Yini umsebenzi we amaprotheni enzyme? Umsebenzi enzymatic amaprotheni: izibonelo

Umsebenzi komzimba wethu - inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lapho izigidi zamangqamuzana abathintekayo, izinkulungwane izinto ezahlukene. Kodwa kukhona esinye isici okuyinto incike ngokuphelele amaprotheni ethize, ngaphandle lapho ukuphila komuntu noma isilwane ngeke kwenzeke ngokuphelele. Njengoba uqagele, sikhuluma manje mayelana enzyme.

Namuhla sizofunda enzymatic umsebenzi amaprotheni. Lena indawo enkulu oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo.

Njengoba kulezi izinto bangamaRoma amaprotheni, bangasifaka kubhekwe yibo. You azi ukuthi isikhathi enzyme lokuqala zatholwa 30s kwekhulu le-19, kuphela ososayensi wathatha engaphezu kweyikhulu, ukuze sifike endaweni ethile definition ucishe iyunifomu ngabo. Ngakho lokho umsebenzi wenziwa amaprotheni enzyme? Kuleli, kanye nesakhiwo nezenzo zabo ngezibonelo uzofunda kusukela kulesi sihloko.

Kufanele uqonde ukuthi akuwona wonke amaprotheni kungaba i-enzyme, ngisho noma sikucabanga. amaprotheni Globular kuphela akha uyakwazi bembonisa umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba mayelana nezinye organic compounds. Njengazo zonke compounds zemvelo kuleli kilasi, ama-enzyme yakhiwa acid acid izinsalela. Qaphela ukuthi umsebenzi enzymatic of amaprotheni (izibonelo okuzoba esihlokweni) engenziwa kuphela ngomunye mass kabani izinyo lomhlathi lincane 5000.

Kuyini i-enzyme, yencazelo yesimanje

Enzyme - a kulethe of begazi imvelaphi. Sinenkosi ikhono ukusheshisa ukuphendula, ngenxa sisondelene phakathi reactants (substrates). Singasho ukuthi umsebenzi enzymatic of amaprotheni - inqubo ezinye catalysis ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ahlukile ku-eziphilayo. Kuphela ingxenye encane kubo olungaphimiseka elabhorethri.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kule ndawo njengoba sekube abanye impumelelo kule minyaka yamuva. Ososayensi baye ngokuya eduze ukudala enzyme yokufakelwa engasetshenziswa nje ngenhloso kwezomnotho, kodwa futhi imithi. It is ithuthukiswe enzyme ukuthi kungaba ngempumelelo ababhubhise ngisho ezindaweni elincane umdlavuza incipient.

Iziphi izingxenye enzyme abahileleke ngokuqondile basabela kanjani abakuthola?

Phawula ukuthi, nabo substrate akubandakanyi wonke umzimba enzyme, kodwa kuphela ingxenye encane okuthiwa indawo esebenzayo. Lena impahla yabo eyinhloko complementarity. Lo mqondo kusho ukuthi enzyme Lifanele substrate ifomu kanye nezici zabo ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo zamakhemikhali. Singasho ukuthi umsebenzi enzyme kulokhu kanje:

• amanzi abo zehla ebusweni igobolondo.
• Kukhona ukusonteka ezithile (nokwehlukana, isibonelo).
• Ngemva kwalokho ahlelwe ngendlela ekhethekile esikhaleni, ngesikhathi ukuthuthela eduze komunye nomunye.

Lezi izici eziholela ukusheshisa ukusabela. Manje, ake senze ukuqhathanisa phakathi enzyme yelikhono wezinto ezingaphili.

Njengoba ubona, umsebenzi enzymatic of amaprotheni kudinga ngokucacile. Ngeke ngokwalo futhi wengeze ukuthi eziningi zalezi amaprotheni babe futhi zinhlobo ethize. Ngamafuphi nje, ama-enzyme womuntu neze efanelekayo ingulube Guinea.

Ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana isakhiwo enzyme

Isakhiwo lezi zakhi isehlane ngokushesha ezintathu amazinga. Isakhiwo eyinhloko bungabonakala izinsalela acid acid okuyiwona ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu okushisa amaprotheni. Njengoba umsebenzi enzymatic of amaprotheni, izibonelo esiye ngokuphindaphindiwe akhonjwe kulesi sihloko, kungaba kwenziwe kuphela izigaba ezithile ezibangela, ukukhomba kubo ngokunembile kule isisekelo ngempela ngempela.

Njengoba ezingeni lesibili, lesi nalokho Isesekeli ekufinyelelwa ezinhlobo ezengeziwe izibopho ukuthi kungenzeka phakathi kwalezi izinsalela acid acid. Lokhu-hydrogen zokuxhumana, electrostatic, hydrophobic, kanye noVan der Waals ekuhlanganyeleni. Ngenxa amaphaphu ezibangela lokhu kuxhuma ezingxenyeni ezahlukene enzyme ekhiqizwa α-Helix, i-loop bese β-imicu.

Isakhiwo ephakeme kuwumphumela yokuthi izingxenye elikhulu iketango polypeptide nje phinda. Imicu eziba umphumela kuyizipho ngokuthi izizinda. Ekugcineni, ukwakheka sokugcina salolu isakhiwo kwenzeka kuphela ngemva ukuxhumana esitebeleni ayimisa phakathi ezizindeni ezihlukahlukene. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukwakheka izizinda ngokwabo ngokuya ngendlela ezimele ngokuphelele nomunye.

Ezinye izici wesizinda

Ngokuvamile, iketango polypeptide kusukela lapho kwakhiwa, siqukethe cishe 150 acid acid izinsalela. Lapho izizinda nihlanganyele, kwakhiwa globule. Njengoba umsebenzi wenziwa yi-enzymatic amasayithi esebenzayo okusekelwe kuzo, kufanele baqonde ukubaluleka le nqubo.

Isizinda ngokwayo libhekene yokuthi phakathi acid acid izinsalela e oyiyo kukhona ekuxhumaneni eminingi. Inombolo yabo iphezulu kakhulu kulabo ekusabeleni kokudabuka phakathi ngokwabo izizinda. Ngakho, ngalo ingaphakathi phakathi kwazo uma kuqhathaniswa "abasengozini" ukuba izenzo kumakhemikhali awuketshezi ahlukahlukene organic. Umthamo-oda 20-30 angstrom cubic esifanelana amangqamuzana awuketshezi eziningana. ezizindeni ezehlukahlukene ngokuvamile akheke eyingqayizivele ngokuphelele ngakuthathu, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa ekwenzeni imisebenzi ehlukene ngokuphelele.

amasayithi asebenzayo

Njengomthetho, amasayithi asebenzayo zitholakala ngokuqinile phakathi izizinda. Ngakho, ngamunye okuyinto ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ngokuhamba ukusabela. Ngenxa yaleli lungiselelo izizinda wathola Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo eside, ukuhamba kule ndawo ye-enzyme. Lokhu kuqakatheke khulu, kusukela umsebenzi enzymatic wenziwa kuphela labo izakhi ezingase oqeqeshwe ukushintsha isikhundla salo ngekwendzawo.

Phakathi polypeptide isibopho obuphelele emzimbeni enzyme, futhi imisebenzi kanjani eziyinkimbinkimbi abayenzayo, kukhona ukuxhumana ngqo. indima inkinga kokubili izuzwe obumba indawo esebenzayo ukuthi bayavuma phakathi kwesizinda okhanda amanye amathuba futhi ngenxa ukwakheka Izizinda ezintsha ngokuphelele.

Ezinye amaprotheni, ama-enzyme (izibonelo - lysozyme futhi glycogen) ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngobukhulu (129 kanye 842 acid acid izinsalela, ngokulandelana), nakuba ukusabela is catalyzed cleavage izibopho zamakhemikhali yohlobo olufanayo. Umehluko wukuthi enzyme omkhulu kakhulu futhi ezinkulu bayakwazi ukulawula kangcono isikhundla salo isikhala, iqinisekisa ukuzinza mkhulu futhi ijubane yokusabela.

Ukwahlukaniswa eyinhloko enzyme

Okwamanje wamukele futhi kusakazeke emhlabeni iyona ngezigaba ejwayelekile. Ngokusho kwakhe, kusobala core amakilasi ayisithupha, ne subclasses efanele. Sibheka kuphela eziyisisekelo. Nampa:

1. Oxidoreductases. Umsebenzi enzyme kuleli cala - ukushukuma ukusabela redox.

2. Transferases. Kwangathi enze ukudluliselwa substrates ophakathi kwala maqembu ezilandelayo:

• Omunye-carbon amayunithi.
• Izinsalela aldehydes futhi ketones.
• Acyl futhi glycosyl izingxenye.
• Alkyl (njengokukhishiwe ungethele CH3) izinsalela.
• lezisekelo nitrogen.
• Amaqembu equkethe phosphorus.

3. Hydrolases. Kulokhu, umsebenzi enzymatic iwukuba anamathele namaprotheni zezinhlobo ezilandelayo compounds:

• Esters.
• Glycosides.
• Esters, futhi thioesters.
• Peptide uhlobo izibopho.
• Ubuhlobo uhlobo CN (ngaphandle kwe-peptide efanayo).

4. Lyases. Ingabe uyakwazi disengaging amaqembu ahleleka okwalandela kwebhondi double. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kungenzeka enze inqubo ephambene: ngokujoyina amaqembu akhethiwe kabili izibopho.

5. Isomerases. Kulokhu, umsebenzi enzymatic of amaprotheni nzima isomeric catalysis ukusabela. Leli qembu lihlanganisa enzyme ezilandelayo:

• Racemase, epimerase.
• Tsistransizomerazy.
• oxidoreductases Intramolecular.
• transferases Intramolecular.
• lyase Intramolecular.

6. Ligases (eyaziwa nangokuthi synthetase). Basuke esetshenziselwa wokuqhekeka ATP ngenkathi ukwakha ezinye ukuxhumana.

Kulula ukuqaphela ukuthi umsebenzi enzymatic of amaprotheni Liyindawo ezibalulekile, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje amanye control ngokwezinga cishe zonke ukusabela ezenzeka ngomzuzwana emzimbeni wakho.

What uhlala ka-enzayimu emva nokuxhumana substrate?

Ngokuvamile, ama-enzyme kuyinto amaprotheni umsuka globular, isikhungo esebenzayo ye okumelelwe esifanayo acid acid izinsalela zayo. Kuzo zonke ezinye izimo, maphakathi ingxenye ngokuqinile esixhumene nalo iqembu wokufakelwa noma coenzyme (ATP, isibonelo), ubudlelwano mancane kakhulu. A kulethe ngokuthi i holoenzyme, futhi ezisalayo yayo, ngemva kokususwa kwakhiwa ATP apoenzyme.

Ngakho, ngokwale ndlela lesi sici enzyme oluthathwa zibe amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• hydrolase Simple, lyase, futhi isomerase, okuyinto ngokuvamile zingenalo base coenzyme.
• amaprotheni enzyme (izibonelo - abanye transaminase) ehlanganisa iqembu wokufakelwa (lipoic acid, isibonelo). Leli qembu kuhlanganisa abaningi peroxidase.
• Enizmy okuyiwona adingekayo coenzyme ukuvuselelwa. Lezi zihlanganisa kinases, kanye iningi oxidoreductases.
• Okunye yelikhono, ukubunjwa okuyinto akukaqondakali ngokugcwele.

Zonke izinto ziyingxenye iqembu lokuqala, kabanzi endaweni yokudla. Zonke ezinye yelikhono zidinga izimo ezithile kakhulu kusebenze bawo futhi ngenxa yalokho kuphela ukusebenza emzimbeni, noma kwezinye ucwaningo laboratory. Ngakho, umsebenzi enzymatic - lokhu kuyindlela yemvelo yokusabela lapho ethize kakhulu, esakhiwa ngo inkanuko (catalysis) ukusabela izinhlobo ezithile izimo kahle echaziwe umzimba okomuntu noma isilwane.

Kwenzekani kule site asebenzayo, noma kungani enzyme ukusebenza ngempumelelo?

Sithe ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi isihluthulelo ukuqonda catalysis enzymatic is dalo of isikhungo asebenzayo. Yilapho-ke othize esibophezelayo of substrate, okuyinto ezimweni ezinjena bamatasa kakhulu basabela. Ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda yinkimbinkimbi ukusabela kuphunywa naye lapho, isibonelo esilula kwenzeke ukuvutshelwa glucose, kubalulekile kanye enzyme 12! Ngokulinganayo nokuxhumana nzima sezivuma kuphela ngenxa yokuthi iprotheni yenza umsebenzi enzymatic has ngezinga eliphakeme ka ngokucacile.

Izinhlobo enzyme ngokucacile

Kuyinto ngokuphelele. Kulokhu, ngqo kuboniswa eyodwa kuphela, ngokuqinile kuchazwa uhlobo enzyme. Ngakho, urease kuwuthinta kuphela nge urea. Nge ubisi lactose nje ungena ukusabela ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo. Yilokho umsebenzi wenziwa amaprotheni, ama-enzyme emzimbeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu akuyona into engavamile ngokucacile ngokuphelele. Njengoba kungaqondakala kusukela igama, kulesi simo kukhona "ukwamukela" ngokuqinile ngaphasi komhlobo organic compounds (esters, kuhlanganise alcohols eziyinkimbinkimbi noma aldehydes). Ngokwesibonelo, pepsin, okuyinto ingenye enzyme ayisihluthulelo esiswini, sibonisa kuphela ngokucacile ngoba hydrolysis ka peptide izibopho. Utshwala dehydrogenase kuwuthinta kuphela alcohols futhi laktikodegidraza hhayi uhlukanise enye into ngaphandle acid-alpha-hydroxy.

Kwenzeka futhi ukuthi isici enzymatic umsebenzi iqembu ethile compounds, kodwa ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile, ama-enzyme isinyathelo kuhluke kakhulu "injongo" yabo eyinhloko into. Kulokhu, ekwandeni "ivame" ikilasi ezithile izinto, kodwa ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile kungase ninamathele nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali (Hhayi okulingana). Nokho, kulesi simo, uzosabela uhambe kancane kakhulu.

Njengoba baziwa kakhulu ikhono trypsin ukuthatha isinyathelo peptide izibopho, kodwa bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi lokhu amaprotheni ukuthi wenza umsebenzi we enzyme pheshana emathunjini, bangase bangasabeli kahle ezahlukene ester compounds.

Ekugcineni, kukhona ngokucacile we-optical. Lezi enzyme ongahlanganyela ezihlukahlukene izinto uhlu ngokuphelele, kodwa kuphela ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi banalo kahle ichazwe izakhiwo optical. Ngakho, umsebenzi enzymatic of amaprotheni kulokhu kufana kakhulu isimiso senzo enzyme yelikhono futhi imvelaphi wezinto ezingaphili.

Iziphi izici ezinquma nekusebenta catalysis?

Namuhla, kunenkolelo yokuthi ezinquma ukuthi ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu nekusebenta enzyme yilezi:

• sokugxila umphumela.
• Spatial ukuma umphumela.
• Ukuba yizinhlobonhlobo esebenzayo ukuphendula isikhungo.

Ngokuvamile, umphumela lomcebo lokuhlushwa akahlukile ukuthi wezinto catalysis ukusabela. Kulokhu, lokuhlushwa substrate enjalo, okuyinto izikhathi eziningana mkhulu kunezinhliziyo value efanayo kuzo zonke izinto ivolumu isixazululo phakathi nendawo asebenzayo. Maphakathi ukuphendula ngokukhetha bahlunga-molecule izinto okumele asabele nomunye. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi lo mphumela kuholela ekwandeni e chemical yokusabela isilinganiso oda eziningana ezihlanganisa.

Lapho izinga amakhemikhali inqubo ithatha indawo, kubaluleke kakhulu, oyingxenye yezinhlayiya uxhumana zishayisane nomunye. Uma sikubeka kalula, imfuyo engqamuzaneni ngesikhathi ushayisile kumele ngokuqinile ngamakhasimende isihlobo komunye nomunye. Ngenxa yokuthi wenziwa ngaphansi kokucindezelwa, bese zonke izingxenye bazibandakanye ahlelwe umugqa othile, ukusabela catalysis yanda ngo-ezintathu oda ukujika anjalo esikhathini indawo esebenzayo ye-enzyme.

Ukusebenza okuningi kule nkampani kusho impahla yazo zonke izingxenye zesikhungo esisebenzayo ngesikhathi esisodwa (noma ezihlanganisiwe ngokuqinile) ukuze zenzeke emulenzeni wezinto "ezicutshungulwe". Ngaphezu kwalokho, (i-molecule) ayinakulungiswa kuphela endaweni (bheka ngenhla), kodwa futhi ishintsha kakhulu izici zayo. Konke lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ama-enzyme alula kakhulu ukwenza ngendlela ehambisana ne-substrate ngendlela edingekayo.