Zhivkov Todor: Biography, umndeni

Zhivkov, Todor Hristov owayengusombusazwe Bulgarian futhi ongumholi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili (kusukela ngo-1954 kuya ku-1989) the isiBulgaria Communist Party. Kuyo yonke le minyaka 35 we ubuholi beqembu, kunguye emaphakathi izikhundla izinqumo lizwe: UNdunankulu (1962-1971) kanye noSihlalo State oPhethe Yabantu Republic of Bulgaria (1971-1989), okusho ukuthi de empeleni waba futhi de jure, yena waba inhloko yezwe.

Ingemuva, imfundo kanye nentsha

Lapho kwazalelwa Todor Zhivkov? Umlando wakhe waqala 7 Septhemba 1911 edolobhaneni Pravets, eduze Sofia, e emkhayeni ompofu. Ngo-1928 yena wajoyina i-Bulgarian Communist Youth League owaxoshwa, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa Party Workers Bulgarian '(BRP). Le nhlangano engokomthetho zezombusazwe sidalwe ngemva kokuvinjelwa ngo-1924, Bulgarian Communist Party, kwango-September 1923 kuvukela amabutho akhe ukuba ayothatha amandla kuleli zwe.

Todor Zhivkov iziqu junior esikoleni esiphakeme e Pravets ngo-1929 bese wafunda 6th (namuhla 10 th) unyaka esikoleni esiphakeme ngo Botevgrad. Khona-ke wahlala Sofia, lapho kuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme, khona-ke ngahamba ngayosebenza njengoba typefounder le wedolobha ukuphrinta endlini isimo.

Ukuqala yezombusazwe

Ngo-1932 Zhivkov Todor waba ilungu BRP. ngokushesha Waba ilungu Sofia Party Committee kanye uNobhala Okwesibili iKomiti Bureau. Igama lakhe komhlaba kwaba "Yanko." Nakuba BRP futhi wawuvinjelwe kanye nazo zonke ezinye izinhlangano zezombusazwe nangemva kwako-May 19, 1934, kodwa waqhubeka yesiBethamthetho seNarha, futhi Zhivkov esikhathini eyandulela impi okwakuhilelekile emsebenzini wakhe, ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba unobhala wekomiti isifunda CVT eSofia. Kusukela July 1938 kuya ku-November 1942, ayecashe kwamanye amadolobhana Bulgarian (Deskot, Lesichevo, Govedartsi) nomkakhe Maroy Maleevoy, owayesebenza njengomngani GP.

Inguquko kuya esempini emelene nohulumeni

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili, okwamanje lezi ziyingi Isinqumo Bulgaria eliholwa Tsar Boris babehlangene laseJalimane lobuNazi, unikezwa sendawo yezwe ukubeka amaviyo alo. amabutho Bulgarian yahlasela eYugoslavia futhi eGrisi iqale impi ngo-Great Britain-United States, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo Bulgaria uye wakwazi ukuba bangayi empini nge-USSR.

AmaKhomanisi Bulgarian nge ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II, waqala ukudala yabashokobezi yabo amabutho. Ngo-June 1943 Zhivkov Todor isinqumo we Sofia Regional iKomidi BRP waqokwa ilungu labasebenzi Sofia Okokuqala isihlubuki op zone. Kwaba ngokwendawo yenhlangano isakhiwo t. Ngokuthi. Yabantu Liberation Army, wadala ngo-March 1943. Njengengxenye zone eziqhutshwa brigades ezimbili engabandlululi, amayunithi eziyishumi namaqembu ukulwa. Zhivkov kwaba ummeleli ogunyaziwe Abasebenzi kwendawo njengendlela engabandlululi "Chavdar" ke rearranged lamabutho efanayo engabandlululi iphansi kwesandla sika-Dobri Dzhurova esebenza eduze Sofia. Ngo ngemva kwempi, umbimbi eziningi Zhivkov lamabutho "Chavdar" matasa izikhundla ezivelele Bulgarian zikahulumeni.

Ekuthatheni izintambo amaKhomanisi

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-September 1944 e-Bulgaria waqhubeka amabutho aseJalimane njengoba kubangane bawo, nakuba uhulumeni zabuzwa ehoxile. Ukusebenzisa leli qiniso, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange 5 Septhemba 1944, iqale impi ngo-Bulgaria. Septhemba 8, 1944 amabutho aseSoviet we Okwesithathu Front Ukrainian ngaphansi Marshal Tolbukhin kanye Black Sea Fleet wathatha umuzi phezu Bulgarian Black Sea olwandle, lapho amabutho ligoloze. Ngakusasa (Septhemba 9) yamaKhomanisi ukuvukela Sofia wagumbuqela Muravieva uhulumeni ukuthi ngayizolo ngaphambi sempi yiSoviet Union isinqumo ukumemezela iJalimane, kodwa akazange abe nesikhathi ukwenza kanjalo ngenxa ukubambezeleka abaphathi umnyango wezempi elihlobene ne amaKhomanisi. Uma ezombangazwe Muravieva iKhabhinethi kuhlulekile, iSoviet Union kuzofuneka ukuthi ngokomthetho ukuletha amabutho endaweni yesitha eJalimane, lapho eyayingabangela ukuphikiswa kubangane bawo Western.

Ngenxa okwenzeka ngo-September 1944 e-Bulgaria i amahlanu lalibuswa Communist Party ne waba umholi wezwe, Georgi Dimitrov, kule minyaka eyishumi ngaphambi kwaqashwa ngokuziphatha kwakhe ngesibindi phezu edumile inqubo Leipzig. Ngesikhathi esigabeni sokugcina kwezinhloko zamaviyo impi Bulgarian ohlanganyele kulo ohlangothini eSoviet Union futhi nengxenye ekulweni e eYugoslavia, eHungary Austria.

Rise party umsebenzi emva September 9, 1944

Kusukela ngo-September kuya ku-November 1944 Zhivkov Todor wayeyinhloko zezombusazwe labasebenzi Yabantu Militia futhi baba uNobhala wesithathu Sofia City Committee PDU. Februwari 27, 1945 waba nembangi iKomiti Central we amalungu eqembu. Kusukela ngo-January 1948 kwaba unobhala lokuqala Sofia City Committee PDU kanye usihlalo wekomiti nasemzini wobaba Front, lapho, ngaphandle amaKhomanisi, futhi kuhlanganisa ezinye izinhlangano Bulgarian. Ngesikhathi Congress okwesihlanu BRP, oba ngo-December 27, 1948, ngakhethwa ukuba iKomiti Central we Party, baphinde igama Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). Zhivkov Todor njalo ayakhethwa ku ebusayo BCP, uDisemba 8, 1989, lapho waxoshwa ke ngokuphelele.

Indlela eya phezulu party kwamandla

Ngo-October 1949, Zhivkov kwaholela uMnyango lwenhlangano Ukufundiswa leKomiti Central the isiBulgaria Communist Party, ngoJanuwari 1950, waba ngunobhala LamaKhomanisi, futhi ngo-November wakhethwa ilungu ozobhapathizwa Politburo yayo. Kusukela July 1951 kuya ku-November 1989 Zhivkov - ilungu Political Bureau of the Party Central Committee. Inhloko Secretariat Party Central Committee kusukela ngo-1953.

Nokho, amandla kwangempela kuleli qembu, yena luqale ngemuva ke Apreli Plenum leKomiti Central (2-6 Apreli 1956), ephawula ekuqaleni cult ubuntu debunking Vylko Chervenkov sizana abaseduze Georgi Dimitrov, owashona ngo-1949. Tchervenkov e 1950-1956 GG. kwaba Undunankulu wase-Bulgaria, futhi eminyakeni 1950-1954 - wesekela likaNobhala Jikelele we-Committee Central we BCP. Phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa kwayo wabonisa ukwethembeka bungobokuzithoba Stalin, kuze belingisa isitayela ngayekwenzile futhi ukubukeka.

Ngemva kokufa kukaStalin, amandla oluvela Chervenkov baba kancane kancane ukuthuthela Zhivkov. Okokuqala kwathiwa iqedwe kwensika uNobhala Jikelele we-Committee Central, futhi ngemva lesithupha Party Congress (4 Mashi 1954) Zhivkov wakhethwa kokuthunyelwe okudalwe of uNobhala Okokuqala leKomiti Central the isiBulgaria Communist Party (labetibambile ngifinyelele Apreli 4, 1981).

Inhlanganisela beqembu nabahulumeni okuthunyelwe

Kusukela ngo-1946 kuya ku-1990. Zhivkov wakhethwa iPhini weSigungu Savelonkhe (iPhalamende). Novemba 19, 1962, yena salandelwa Anton Yugova sokuba undunankulu. Wabamba lokhu okuthunyelwe kuze July 9, 1971, lapho salandelwa Stanko Todorov.

Kusukela 1971, Zhivkov baba usihlalo woMkhandlu okudalwe of State of the Republic of Bulgaria (eqinisweni inhloko yezwe). Wabamba kulesi sikhundla kuze kube 17 Novemba 1989.

Bulgaria cishe yaba izwe le-16 yase-USSR

Disemba 4, 1963, Todor Zhivkov, njengoba uNobhala Okokuqala leKomiti Central the isiBulgaria Communist Party ne-UNdunankulu mathupha esethulwa eMihlanganweni Yesigodi ethi plenum leKomiti Central yereferensi isiphakamiso Bulgaria kuya iKomiti Central we CPSU ku umbuzo tekuhlangani eminye kanye nokuhlanganiswa ngekusasa lophiko Yabantu Republic of Bulgaria ne-Soviet Union, okwenza kube republic 16 kweSoviet ngaleyo ndlela Union, zaba usongo ukuzimela wezwe. IKomiti Central plenum adunyiswe isiphakamiso ngokuthi "kubonakaliswa kwamandla okumangalisayo ubuzwe nemave", okuzokwenza nivuse "ubungani anobuhlobo nokubambisana esibanzi phakathi ezweni lethu futhi iSoviet Union ezingeni elisha." Isiphakamiso "ukudala izimo zezomnotho, zezombangazwe yokungakholelwa ngoba ubunye okuphelele kwamazwe ethu womabili anobuhlobo "kwathiwa yawamukela kuseshini plenary kanye mathupha esisayinwe Todor Zhivkov, kodwa inqatshelwe yiSoviet Union.

Ingxenye e nokucindezela ePrague Spring

Isinqumo iqhaza Bulgaria ku ukungenela ezempi ngemva ePrague Spring wamukelwa uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe, usihlalo wayo Todor Zhivkov. Kwakuthinta wakhipha Council top-secret Wongqongqoshe Isinqumo № 39 NRB 20.VIII.1968 amandla ashukumisayo ngesinqumo ngesimo "ukunikeza usizo wezempi iCommunist Party of eCzechoslovakia futhi abantu eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia". Ukusebenza lempi abathintekayo le-12 nele 22th elihamba regiments ababebalelwa 2164 indoda Ibutho ithangi nge imishini 26 T-34.

Ukususwa kusuka ehhovisi

Ngo-1989, amazwe amaningana we sezenhlalo ekamu amaKhomanisi balahlekelwa amandla ngenxa ukuvukelwa amasu okugumbuqela imibuso, iqalwa buthakathaka jikelele we-Soviet Union kanye nesikhundla ekunqanyulweni kwe ezomnotho lasuka eceleni kwakhe. Kuye akakugwemanga isiphetho ezivamile futhi Bulgaria. Novemba 9 emhlanganweni we Political Bureau of iKomiti Central the isiBulgaria Communist Party Zhivkov Todor wesula esikhundleni sakhe njengoba umholi weqembu, kwathi ngakusasa plenum leKomiti Central, evunyiwe ukwesula kwakhe futhi bancome Sikazwelonke ukumkhulula kusuka kokuthunyelwe ka Usihlalo uMkhandlu Wombuso. Novemba 17, Zhivkov elahlekile futhi lokhu okuthunyelwe. Ngo-January 1990, waboshwa, yena wethulwa eziningi ukumangalela kwaleso kabi kwamandla. Ngenxa yokuthi iminyaka iziphathimandla eBulgaria ukuze 90 20 st. ulondoloze wangaphambili Communist Party, uqambe Socialist Party, t. e. lahlala izandla intsha asebenza nayo Zhivkov, Isiphelo sakhe sasingeyona ngesihluku njengoba umholi we-Romanian Communist uCeauşescu. Ngaphambi kuka-1996, Zhivkov eboshelwe endlini, icala kumele iphenywe evilaphayo, futhi ukuthandwa obengumholi ku isizinda eziwohlokayo isimo sezomnotho ezweni lakhula. Kepha yayisivele walungisiswa ngokugcwele awuzange fated. Ngo-August 1998, kancane ngaphambi engu-87 ubudala yena wabulawa i-pneumonia,.

Todor Zhivkov: Umndeni

Lo mholi wezombusazwe wayeshadile (uJulayi 1938) e-Mare-Jivkova Maleeva, owashona ngo-1971 umdlavuza. Bathola indodana nendodakazi. indodakazi Todor Zhivkov sika ULyudmila (bheka. Photo ngezansi), odumile Bulgarian Isazi-mlando sezobuciko, iminyaka eyisithupha njengoba Inhloko Committee uhulumeni Bulgarian ku Wezobuciko Namasiko. Washona ngo-1981 yisifo sohlangothi.

Indodana sezombusazwe uVladimir usaphila, indodana yakhe yokudumisa Umkhulu yodumo okuthiwa Zhivkov Todor. Umzukulu Politika Evgeniya (indodakazi Ludmila Zhivkova) kuyinto sezombusazwe Bulgarian nomklami, amahlandla ayisishagalolunye (2001 futhi 2009) wakhethwa Sikazwelonke.