Zabuna saseVienna: uHaydn, Mozart, Beethoven. SaseVienna esikoleni classical

zabuna saseVienna langena umlando umculo emhlabeni njengoba wezinguquko enkulu ukuhluza zomculo. Umsebenzi wabo asigcini nje kukodwa, kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi kunqunywa ukuqhubeka zomculo yaseshashalazini izinhlobo, izitayela kanye izitayela. Imibhalo yabo wabeka isisekelo salokho namuhla ubhekwa umculo we-classic.

izici Jikelele kwenkathi

Lezi abalobi enifana wukuthi benza ekuqa- le nangenkathi ezinkulu zamasiko nezomlando ka classicism futhi romanticism. zabuna saseVienna abaye baphila ngesikhathi sokushintshela, lapho kuba search asebenzayo amafomu amasha, hhayi kuphela e umculo, kodwa nezincwadi, imidwebo, ubungcweti. Konke lokhu buvezwa isiqondiso imisebenzi yabo kanye nezinkinga imisebenzi. XVIII - isigamu yokuqala yekhulu XIX zaziphawuleka ngokungabi izinxushunxushu ezinkulu zezombangazwe, izimpi, ngokwezwi nezwi waphenduka ebalazweni laseYurophu futhi zaba nethonya elinamandla ezingqondweni lezihlakaniphi yesimanje nemibuthano abafundile emphakathini. Ayikho ngaphandle kanye zabuna saseVienna. Ngokwesibonelo, eqinisweni eyaziwa ukuthi izimpi kaNapoleon babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu umsebenzi Beethoven owaphana Symphony yakhe edumile 9 ( "Choral") kwadingeka umbono ka ubunye kuzo zonke izidalwa nokuthula. Kwakuyisikhathi hlobo lwempendulo bonke labo cataclysms ukuthi bathintitha nezwekazi laseYurophu esikhathini kubhekwe.

Impucuko

zabuna saseVienna abaye baphila isikhathi lapho Baroque egqwalile ku ngemuva, futhi nendima evelele kukhala ohlangothini olusha. It esifisa ngokuvumelana amafomu, ubunye Ukwakheka, ngakho wenqaba amafomu aluhlaza inkathi ngaphambili. Classicism kwaba ukunquma uhlamvu yamasiko uthi amaningi aseYurophu. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba kakade ukuthambekela unqobe amafomu elukhuni lokhu ukunyakaza kanye nokudalwa kwemisebenzi eqinile oluxube idrama ngisho nhlekelele. Zazinjani izimpawu zokuqala ukuvela Romanticism owawuthi ekuthuthukiseni impucuko wonke kwekhulu le-19.

kabusha opera

zabuna saseVienna wadlala indima juqu bafundzi bakhone kutfutfukisa onkhe izinhlobo umculo wezimali odlule. Ngamunye wabo, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ezikhethekile nganoma iyiphi isitayela esisodwa noma uhlobo oluthile lomculo, kodwa ukuze siyifinyelele wangena Isikhwama yegolide umculo emhlabeni. Gluck (Umqambi) yayingumuzi omkhulu kunayo yonke labalobi edume kunazo zonke ngaleso sikhathi. indima yakhe ekuthuthukiseni yamabhayisikobho ayikwazi overestimated: ke Nguyena futhi owanika uhlobo opera, ifomu wokugcina lapho siyazi ukuthi namuhla. sokunconywa Christopher Gluck itholakala neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela lokuqala uphumile ku ukuqonda opera njengoba umsebenzi lokubonisa amakhono vocal, kodwa engakhanyi zomculo ekuqaleni idrama.

Inani

Gluck - umqambi, owenza opera umbukwane wangempela. Ezinkondlweni zakhe, kanye emibhalweni abalandeli bakhe vocals baba kakhulu zincike amazwi. Inkinga lekhona endzabeni, ukwakheka, futhi okubaluleke - drama, waqala ukuchaza ukuthuthukiswa komugqa zomculo. Ngakho, i-opera saphela luyingxenye ukuzijabulisa, kodwa isuke isihlale isikhathi sishintshe sibe uhlobo sina sokudalwa zomculo ngedrama eziyinkimbinkimbi, ethakazelisayo evela kumfundi iphuzu ngokwengqondo buka, izinhlamvu, Ukwakheka othakazelisayo.

imisebenzi umqambi sika

SaseVienna esikoleni classical kwaba ngesisekelo umhlaba wonke yaseshashalazini zomculo. credit kakhulu zalokhu kungokwalabo nenkinga. opera yakhe "Orpheus futhi Eurydice" kuye kwasusa umgoqo kule uhlobo. Umbhali sesigxila hhayi kwi virtuosity ngokubulawa, futhi drama izinhlamvu, ukuze umkhiqizo etholakala umsindo bese zilandelwa kuze kube manje. Okunye opera - "Alceste" - nayo iye yaba igama elisha emhlabeni umculo. umqambi Austria waphinda wabeka Ukugcizelelwa ukuthuthukiswa komugqa indaba, ukuze umkhiqizo lithole ngomqondo eqinile ngokwengqondo. Okubhaliwe namanje ukwenziwa izigaba umhlabeleli zomhlaba, okusikisela ukuthi izinguquko opera, olwenziwa Gluck, kwakubaluleke okuyisidingo ukuvela yaseshashalazini zomculo jikelele futhi uye kuchazwe ukuqhubeka opera kulolo hlangothi.

Isigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthuka

umqambi Austria uHaydn, futhi, kungokwalabo namaSewula abalobi ezidumile abenze umnikelo obalulekile izinguquko izinhlobo zomculo. Waziwa kakhulu njengoba uMdali umculo wezinsimbi sonata nama-quartet. Siyabonga kubo, lo womculo iye kuyanda hhayi nje kuphela emazweni e-Central European, kodwa futhi nangale. I kabanzi aziwayo kakhulu imisebenzi yakhe, okuyinto elahlanganiswa repertoire zomhlaba ngaphansi kwegama "Abayishumi nambili London Symphonies." Basuke izimpawu umuzwa wokuzethemba futhi Joie de vivre, okuyinto Nokho, isici cishe wonke umsebenzi walesi umqambi.

art Izici

Isici nobuntu imisebenzi Yozefa Gaydna kwaba nobudlelwane phakathi temdzabu. Ngo imisebenzi umqambi sika evame kakhulu ukuzwa ukucula nokudansa Motifs eyayenza umsebenzi wakhe liyabonakala kanjalo. Lokhu kwakuveza isimo sengqondo umbhali, ngubani ngezindlela eziningi walingisa Mozart, ecabanga ukuthi umbhali wengoma ubhedu emhlabeni. Waboleka futhi esijabulisayo Ihubo ukukhanya ezamenza ukusebenza Ukushaywa ekhululekile kakhulu 'iyezwakala.

Okunye imisebenzi

opera uHaydn asihambisani ukujabulela udumo ububanzi ezinjalo, njengoba quartets yakhe futhi umculo wezinsimbi. Noma kunjalo, lolu hlobo zomculo oluthatha indawo yokuqala umsebenzi umqambi Austria, ngakho kumelwe kuphawulwe eminye yemisebenzi yakhe yalolu hlobo, kulapho ukuthi zingabantu ingqopha umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko. Omunye wemidlalo ye-opera wakhe ubizwa ngokuthi "Abasizi" futhi kwalotshwa kuvulwa nkundla entsha. A imisebenzi embalwa ngaphezulu lolu hlobo uHaydn uye wadala isakhiwo esisha yaseshashalazini. Wabhala ikakhulukazi isitayela Italian opera Buffa futhi ngezinye izikhathi ehlanganiswe izakhi yamahlaya futhi amadlingozi.

Imisebenzi edume kakhulu

Haydn quartets ubizwa kufanele ngokuthi i-Pearl zomhlaba umculo classic. Bona united izimiso eziyisisekelo umqambi: ubuhle of ifomu, virtuosity ngokubulawa, umsindo ukuthi ayemakhulu amathemba ababenawo, ukwehluka thematic nendlela yokuqala ngokubulawa. Omunye umjikelezo ezidumile okuthiwa "Russian", njengoba anikezelwe Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich, Ngokuzayo Russian uMbusi uPawulu I. Enye iqembu quartets kuhloswe iNkosi yasePrussia. Le misebenzi zalotshelwa ngendlela entsha, njengoba ngokungavamile umsindo nezimo, ukujula okungafani amathoni zomculo. Kuyinto lolu hlobo umculo uhlobo umqambi lithole ukubaluleka emhlabeni wonke. Lapha-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umbhali ngokuvamile yakhetha okuthiwa "lezimanga" ezincwadini zakhe, okwenza amavesi ezingalindelekile zomculo kulezo zindawo lapho umphakathi kokuncane kulindeleke. Phakathi nale misebenzi engavamile kungokwalabo "Symphony Wezingane" by Haydn.

izici Jikelele lokusungula kaMozart

Lena labalobi edume kunayo umculo, okuyinto namanje uyawuthanda ukuthandwa abalandeli zakudala kokuvamile wayemthanda emhlabeni wonke. Impumelelo imisebenzi yakhe ngoba zihlukile ngokuvumelana okunengqondo kanye nokuphelela. Kule ndaba, abacwaningi abaningi attribute indalo yayo ngenkathi classicism. Nokho, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi umqambi saseVienna kwaba kuzalwa Romanticism: emva zonke emisebenzini yakhe kakade ngokucacile lo mkhuba esithombeni izithombe eqinile ezehlukile, kanye wokutadisha ngokujulile ngokwengqondo izinhlamvu (kulesi simo sikhuluma opera). Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa imisebenzi womculo zihlukaniswa ukujula ngesikhathi kalula efanayo okungavamile okuqonda, idrama kanye nokuba nethemba. Ziyakwazi kulula futhi kufinyeleleke bezibona ngamunye, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo esinzulu futhi yefilosofi kokuqukethwe yayo kanye umsindo. Ukuthi lokhu mkhuba impumelelo yakhe.

umqambi of the opera

SaseVienna esikoleni classical kuye kwafeza indima juqu ukuthuthukiswa uhlobo opera. Okufanela omkhulu kule kungokwalabo Mozart. Imisebenzi wagqoka umculo wakhe namanje ethandwa kakhulu futhi bathande hhayi kuphela istyh bomculo, kodwa futhi umphakathi mass. Mhlawumbe lena umqambi kuphela kabani umculo ngandlela-thile kuwo wonke umuntu uyazi, ngisho noma banombono ezikude umsebenzi wakhe.

I-opera edume kakhulu, mhlawumbe, iyona "Ngomshado Figaro". Lokhu kungenxa le bejabule kakhulu futhi funny ngesikhathi esifanayo i yomlobi okungavamile. Amahlaya umsindo cishe njalo party eliye lanikeza kuye ithandwe. I-aria odumile we protagonist ngosuku olulandelayo kwaba hit yangempela. umculo kaMozart - elikhanyayo, ukudlala, Naughty, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ohlakaniphile ngendlela emangalisayo alula - ngokushesha won uthando jikelele futhi owamukelanayo.

Enye abadumile opera poster - "Don Giovanni". Ngodumo, kuba mhlawumbe hhayi eliphansi kuya ngenhla: isiteji lokhu ukusebenza kungabonwa esikhathini sethu. Indlela yokuthi umlando kunalokho eyinkimbinkimbi yama umqambi womuntu yetfulwe silula futhi ngesikhathi ifomu efanayo sina, kanjalo obonisa waphinda yokuqonda yayo ejulile yokuphila. Kulesi umsebenzi zomculo ubuhlakani wakwazi ukubonisa olukhulu, futhi izingxenye zinikeza nethemba ukuthi yonke imisebenzi yakhe, kuhlobene nomunye.

opera "The Magic umtshingo" akuyona esingaphansi ethandwayo namuhla. umculo kaMozart ifinyelele ke isiqongo imiva yayo. Kulesi umsebenzi ke ungukukhanya, Airy, kumnandi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo sibi kakhulu, ngakho umuntu angabona kuphela bazibuze ukuthi umbhali iphethwe ngendlela elula, umsindo obunobunye ezinjalo ukudlulisela lonke uhlelo zefilosofi. Kukhona opera nezinye umqambi sika, isibonelo, manje wezwa ngezikhathi ezithile, "La Clemenza di Tito", kokubili yaseshashalazini kanye ekhonsathini ukusebenza. Ngakho, uhlobo operatic matasa indawo enkulu emsebenzini umqambi ekhaliphile.

ngomkhiqizo ngamunye

Umqambi uye wasebenza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, futhi wadala inani elikhulu imisebenzi zomculo. Mozart, "Ubusuku Umculo," okuyinto, isibonelo, ziye eside ayebadlula ukusebenza ekhonsathini kanti edumile, wabhala ulimi ilula kakhulu futhi kufinyeleleke. Mhlawumbe yingakho ke livame ukubizwa ngokuvumelana buchopho. Ngisho emisebenzini kudabukisa kwakuzwakala motif ithemba. Ngo "Requiem," ukuthi wazwakalisa imicabango yakhe mayelana lokuphila okungcono esikhathini esizayo, ukuze ,, naphezu ithoni edabukisayo umculo, umkhiqizo eshiya umuzwa wokuthula ukukhanyiselwa.

Mozart ekhonsathini futhi izici ngokuvumelana sabasincane isiphetho esinengqondo. Zonke izingxenye angaphansi nesihloko esisodwa, futhi simunye ngumuntu isisusa ezivamile, lobeka ithoni lonke emsebenzini. Ngakho-ke, umculo ukulalela bayiphendule ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kuleli fomu uhlobo ehlanganiswe izimiso eziyisisekelo umqambi: inhlanganisela avumelanayo imisindo izingxenye, ukukhanya kanye umsindo kanyekanye-orchestra virtuoso. Akekho omunye ongaba ngakho usinamathelise ukwakha umculo wabo, efana Mozart. "Ebusuku Umculo" umqambi - kuyinto ejwayelekile entsha inhlanganisela avumelanayo ezahlukene Ukushaywa izingxenye. amavesi Sexy and elikhulu kakhulu indawo ngokulambisa ezwakalayo Rhythmic virtuoso amaqembu.

Endaweni ehlukile, kufanele ishiwo uquqaba umlobi. Bona ukuthola kaningi emsebenzini wakhe futhi, kanye neminye imisebenzi, benamandla umuzwa ithemba nokukhanya illumined injabulo. Kufanele nazo ziyakhuluma edumile "Rondo Turkish", okuyinto wenza okungaphezu ukusebenza ekhonsathini, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi wezwa ngisho izimakethe kuthelevishini. Kodwa ngomqondo oyinhloko lobumbano, mhlawumbe, has ikhonsati Mozart, lapho isimiso ukuphelela okunengqondo safinyelela ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu.

Kafushane mayelana Beethoven

Lokhu umqambi ngokuphelele fanele ngenkathi kokubusa romanticism. Lapho Iogann Amadey Motsart imele kunjengokungathi embundwini the classic kanye isiqondiso omusha, Ludwig van Beethoven switched ngokuphelele isithombe izinkanuko eqinile, imizwa enamandla futhi nabantu abavelele e imisebenzi yabo. WayeyiZwi omele ovelele romanticism mhlawumbe. Indlela yokuthi, ebhekisela okukhulu, izingqikithi imidlalo ebanga usizi, wabhala opera eyodwa kuphela. Uhlobo esiyinhloko kuye wahlala umculo wezinsimbi futhi Sonatas. Yena udumo kabusha lezi imisebenzi, kanye Gluck kanye siguqulwe opera ukusebenza.

Omunye sici esiphawulekayo umqambi kwaba ukuthi isihloko imisebenzi yakhe Ingumfanekiso esinamandla, titanic ngeke ubuntu ukuthi umzamo omkhulu yentando ukunqoba ubunzima futhi zonke izithiyo. Futhi, eziningi isikhala LV Beethoven emibhalweni ayewabelwe indaba ephathwayo emzabalazweni kanye ukumelana, kanye isisusa ubunye kuzo zonke izidalwa.

Ezinye amaqiniso oluchaza

Yena uvela emndenini ka abaculi. Uyise wayefuna umfana ube umqambi wezingoma odumile, Ngakho-ke, ake washonelwa futhi wabhekana nalo nalobo izindlela kunalokho ezinzima. Mhlawumbe yingakho Wakhula umntwana elibuhlungu nokhahlo ngokwemvelo, kamuva abathintekayo emsebenzini wakhe. Beethoven wayehlala futhi esebenza e Vienna, lapho afunda khona uHaydn, kodwa lezi zifundo ngokushesha okukhulu ukudanisa futhi umfundi nothisha. Kugcine alalelwa yokuthi umbhali abasha ubuswa a Motifs kunalokho belusizi ababezithathele khona ngaleso sikhathi.

Biography Beethoven kafushane ekutshela futhi mayelana inkathi yakhe emzabalazweni izinto zokuzilibazisa wenkululeko. KaNapoleon neMpi, yena wamukelwe kahle ekuqaleni ngomdlandla, kodwa kamuva, lapho Napoleon yazibeka umbusi, badela umqondo ukubhala symphony behlonipha yakhe. Ngo 1796, Ludwig aqala ukuphelelwa angezwa kahle ezindlebeni. Nokho, lokhu akuzange uphazamisa umsebenzi wakhe wokudala. Kakade kokuba yisithulu ngokuphelele, wabhala iziphakamiso zakhe ezidumile 9 symphony, egcwele ubuciko real repertoire umculo emhlabeni. Beethoven biography (inkulumo emfushane ngalokhu akunakwenzeka) futhi liqukethe ulwazi mayelana Maestro ubungane nabantu abavelele isikhathi sakhe. Naphezu umlingisi ngonya futhi abukhali, waba umngane umqambi Weber, Goethe nabanye abaholi kwesikhathi Classical.

Imisebenzi edume kakhulu

Sishilo kakade ukuthi isici sobuntu umsebenzi L. V Bethovena kwakufanele iveza eqinile, ngokomzwelo, umzabalazo izinkanuko, nginqobe ubunzima. ikakhulukazi ukwaba "Appassionata" Phakathi imisebenzi lolu hlobo, okuyinto kahle kamhlophe imizwa nemizwelo, mhlawumbe, ke ingenye eziqine. Lapho uJesu ebuzwa ngesibonakaliso kwesisu umqambi ngendalo yayo, libizwa play kaShakespeare "The Tempest", okuyinto, ngokusho kwakhe, wabe esekhonza njengombonisi mthombo. Umbhali udonsa ukufana phakathi kwezinkolelo izisusa titanic ipheshulwa lichaza ekwakheni wemidlalo nencazelo yakhe zomculo isihloko.

Omunye imisebenzi athandwa kakhulu kumbhali - kungcono "Moonlight Sonata", okuyinto, kunalokho, benamandla umuzwa ngokuvumelana nokuthula kwangaphakathi, njengoba uma ngokungafani kuya umculo amadlingozi umculo wezinsimbi yakhe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi igama lo mkhiqizo wanika abantu besikhathi umqambi, mhlawumbe ngoba umculo kuyinto okusikhumbuza kolwandle ukudlala ebusuku kuthule. Kuyinto lezi izinhlangano ukwenza izilaleli kakhulu lapho ngilalele lo sonata. No kancane, futhi mhlawumbe ethandwa nakakhulu umsebenzi odumile othi, "Fur Elise" okuyinto umqambi anikezelwe umfazi wakhe Russian uMbusi u-Alexander I Elizavete Alekseevne (Louise). Lokhu Ukwakheka kuthinta inhlanganisela ngokumangalisayo Motifs futhi wamaphaphu sina izindima okukhulu phakathi. Indawo ekhethekile imisebenzi womculo kuthatha opera yakhe kuphela "Fidelio" (elihunyushwa ngokuthi "Oneqiniso" ngolimi Italian). Lo msebenzi, njengabanye abaningi, naye ubizwa eligcwele bokubanga inkululeko kudinga inkululeko. "Fidelio" namanje akabashiyi yesigameko ehola opera izindlu emhlabeni, nakuba ukuqashelwa of the opera wathola, njengoba cishe njalo kwenzeka, hhayi ngokushesha.

lesishiyagalolunye Symphony

Lo msebenzi cishe bengcono kakhulu zaziwe phakathi eminye imisebenzi umqambi. Wawuthi iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngo-1824. Owesithoba Symphony kuphetha imfuno eside futhi zisetshenziswa umqambi kudalwa umsebenzi ephelele Symphonic. Uhluka bonke abanhliziyo sangaphambilini ukuthi, okokuqala, yaqalisa uhlelo choral ingxenye (edumile "Ode to Injabulo" by F. Schiller), kanti okwesibili, kube ngilunge isakhiwo umqambi uhlobo Symphonic. The main theme is wembula kancane kancane ukuthi ngokusebenzisa ingxenye umsebenzi ngamunye. Ukuqala symphony kuyinto ngempela mnyama, ezisindayo, kodwa ngisho nalapho kwakuzwakala ezikude isisusa nokubuyisana nokukhanyiselwa, okuyinto likhula ukuthuthukiswa komculo. Ekugcineni, ngo-final kuzwakala ukucula namandla ngempela choral, ubiza bonke abantu bezwe hlanganani. Ngakho umqambi okwengeziwe ladvwetjelwe umcondvo lobalulekile umsebenzi wakhe. Wayefuna ukuba wacabanga iye eshiwo ngokucacile ngaphezulu ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani, ngakho-ke, akugcini umculo nje, kodwa wangena nasekubulaleni zabahlabeleli. Symphony kwaba impumelelo enkulu: isethulo yokuqala yeningi umqambi Bahlela ukubakhona kwe lalithimba nokuma. Indlela yokuthi LV Beethoven wawabhala, ngokuba kakade umuntu oyisithulu ngokuphelele.

Inani esikoleni saseVienna

Gluck, uHaydn, Mozart, Beethoven baba abasunguli umculo we-classic lunomthelela omkhulu lonke umlando wakhe zomculo, hhayi kuphela e-Europe, kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke. Inani la abaqambi kanye ngeqhaza labo izinguquko ethiyetha zomculo ayikwazi overestimated. Ukusebenza ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo, baqamba uhlobo ithambo futhi isebenza ngesisekelo okuyinto nabalandeli babo ukuqamba imisebenzi emisha. Sekuyisikhathi eside Abaningi okudaliwe yabo ayebadlula ukusebenza ekhonsathini futhi abangu ziqokonyiswe amabhayisikobho, kumabonakude. "Rondo Turkish", "Moonlight Sonata" nezinye imisebenzi eziningi zalezi abalobi zaziwa hhayi kuphela abathandi bomculo, kodwa ngisho nalabo abangalwazi classic eduze. SaseVienna esiteji classical yentuthuko, abacwaningi abaningi kufanele ngokuthi lunqume emlandweni umculo, ngoba kulesi sikhathi wabeka IZIMISO eziyisisekelo ngokudala nokubhala opera, umculo wezinsimbi, Sonatas sonata nama-quartet.