe Magnesite. I anode enqubeni ngokwayo ukhonza njengoba metal ezibunjiwe, okuyinto bahlanza. Itholakala ungqimba phansi phezu kwemizi conductive. aluminium Pure, okuyinto ancibilikisa phakathi electrolyte kusukela ungqimba anode, kuyaqondakala futhi ukhonza njengoba cathode. Lamanje ihlinzekwa nalokho nge electrode graphite.

I electrolyte ungqimba Lesisemkhatsini - kuyinto aluminium fluoride noma okumsulwa noma nge ukwengeza i-sodium chloride futhi barium yombala. It is sishisiswe 800 ° C lokushisa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi ngesikhathi yokucwenga emithathu ungqimba 20 kWh ngalinye kg metal, isb ithani elilodwa kudingeka ayizinkulungwane 20 KW * h. Yingakho, njengoba kungekho ukukhiqizwa metal, aluminium kudinga nje umthombo kwamandla kagesi, kanye enkulu amandla plant kule ndawo.

Aluminiyamu elicwengiweyo izinto eziningi ezincane kakhulu iqukethe yensimbi, i-silicon, ithusi, zinc, titanium kanye magnesium.

Ngemva yokucwenga, aluminium icutshungulwe emikhiqizweni izothandwa. Lokhu ingot kanye wire, futhi ishidi, futhi ingots.

imikhiqizo ukuhlukaniswa etholwe yokucwenga, ngokwengxenye, njengoba kwenze okuqinile, isetshenziselwa deoxidation, futhi wandise ingxenye ngesimo isixazululo alikhali.

Kasibili aluminium okumsulwa ikhiqizwa endaweni okwalandela zone ukuncibilika metal i igesi engaxubani namakhemikhali noma cleaner. Isici ephawulekayo conductivity yaso ephezulu okushisa cryogenic.

Nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile izinto zokusetshenziswa yesibili

Ikota funa ingqikithi aluminium is zaneliswe kabusha izinto zokusetshenziswa. Imikhiqizo kabusha ageleza isikhunta ekusakazeni.

izinto Oku-encibilikisiwe eluhlaza ihlelwa esithandweni embundwini. Kuyo kukhona izinsimbi kokuba ephakeme ukuma kuka aluminium, isibonelo, nickel nensimbi. Ngoba aluminium oncibilikisiwe chlorine noma i-nitrogen ingashiswa kususa inclusions ezihlukahlukene ezingewona metallic.

Okuningi fusible metal ukungcola ziyasuswa dopants magnesium, i-zinc, noma mercury futhi baphume. Magnesium chlorine esuswa ncibilika.

I predetermined ekubunjweni ingxubevange etholwe ngokwethula izithasiselo okuyinto kunqunywa indlela yokwakheka aluminium esibunjiweyo.

izikhungo zokukhiqiza aluminiyamu

Ngamagama kwezimboni eChina aluminium ukusetshenziswa uhamba phambili, uma ushiya kude ngemuva endaweni yesibili kukhona US futhi umnikazi endaweni yesithathu eJalimane.

China - ezweni kanye ukukhiqizwa aluminium, by nesilinganiso ebanzi isahola kule ndawo.

Ngo-top ten, ngaphandle China, kukhona Russia, Canada, UAE, India, e-USA, i-Australia, Norway, Brazil kanye Bahrain.

I monopolist Russian ekukhiqizeni alumina futhi aluminium elihlangene inkampani RUSAL. Uveza ezingamathani angaba ngu-4 million aluminiyamu ngonyaka futhi ithumela kwamanye amazwe imikhiqizo yayo emazweni ayisikhombisa likhona emazwekazini amahlanu emazweni nesikhombisa.

Inkampani American Alcoa ungumnikazi izitshalo ezimbili Metallurgical eRussia.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke-aluminiyamu producer China - inkampani Chalco. Ngokungafani izimbangi angaphandle, zonke izimpahla zalo kukhona kanzulu ezweni ekhaya.

Isikhungo samanzi Aluminium division of inkampani Norwegian Norsk Hydro ungumnikazi aluminium smelters eNorway, eJalimane, e-Slovakia, Canada nase-Australia.

Australian BHP Billiton ungumnikazi ukukhiqizwa aluminium e-Australia, eNingizimu Afrika nase-South America.

Bahrain kuyinto Alba (Aluminium Bahrain BSC) - mhlawumbe ukukhiqizwa kakhulu emikhulu. Aluminium umkhiqizi ukuthi kudingeka okungaphezu kokubona 2% umthamo isamba "ezinamaphiko" metal akhiqizwa emhlabeni.

Ngakho, lapho ifingqa, singasho ukuthi abakhiqizi aluminium eziyinhloko izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe izinqolobane of bauxite. Futhi inqubo amandla okudla kuphela siqukethe ukuthola alumina aluminium ore ukukhiqizwa fluorides, okuhlanganisa cryolite, carbon anode nokunamathisela ne-carbon anode, cathode, izinto abami, nokukhiqizwa efanele electrolytic metal okumsulwa okungukuthi ingxenye eyinhloko aluminium nensimbi.