Yiziphi ipumelelo isayensi Russian ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20? I okutholwe yisayensi kwekhulu lama-20

Ukushiya emihumeni Stone Age, umphakathi wesintu isidlulile indlela enhle ukuthuthukiswa ngokwengqondo nangokomoya. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abantu bahlale phansi izikrini computer futhi ukuxhumana nabanye ngasiphi ibanga, ukuhlaba zingene izimfihlo zendalo futhi ukuthumela mkhathi kwamanye amaplanethi. Lokhu kwenziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba isayensi, obadalwa futhi lakhiwa izizukulwane eziningi.

ukuthuthukiswa zomlando

Isayensi eRussia phambi uPeter Omkhulu kakhulu abasasilele emuva European. Lokhu kungenxa izici zenhlalo nezamasiko State kanye nethonya ezincane waseByzantium.

Umsebenzi wokuqala zezibalo eRussia lasendulo yasungulwa ngo 1136 indela Kirik. Ngandlela-thile kamuva wabonakala ngokuhumusha izincwadi ku yikuphi ukuhlakanipha cosmography izibalo.

Isayensi njengoba isikhungo yezenhlalakahle wasuka ezweni lethu ngaphansi uPetru I. Kwaba ngenkathi wokubusa kwakhe, eMelika eSiberia wathumela bomkhankaso lokuqala Vasily Tatishchev futhi Vitus Bering.

1724 kwaphawulwa kuvulwa Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Umsebenzi kulesi sikhungo abamenyiwe ososayensi abaningi abadumile European. Sibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa isayensi Russian kwakungamadodana imisebenzi kanye nemisebenzi Academician Mikhail Lomonosov.

1755 kubhekwa usuku isisekelo eMoscow University. Emlandweni wesayensi Russian ke wathola emzuliswaneni omusha yentuthuko. Ngandlela-thile amanyuvesi kamuva eyasungulwa ngo Dorpat (1802), e Vilna (1803), eKharkov neKazan (1804), Petersburg (1819). Kakade ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ukwakheka lwabo lakhula Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa futhi saseTomsk izikhungo yalolu hlobo.

elite Scientific eRussia ayehlaselwa:

- Mathematics (NI Lobachevsky, M. V Ostrogradsky et al.);
- Physics (A. S. Popov, AG Stoletov);
- chemical (D. I. Mendeleev, AM Butlerov, N. N. Zinin et al.);
- odokotela (S. P. Botkin, NI Pirogov);
- mlando (NM Karamzin, V. O. Klyuchevsky).

Ukuqala zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili

Lokhu sikhathi besihambisana nesiminyaminya ukuguqulwa Russia nezokulima kusimo zezimboni onamandla. Labo guqula okuyinto olwenziwa uhulumeni, ukhangwa enhlokodolobha yezwe. ERussia, saqala ngamandla ukuthuthukisa ezinhlakeni ezahlukene umkhakha, kanye umkhakha ujantshi.

Kakade ukuvelela isiko owaqala ngokuvukela Ekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, ubungcweti, izincwadi, njll Isayensi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 futhi bafinyelela inani labamemezeli abalulekile. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwakukhona revolution wangempela isayensi yemvelo, eyayintula ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi. Okukhulu okutholwe yisayensi kwekhulu lama-20, kwenziwa kule nkathi, ziye zaholela kubukezwe imibono ekhona mayelana nezwe womuntu.

Ukudalwa imiphakathi zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe

I okutholwe yisayensi kwekhulu lama-20 e-pre-wamavukelambuso Russia enziwa ngenxa yomsebenzi yemibuthano eyehlukene. Lesi sakamuva umphakathi omncane, eyayingahlanganisi nje kuphela abacwaningi, odokotela, kodwa futhi nayizimfundamakhwela ngomdlandla. Kukhona nemishiza sivela iminikelo amalungu ayo neminikelo yangasese. Eminye imiphakathi, uhulumeni labelwe uxhaso ezinkulu.

Ngaphezu yezokwelapha nakwezolimo, Metallurgical futhi Botanical, njengomumo womhlaba, ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali yayikhona imibuthano imfihlo ngokwesayensi. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba ukukhonza njengendlela Society of Astronautics. alelo bandla kwakukhona Ngokuzayo ososayensi enkulu yekhulu lama-20 - Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, nabanye.

Zonke lezi amakilabhu babe izikhungo zocwaningo futhi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwesayensi phakathi kwabantu. Nokho, umnikelo main ekwakhekeni ezweni namanje ingeyamakhosi ubuso namanyuvesi, zazo futhi aphume umphakathi ngenhla.

Ukuthuthukiswa imithi, izakhi zofuzo kanye biology

Yiziphi ipumelelo isayensi Russian ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kule ndawo? Lezi zihlanganisa umsebenzi zakudala Academician I. P. Pavlová. ososayensi Russian sengifunde physiology lomgudu wokugaya ukudla bese esimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Ukuze umsebenzi wakhe ngo-1904, Pavlov waklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel. Lo mklomelo esifanayo ngo-1908, waklonyeliswa I. I. Mechnikovu. Usosayensi wakhe lithole umsebenzi wakhe ku zezifo ezithathelwanayo namakhambi kwezokugoma. Mechnikov naye wafundelwa umphumela ephakeme nomsebenzi sezinzwa ngokuhamba izinqubo bokuphila. Ngokusekelwe ulwazi ososayensi usethule imfundiso yokuziphendukela ikhaliphe moya.

Ukuvulwa kwekhulu lama-20 emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo waba yisisusa esinamandla sokuthuthukisa imithi. I ekuqaleni kwekhulu kwaphawulwa ukuthuthukiswa yokugoma ngokumelene namarabi, inkukhu ikholera-anthrax. Konke lokhu kwakuwumphumela ucwaningo bacteriologist ULouis Pasteur Institute e-Paris. Kususelwa imisebenzi lezi ososayensi evela emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise naseRussia, kwaholela ukuthuthukiswa izinyathelo ezihlose ezivimbayo futhi nokuvimbela kubhubhane ahlukahlukene.

A umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni zofuzo ukwenze usosayensi IV Michurin. Umuntu owasungula le isayensi yokuzalanisa izitshalo nezithelo wasebenza esifundazweni Tambov, emzini wakhe edolobheni Kozlov. Inhloso umsebenzi kwaba yokucebisa Russian entsha namasiko izingadi. Naphezu kwalezo zithiyo ebhekene ke, usosayensi kwenziwe lo msebenzi wakhe.

Uye basungula indlela esiwusizo futhi wenza iziphetho theory ukukhiqiza ezihlukahlukene nzalo ukuthi babe izakhiwo engavamile futhi inenzuzo abantu.

Ngcono eziphathelene nezempi

Ukuthuthukiswa kulendawo ezaba nomthelela ulaka lamazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni kanye nokudinga okwandayo amathuba technical. Kakade eminyakeni 1911-1915 onjiniyela Russian AA Porokhovshchikov, VL Mendeleev kanye AA Vasiliev wadala uhlaka lokuqala loHlelo imoto armored, okuyinto kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi ethangini.

Inventions nokwatholakala kwekhulu lama-20 futhi basonta emkhakheni zezindiza. Ngakho, ibhanoyi lokuqala wamabutho wathatha iqhaza aqondisa eyenziwa ngo-1911, Warsaw, Petersburg Kiev esifundeni. Ngo ukulwa, le ndlela iye yasetshenziselwa phakathi nezimpi Balkan ka 1912-1913. Ngo-1914, idelakufa lokuqala wamukelwa ibutho isiRashiya, ethiwa "Muromets Ilya".

Akazange asuke kuzo zezindiza kanye lasolwandle. Lapha ubuqhawe kwakungekaNkulunkulu armored umusi-imikhumbi. Omunye wabantu bokuqala phakathi kwazo kwakukhona "Petr Veliky".

Umshini okusungulile

Isayensi nobuchwepheshe kwekhulu lama-20 e-Russia ivame ngokwabo umsebenzi eqinisa amakhono wezwe yezempi. Kulesi ensimini sesenze okukhulu. Ngakho, ngo-1916, izikhali umklami Fedorov yasungulwa lokuqala umshini emhlabeni. Ngenxa yalesi kwakudingekile ukuba unciphise umgqomo ngezibhamu isampula ngo-1913 futhi usebenzise magazini yayo ebhokisini, kanye isibambo for sokudubula lula. Umphumela waba yithuluzi umlilo ukuthi namuhla ngesisekelo elihamba izikhali kwanoma iyiphi impi emhlabeni.

Ukuthuthukiswa chemistry yemvelo

okutholakele Abaningi yesayensi kwekhulu lama-20 kule ndawo benziwa esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Siyabonga kubo, ubuntu nge umusi izinjini waqala yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini. Nokho, izindlela ezintsha ukuze impahla main zokusetshenziswa for ukukhiqizwa izinto ezifana (uwoyela) Kuye kwahlongozwa ososayensi okungukuthi Russian.

Ukufika kombuso izinjini ezinamandla kakhudlwana utshelwa abacwaningi umqondo ukudalwa ndiza. Imizamo yokuqala ukuba singangeni ngenkani emkhakheni yamabhanoyi benziwa ekhulwini le-19. Labe umbonile nezindiza ukukhanya and balloons.

Yiziphi ipumelelo isayensi Russian ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kule ndawo? Ezweni lethu siye sidaliwe ezimbili futhi ezine-injini izindiza washaya abantu besikhathi ubungako bawo umxhwele. Ngokuhamba yokudalwa wasebenza onjiniyela ezifana I. Sikorsky futhi V G. Lutskoy.

Ukuvulwa kwekhulu lama-20 emkhakheni zezindiza abagcini lapho. Evelele usosayensi Russian B. N. Yurev ngo-1911 yasungulwa lisisakhiwo esetshenziswa emhlanganweni ezinophephela emhlane yesimanje. Le divayisi avunyelwe inqubo ukwakha okusezingeni eliphezulu ukusebenza nokuzinza. Iimphaphamtjhinezi kungenziwa eziqhutshwa ngokuphepha ngokuqale pilot abavamile. Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi kwekhulu lama-20 emkhakheni indiza sabekwa ncamashi Yuriev.

Esikhathini esifanayo, bazalwa umsuka Astronautics yesimanje. okutholakele Major kwekhulu lama-20 kule ndawo ashiwo umfundisi Kaluga sokuzivocavoca amagugu KE Tsiolkovsky. Ngo-1903 wakhipha umqulu imisebenzi ekhaliphile, okuyinto efakazela ukuthi kungenzeka indiza emkhathini.

Yiziphi ipumelelo isayensi Russian ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 emkhakheni physics? Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso kwemithetho jikelele esingokwemvelo izinqubo wave (kagesi, i-acoustic, njll). Bona Kwamiswa physics esidumile P. N. Lebedevym.

Okuvunjululwe omkhulu kunayo yonke isayensi kwekhulu lama-20 benziwa V I. Vernadskim. Lokhu usosayensi waziwa emhlabeni wonke ngemuva kokushicilelwa yemisebenzi yakhe encyclopedic, okwakukhona kulo asisekelo sekutfutfukisa izitayela amasha Radiology, Geochemistry futhi oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo. umsebenzi Vernadsky sika we noosphere kanye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; umsuka ngemvelo yesimanje.

I-parachute okusungulile ubhaka

Ngo-1910, GE Kotelnikov wavakashela umkhosi Zonke-Russia anikezelwe yamabhanoyi. Sekuvele omunye ofakazi ngokufa okudabukisayo umshayeli L. Matsievich. Kotelnikov kwakungelona umklami, futhi umlingisi. Nokho, ukufa komuntu umshayeli ngakho washaqeka kuye ukuthi ngemva konyaka owasungula le-parachute RK-1, ngokuyisisekelo sihluke imiklamo odlule.

Dome njengendlela yokuthola insindiso balloonists angaphambilini. Nokho RC-1 kwaba emfishane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, parachute isibe kuyisikhalo iyunithi impendulo eziphuthumayo, ngokuba njalo ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe. Izitilobho Dome futhi RK-1 zafakwa Isikhwama lokhuni lokuqala, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sithathelwe indawo aluminium. Ezansi ebhokisini entwasahlobo ahlelwe Kotelnikov. Ngesikhathi esifanele isikhashana parachutist edonsa iringi. Kuleli qophelo, entwasahlobo kuvula ikhava bhokisi ngaphandle kokuthi ulahlwe ngaphandle Dome. Okwamanje lesi okusungulile kukhona parachutists emhlabeni wonke.

Ukubukeka TV

isayensi Russian kwekhulu lama-20 emhlabeni eziye zaziletha esungula into eyaba inkathi ukuvulwa. Ngo-1907, uProfesa Institute of Technology, elise Petersburg, B. L. Rozingom bafaka isicelo se-patent okwesikhathi "indlela yokudlulisela kagesi izithombe ezahlukene kanye reception zabo esebenzisa tube cathode ray."

Ekwindla ka-1910 usosayensi wenza umbiko umphakathi emhlanganweni we-Russian Technical Society, eyalikhuluma mayelana nezindaba imi endleleni amazwe ngethelevishini. Rosing uqiniseke ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamadivaysi anjalo kufanele sisetshenziselwe electron uvumelanise. Into eyangimangaza kunazo zonke ukuthi lesi siphetho yathinteka esikhathini lapho electronics njengoba umkhakha kwaba isencane isakhasa. On ithelevishini edala uhlelo Rosing wathola patent lokuqala isiRashiya, futhi ngemva - German, English and American.

Okutholakele geography

Yiziphi ipumelelo isayensi Russian ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 lapho kutadishwa oda emhlabeni? Ngalesi sikhathi waya Oceania naseNyakatho Afrika, eMpumalanga nase-Asia Ephakathi. Ngamunye wabo ephawulwe ngumuntu ovulekile global. Kuwufanele bethi isayensi nokuma kwezwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, babusekelwe impumelelo etholwe abaphenyi Russian.

Ukwakheka eU.SSR

Isayensi eRussia ngaphansi kombuso wamaSoviet wanika emhlabeni okutholakele eziningi ezinkulu futhi impumelelo kuyo yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu. Ngisho hlu yabo ngokudlulisa amehlo kubonisa ukufohla esiyenzekile ososayensi.

Okwafezwa isayensi Soviet abaye baba nendima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni umnotho kazwelonke. Kulokhu, okusekelwe kuwo zidalwe yakamuva ngaleso sikhathi umkhakha, kokubili ugandaganda futhi zezindiza, yezimoto kanye nezinsimbi. Imiphumela yocwaningo kwenza ukuba ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa zokwenziwa iraba, motor fuel, njll

Izimpumelelo etholwe izazi zezinto eziphilayo, ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezinselele ukudla umkhakha ukukhanya, ukuthunga, nezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo oluningana luye kwaholela ukunakekelwa kwezempilo intuthuko kanye nomkhakha wezokwelapha.

ESoviet Union izinhlelo zocwaningo makhulu ziye efakwe. Ivula i nezikhungo entsha yocwaningo. Ngakho, ngo-1934, Vavilov eyasungulwa Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences, esikhathini esifanayo wethulwa Isikhungo Organic Chemistry. 1937 - unyaka isisekelo Institute of Geophysics. Umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka physiologist Pavlov kanye umfuyi Michurin. Ngenxa yalokho oluye lwenziwa ososayensi baye etholakale eminingi in eyala ehlukahlukene. Nokho, e-kweminyaka yokucindezelwa ezingaba bokusungula isimo umonakalo esindayo kwenziwe.

ngemva kwempi

Ukuvuselelwa isayensi Soviet ngo-1950, imisebenzi Academy of Sciences labacwaningi elaliholwa kulezi iminyaka. Academy of Sciences usubuyiselwe, futhi wonke ama-republic yezwe. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula ukuthatha patent kanye nokusebenzisa ukulawula indlela osebenzisa ngayo imali izimali zabelwe ngumbuso kulo mkhakha kahulumeni.

Kakade phakathi nawo-kwamashumi amahlanu, isithakazelo esandayo ukuhlola umkhathi. Kule ndawo, inani elandayo lososayensi. Kukhona izincwadi ekhethekile nangemicabango emayunivesithi. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngamabomu ukuze imfundo ososayensi abasha.

1957 baletha umuzwa yangempela emhlabeni yesayensi. Kwakuwunyaka ka-ka kwethulwa okokuqala yokufakelwa Earth satellite. Izwe esanda kutholakala kokulinyazwa mpi esabekayo, hhayi kuphela ngasibuyisela amandla ayo yesayensi, kodwa futhi seyibe umholi entuthukweni yezesayensi. Lo mcimbi kwavula inkathi entsha lwesintu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba ukuqala "isikhala uhlanga" nge-United States, lapho engafuni ukulahlekelwa ukwethenjelwa kwalo global.

Ngo-1959, i-satellite Soviet hit inyanga. Lokhu esanda ethuthukisiwe udumo waseRussia emphakathini wonke. Kakade sixties ekuseni, iSoviet Union baba wesibili emva ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu US emhlabeni. Melika lamfica ezweni lethu kuphela amakhono abo kwezomnotho.

April 12, 1961, kwaba khona omunye umcimbi Amazing, owawuke ezichazwe imisebenzi yakhe eqanjiwe. Ngalolu suku, umuntu wokuqala emlandweni wethulwa emkhathini futhi wabuyela Earth.

Eminyakeni engu-80 ezweni lethu saqala ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukukhiqizwa amakhompyutha zanamuhla electronic - amakhompyutha. Le nqubo wawuhlangene musa hlala sonke isakhiwo kanye namakamelo. Lawa kwakungamadodana iminyaka lapho iSoviet Union ichithwa ububanzi yesayensi umnotho, kuyinto okweshumi isabelomali isimo. Lokhu ababengenamandla okukuthola, akukho lizwe emhlabeni.

Phakathi inombolo enkulu izifundo zesayensi eyenziwa eRussia, kunezindlela eziningi zalabo abanempahla futhi uqhubeke kusadingeka nomthelela obalulekile intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe komphakathi womhlaba wonke. Sikhuluma ngezinto ezisanda eziningi emkhakheni wesayensi yamakhemikhali, begazi, ngokomzimba kanye ne-engineering. Lezi zihlanganisa kokutholakala mkhuba resonance paramagnetic E. K. Zavoyskim. I indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa ososayensi Russian kanye nodaba amandla enuzi.