Uyini lempi ukuhlinzwa ensimini?

Kukhona ezilula abaningi ngomsebenzi nodokotela. Ngo abaningi babo mkhakha chwaneka njengenhlangano kokunganaki abasebenza ngenyama-humorists. Nokho, ekuphileni kwangempela, udokotela wale phrofayela kuye kwaba umsebenzi kunzima kakhulu futhi unesibopho ezihilela ingozi ekuphileni, hhayi kuphela kogulayo kuphela kodwa udokotela yena. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi izazi kweqiniso yezempi ukuhlinzwa ensimini. Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani: onjani umsebenzi, ukuthi lihluke kanjani nabanye futhi esebenza odokotela le phrofayela.

Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi lempi ukuhlinzwa ensimini

Lokhu ibinzana wabhekisela isiyalo yezokwelapha futhi igatsha ukuhlinzwa ngokukhethekile ukunakekela zokwelapha iziguli, izisulu zinqobe, ngokuvamile ngqo inqubo elwa ngokwabo.

Njengomthetho, ensimini yayo isithakazelo kuhlanganisa kuqhuma isibhamu, eziyingozi izilonda, agwaze wanquma kancane.

Yiziphi izici ukuhlinzwa lempi

Ukwelashwa nokuvikelwa izisulu e sokuthula futhi sempi ngokuphongoza, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ukuhlinzwa.

Kule ndaba, kukhona eziningi umehluko.

• Esimeni semakhaya elwa odokotela abahlinzayo ukuba aphathe lenqwaba iziguli ngesikhathi lemfisha. Ngakho-ke, odokotela bokulwa kumele bakwazi lokuqala ukuhlunga izigceme kobukhulu ukulimala kwabo.
• Imisebenzi ezithathekayo esibhedlela samasosha kudinga ukukhuthazela ngokomzimba wezokwelapha. Phela, ngaphezu ofeza ukwelashwa, ngezinye izikhathi badinga ukuthutha eyayilimele ngaphandle kosizo ubuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi ngqo ukulwa odokotela abahlinzayo ngokuvamile kufanele basebenza ubusuku nemini.
• Inhlangano lokunakekelwa kwezempilo impi incike eziyimbangela phambili (okuhlaselayo, ozothile, ukubaleka).
• udokotela Military ezimweni eziningi has a ubuncane amathuluzi atholakalayo yokuqondisa uphethwe yini isiguli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile hhayi isikhathi esanele ukwenza kanjalo (ngoba ochwepheshe anjalo, ezimweni eziningi usebenze ukulwa). Base kudingeke ukuba sincike olwazini nakokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo, futhi hhayi ku-ukuhlaziya kanye ukufundwa.
• Uma sinquma ngohlobo kwezokulapha, udokotela igxile sokusindisa ukuphila okwamanje. Ngakho ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ophoqelelwe ukuziba emibi yokwelashwa wayo, ngokukhetha esingconywana. cyanoacrylate Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kwi nempi yaseVietnam yezempi ukuhlinzwa nkambu kabanzi isicelo (superglue). Naphezu ubuthi bayo, ke eyazi gluing izilonda, ngaleyo ndlela esindisa iziguli ezivela yokubulawa ukulahlekelwa igazi, okwenza ukuba awakhulule emphini ezibhedlela, lapho ayengase abe usizo olufanelekile ngaphezulu.
• Zonke amathuluzi kanye zomculo odokotela lempi kufanele lweselula, uphinde wenze kulula ngangokunokwenzeka for the ezokuthutha, ngokuqondene umsebenzi wabo (uma kuqhathaniswa ne imishini esibhedlela) zigcinwe zimbalwa kunesidingo.

Lapho ukufunda lesi siyalo

Njengoba imininingwane ukuhlinzwa wezempi phakathi lokulwa ukuhluka ukuthi ozakwabo bafaka abantu abaqhuba ngesikhathi ukuthula, emazweni amaningi emhlabeni zikhona izikole ukuqeqesha odokotela efanele. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani zabizwa Kwabantu Ebusosheni Medical Academy (VMA).

ukuhlinzwa Military wabuye wafundisa njengenhlangano isiyalo asizayo kanye nezikhungo isimiso yezokwelapha sephrofayela jikelele. Nokho, kukhona amanyuvesi e Ankara (Turkey), (eSerbia), Kiev (Ukraine), Petersburg (Russia) futhi Sofia (Bulgaria) kulabo abafisa ukuba bagxile lokhu lunye.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zikhungo, izisekelo lokuhlinzwa lempi kungafundwa ngesikhathi Military Medical University, eU.SA.

izigaba yentuthuko

Njengoba okushiwo amagama "ukuhlinzwa ensimini lempi", futhi izici umsebenzi Ochwepheshe wale phrofayela, kubalulekile ukufunda umlando wawo.

Kuze kube manje, abelwe 4 izigaba zomlando yentuthuko lesi siyalo wezokwelapha.

1. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube ikhulu XIX.
2. Military ukuhlinzwa ensimini ekhulwini XIX. (Okuhlobene kuvulwa N. I. Pirogova).
3. Ingxenye yokuqala e XX. (Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II).
4. Kusukela phakathi nawo XX leminyaka. kuze kube namuhla.

ukuhlinzwa ensimini Umlando endulo

Nakuba njengenhlangano ezimele isiyalo kwezokulapha baqala ukuhlinza empini sekukhona ukubonwa ngekhulu XIX., Lomkhuba Same iphutha kudala ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. Empeleni, wonke umlando lempi emhlabeni ihlanganisa umlando ekusizeni sezisulu zalo.

Esokuqala futhi inkathi ende kunazo ukuhlinzwa empi engase ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe ukudayiswa kwezikhali ezincane nezikhali emva.

Emfanekisweni wokuqala kubo ngemva kwempi uElisha, njengoba umthetho, agwaze noma izilonda usike kanye waphuka. Ngakho-ke, odokotela lasendulo ezikhethekile sibanikeze. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amarekhodi kule ezigcinwe imibhalo IMIPHAKATHI eminingi yasendulo (Egypt, iGrisi, iRoma, eChina, eNdiya ngisho Russia). Ngokusekelwe kulezi eyaziwa ukuthi lasendulo lempi ensimini odokotela abahlinzayo baqala umsebenzi wabo ngemva kwempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi iziguli zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo ukuze nensimu izibhedlela, futhi aphathwe ngaso leso sikhathi. Akubuzwa, yayiphezulu kanjani lokufa kwezinsana amasosha?

Njengoba sekunezikhali neziqhumane futhi nezibhamu amanxeba uye qualitatively esashintsha isimo salo okuyinto edingekayo uhlobo oluhlukile ukunakekelwa. Kule ndaba, abacwaningi bezokwelapha baqala ukutadisha izici umonakalo izicubu ngenxa isibhamu noma eziyingozi.

Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka, odokotela ukuphathwa ngezindlela ezingefani kubo. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVI. kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ngenxa umzimba kokudutshulwa ukulimala anobuthi powder. Nokho, ngenxa Ambroise Pare, la manga kwaze kwaphela, futhi uzakwabo Henri Ledran waqala ekubeni asike izidumbu zabantu futhi excision amanxeba ehambisana namuhla. Experience nodokotela French osekufundiwe kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, kuhlanganise umbuso Russian kahle.

I yokugcina eyaziwayo udokotela lempi A. Charukovsky esekelwe okutholwe umusi Ledrana nokubona siqu, eyenziwa incazelo eningiliziwe izimfanelo okudutshulwa futhi wanikeza ngempela lesichubekako (njengoba ngesikhathi) ngeseluleko imithi yabo.

ukuhlinzwa Field ekhulwini XIX.

Naphezu ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo lokuhlinzwa lempi, kwaze kwaba ngekhulu XIX. indlela wo hlinzeka asizange sigcwaliseke futhi waba ozenzekelayo ukuthi kakhulu kunciphisa kungenzeka odokotela ukulondoloza eyayilimele.

Nokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. inani ezimpini eyayizothatha isikhathi eside ahlomile ikhuphuke kakhulu (uma kuqhathaniswa emakhulwini eminyaka adlule). Lokhu kuyadingeka kwabasebenzi bezempilo ukuze bathuthukise amakhono abo.

Ukuqala isigaba esisha emlandweni ukuhlinzwa lempi nomthelela izimpi kaNapoleon. Ngesikhathi ukuziphatha kwabo ibutho umbusi French yakwazi ukuveza ubufakazi bokuthi udokotela 2 - Pierre-Fransua Persi futhi "ambulensi Ubaba" Dominique Jean Larrey.

Baqala ukuzijayeza ekwelapheni isosha owayelimele, impi, kodwa ngqo kuye. Ngakho, uPercy bahlela amaqembu akhethekile odokotela wezempi, futhi Larrey wethula isiko kuhlengwe eyayilimele ngesikhathi ukulwa Odokotela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wadala isimiso izibhedlela mobile kuhlinzwa - "ambulensi."

Imibono ka-odokotela French ke zaqala ukusetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphansi koMbuso Russian ngesisekelo Yakov yabo vasilevich Villie ihlelwe umsebenzi simiso izibhedlela lempi.

Umnikelo Nikolaya Ivanovicha Pirogova

Esikhathini esizayo, lapho kwenziwa le legatsha imithi wenze umnikelo omkhulu udokotela Russian Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov, okuyinto kubhekwa umsunguli ukuhlinzwa ensimini.

Lokho akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi yavela naleli gama, kodwa futhi wenza eziningi ezibaluleke ezathonya ukuthuthukiswa imithi ngokuvamile. Ngaphezu kokwakha enemininingwane Atlas lokuqala yokwakheka, waqala ukuqhuba ukubulawa kwesiguli walimaza ether zokubulala izinzwa, ukunciphisa ukushona kwabantwana kusukela ukushaqeka kwaba buhlungu futhi unike udokotela ohlinzayo isikhathi esithe xaxa ukuqhuba izinqubo.

Futhi, Nikolai waqala ukuqhuba ukunqunywa isitashi ayibhade amabhandeshi ekwelapheni waphuka futhi ukusetshenziswa antiseptics. Konke lokhu kuye kwanciphisa inani amputations.

Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, udokotela omkhulu uye wazakhela isimiso ukuhlunga abalimele, okuyinto esasebenza nanamuhla.

Ngaphezu nomnikelo ezingokoqobo ukuze ukuhlinzwa lempi, Pirogov lalotshwa eziningi amaphepha theory on ekwelapheni ukulimala enzima nelula, kuba zakudala namuhla.

Ngeshwa, imibono eminingi awusizo UNikolai Ivanovich akukakasetshenziswa yonke indawo ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Iqiniso lokuthi ababemfuna izinguquko kulo lonke lempi ohlelweni lokunakekelwa kwezempilo of the Empire, Russian ngaleso isikhathi eside ubuholi bayo nje engafuni izimali.

Kutfutfukiswa ukuhlinzwa ensimini engxenyeni yokuqala ka-XX leminyaka.

Ngemva kokuvula Pirogov isikhathi eside e-indlela ukusiza amasosha empini alulusha yavela. Wenza okuhlukile kungase kubhekwe njengokuvamile okusungulile Friedrich Esmarch uhlobo olukhethekile amahanisi futhi oyinyumba amaphakethe ngabanye sigqoka. Kugcine ulilethele hhayi kuphela izinzuzo, kodwa futhi eziningi umonakalo. Ngenxa inkolelo imfundiso bamanga inzalo kokudutshulwa nilimaza izilonda eziningi (ezidinga ukuhlinzwa) awazange aphathwa ngayo, futhi khweza amaphakheji douches. Ngenxa yalokho, amasosha abaningi bafela khona ngenxa ukutheleleka eba ngaphansi sigqoka.

Ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala odokotela abahlinzayo amabutho British nesiFulentshi ayematasa abaqhuba ukuhlinzwa ekwelapheni ukulimala kakhulu. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukususa kwezicubu ezilimele, okuyinto ukubola, waba negalelo elikhulu ukutheleleka. Inani labantu ababulawa amanxeba waqala ukuze wehlise.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa ukuhlinzwa lempi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX. indima Kakhulu eyadlalwa isimo imigwaqo. EYurophu, izindaba izinga yayiphezulu, ukuletha eyayilimele ezibhedlela kwaba lula kunalokho eMbusweni Russian. Kuyo, naphezu imibono okuqhubekayo Pirogov nabalandeli bakhe, kwaphela iminyaka eminingi ohlelweni lokuhlinzwa lempi ayakhekanga.

Isimo ukushintshwa sibonga kangcono uVladimir Andreevich Oppel. Nguye ngilunge Russian lempi imithi ensimini, esekelwe impumelelo umhlabeleli lozakwabo angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo.

Ukuvukela 1917 kanye eza emandleni amaKhomanisi, ngenhlanhla, akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa Oppel uqhubeke ukuthuthukiswa lokhu umkhakha futhi ukuhlela zokuqeqesha okwesikhathi ukuqeqeshwa esihleliwe iphrofayli.

Izinto azibhala zaba ngasekuqaleni 30-yalolucwaningo. It kwakheka isisekelo Soviet imfundiso yezokwelapha lempi. On osekelwe kuyo esikhathini esizayo ukuthuthukisa emkhakheni wezempi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuba ukuhlinzwa jikelele.

Isigaba sesine eU.SSR post-Soviet amazwe

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II eSoviet Union kwaqhubeka ukubamba iqhaza ezimpini, Nokho, has Uma siyibuka ngelinye iso. Okuhlangenwe nakho esizuzwe ngamanga odokotela 1941-1945., Ingabe ebekwe edition-volume 35, okuyinto bathonya kwemvelo wezinqubo zokuhlinza jikelele.

With ekuthuthukisweni ezobuchwepheshe odokotela lempi bakwazi ngokushesha aphume olimele ababevela empini.

Ngenxa yalokhu, emva kokuphela kwempi ngo-Afghanistan ngo-1989, imfundiso yokungafi lempi imithi siganga siye sabizwa ebuyekeziwe.

Ingxabano Afghan bekulokhu wusizo okutholakale muva. Phakathi odokotela owaziwa embonini - evgeniy Konstantinovich Gumanenko. ukuhlinzwa Military e ubuso bakhe bathola umhlaziyi kanye nongoti.

Akagcinanga mathupha bophulwe ayizinkulungwane eziningana kwalimala ngemva kokuchitha imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo emkhakheni, kodwa futhi wabhala eziningi namabhukwana ngale ndaba. He is Umlobi wenye yizincwadi edume kakhulu post-Soviet ku ukuhlinzwa ezempi. Gumanenko EK futhi owayeyisazi-mlando kubhekwe isiyalo.

International ukuhlinzwa ensimini e-United States ngemva Okwesibili Umhlaba

Lensimbi, okuyinto eU.SSR ukuthi ebiyelwe nyá emhlabeni ngemva ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, zavimbela ukuthuthukiswa lempi ukuhlinzwa ensimini kuleli zwe. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Europe ne-US, umkhakha uye savela isheshe. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweMpi YaseVietnam e-United States baye bafunda ngokushesha khipha abalimele ababevela empini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe baseYurophu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo eselula kanye namathuluzi ezenza umsebenzi kulula namuhla likadokotela ohlinzayo emkhakheni. Futhi-ke yasungulwa uchungechunge hemostatic, krovozamenyayuschih, amaphilisi ezinhlungu - ukuthi zikuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu kule impi futhi nenkathi yokuthula.