Unkulunkulu amanzi laseMesophothamiya. Nonkulunkulu eMesophothamiya Lasendulo

Water - ekuphileni. Nge lesi sitatimende kanzima ungavumelani. Siyakwamukela, ngoba siyazi ukuthi amanzi indima ebalulekile udlala ekuphileni kobuntu. Ngaphandle kokudla, abantu bangaphila isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga, futhi akukho ketshezi ngeke siphile amahora amabili nane. Sasazi ngakho nabantu yasendulo Middle East, manje esibizwa eMesophothamiya. Banezinhliziyo inkolo yokukhulekela onkulunkulu, ngubani, eqinisweni, uyisibonelo esizedlula zonke emvelo. Phakathi kwabo omunye bayahlonishwa kakhulu wayengunkulunkulu amanzi izikhala Ea. Abaningi bethu bazi ngokuhlangenwe lapho eMesophothamiya, kodwa bambalwa abake bezwa ngalokho ababehlala kule impucuko womuntu lasendulo. Kuzothatha isikhathi eside ukuba siwaqonde ngokugcwele umbuzo, kungani sikhawula thina eyodwa kuphela ingxenye encane yawo. Sitshele ukuthi yini kuthathwa kakhulu unkulunkulu amanzi ezindaweni eziningi eMesophothamiya kungani abantu wakhuleka kuye, lokho umhlatshelo. Into engcono mayelana ngeke usitshele izinganekwane nesi lasendulo.

A amazwi ambalwa mayelana amazing eMesophothamiya yasendulo

Kubonakala sengathi ibalazwe eMesophothamiya, sisalokhu bakhumbule izifundo yomlando, eyaqala esikoleni esiphakeme. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene, endaweni ephakathi iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe eseMpumalanga Ephakathi, etholakala isimo ezine ezinkulu: Akkad, i-Asiriya, Sumer, eBhabhulona. kwavela Lokhu impucuko ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, namanje ngokuthi eMesophothamiya. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene athola imizi emikhulu esinesikompilo laso namasiko. Phakathi kwabo kukhona yaseBhabhiloni, Uruk, noKishi, Akshak, Larsa, Lagash. Kufikwe imithombo kithi ezibhaliwe mayelana izenzakalo ngalezo zikhathi elikude, eqoshiwe ezibhebheni zobumba. Abavubukuli nezazi-kuze kube yilolu suku kuthiwa ukumba kule ndawo futhi bathola ubufakazi bokuba khona impucuko akude lasendulo.

Inkolo eMesophothamiya

EMesophothamiya osekunesikhathi ahlukene lizisho, ngamunye eyayintula ohlelweni lwaso zezombusazwe. Kuzo zonke imijondolo efana yayikhona yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi wendawo abavikela unkulunkulu. Enkabeni yedolobha ukumakhela behlonipha yakhe. Kukho konke ukuphila yezenhlalakahle esasizinze emhlabeni ikhaya engcwele unkulunkulu. Khuluma mayelana iyiphi inkolo eyodwa abantu yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo akudingekile, kodwa ukuvela zokwakheka ezinkulu esimweni ensimini isimo sesishintshile. Imephu eMesophothamiya yasendulo, siguqule, futhi ahambisana naso ukuze aguqule izimpilo. Uma sikhuluma inkolo, kungashiwo wagomela ukuthi kuleli cala lenzeka onkulunkulu eyodwa onkulunkulu, Nokho, okuyinto, akazange sizinzile.

Okokuqala, kwavela abantu bangayithola imfundo enjalo esuka Sumerians. Lokhu onkulunkulu, banjalo onkulunkulu ukuze kuqala Anu (esibhakabhakeni unkulunkulu), Ea (amanzi unkulunkulu) Enlil (emoyeni unkulunkulu). Ngemva kwabo balandela uchungechunge oda yesibili wonkulunkulu, base nambili, bese ehamba onkulunkulu ezincane amathathu. abapristi eMesophothamiya abakhonza ethempelini, uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi oda emhlabeni. Ukudla kwalo zazibonakala izinganekwane eziningi. Ngakho ukuze ezisekhona tale wezulu kanjani ehlukanisiwe futhi engumuntu emhlabeni wadala unkulunkulu amanzi nokuningi. EMesophothamiya kwakukhona amasiko esiyingqayizivele, kamuva yaba nethonya elikhulu ku-isiko emhlabeni.

Isiko Naharayimi Lasendulo

Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi eMesophothamiya ingenye izikhungo endala lwempucuko emhlabeni. Ngesinye isikhathi kwakunoFakazi abacishe babe ngu-10% wesibalo sabantu kule planethi yethu. Naye yilona isiko Naharayimi? Yikuphi ezisunguliwe esikuthole abantu kula mazwe? Lona lapho kwakukhona ngowokuqala emlandweni ngokubhala abantu ohlelweni - cuneiform. Izakhamuzi yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo ubhale oluthambile umhlanga ezicijile induku. Okokuqala kukhona zibalo, elisho izwi, bese ayelapho izimpawu. isiko yaseMesophothamiya zinothile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, Sumerians kakade ngaleso sikhathi waba ulwazi oluthile wezibalo nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. Kwakumelwe abalobi khalenda lasendulo, ikhathalogu umtapo, formulary. Omunye bewusizo olukhulu kakhulu isiko emhlabeni - amaqhawe nesi "Epic of Gilgamesh". Izakhamuzi yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo uyasala eziningana izinganekwane mayelana izimpilo wonkulunkulu nabantu. Lezi ezinganekwaneni zasendulo ukusitshela indlela ukusebenzisa amandla imvelo kusukela umbono kwabakhileyo owawuthandwa kakhulu eMesophothamiya. Nonkulunkulu eMesophothamiya sidilizwa - samuntu emhlabeni namanzi izici, hhayi besekela indoda.

Ea - unkulunkulu amanzi ezindaweni eziningi eMesophothamiya

ifanekiswa kanjani abakhileyo umbusi lasendulo yaseMesophothamiya zemizimba yamanzi? Ngokombono wabo, kwaba ixhegu ngesilevu kanye nomsila izinhlanzi. Esandleni sakhe kwakukhona isibani. Ikakhulukazi ohlonishwayo abadobi sogu lolwandle iziqhingi. Phakathi bemba le unkulunkulu ama-altare amathambo amaningi izinhlanzi atholakele. Ngokusobala, ukuze abantu ayezama ukushweleza uJehova kolwandle. Kukholakala ukuthi kwakuyinkathi evumela kuye. Ezinganekwaneni nesi kubonakala ungumdali amadoda, onkulunkulu, kanye nezwe. Ea - ohlakaniphile, ngezinye izikhathi njengoba singahambi ngobuqili, benomusa. Lezi zimfanelo baye bancishwa eziningi onkulunkulu owawuthandwa kakhulu eMesophothamiya. Zibhaleni phansi kunikezwa ngenhla. yibona ngokuvamile njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, unkulunkulu umoya Enlil, babaphatha kabi abantu. Ea hhayi kuphela umuntu wayedalwe futhi zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, wafundisa abantu kobana batjale izingadi, ukuze isitshalo okusanhlamvu, yefilakisi, ukuqoqa amakhambi okwelapha. Yena luvamise nge isikela, ngegeja noma imbazo. Kukholakala ukuthi lo nkulunkulu umvikeli ethile yedolobha nesi ka Eridu. Kube ethempelini eyinhloko Ea, ngokuthi E-Abzu.

Uma ukhumbule thina umlando, singabona ukuthi inabantu abaningi abakholelwa onkulunkulu babo zizivikele yamanzi ahlanzekile kanye zasolwandle. Ngokwesibonelo, unkulunkulu lasendulo ngesiGreki yamanzi Poseidon, ngokuvumelana izinganekwane ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo, omunye wonkulunkulu ezintathu eziyinhloko-Olympic, kanye uZeyusi iHayidesi. Kodwa ngokungafani Ea, wayenobuhlobo enobudlova ulaka, intukuthelo futhi bomoya. Nkulunkulu yamanzi Sumerians uhlobo kwamanye abashisekeli nabantu uyathethelela.

Onkulunkulu yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo

Anu - unkulunkulu ophakeme esibhakabhakeni, ebusa ezulwini neze kufika phansi emhlabeni, ke ingenye abaxhasi ezintathu eziyinhloko we eMesophothamiya yasendulo, kanye Enlil futhi Ea. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubhekwa iwuphawu lwamandla ophakeme. Ngokwemibiko ye-inganekwane nesi lasendulo, onkulunkulu eMesophothamiya kanye ngaqala ukuzama ukubazi Ana ukwabelana amandla ako. Yabatshela wadala amademoni ayisikhombisa okubi sa nikela kuze ebumnyameni inyanga unkulunkulu, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi nendikimba ethile esemkhathini elathunjwa bese abadedela kuphela kokungenela we-Ea onawo wonke amandla futhi ezinhle.

Adad - unkulunkulu wokuduma, umbani nomoya omkhulu, limelela amandla emvelo, okungase kokubili ukubhubhisa (isichotho, izikhukhula nokunye), futhi avuselele (imvula).

Ashur - arbiter, uyise Anu sika - wayechazwa ngomnsalo ezandleni zakhe maphakathi inhlamvu yelanga akhishwa imisebe yalo.

UBhahali - unkulunkulu iziphepho, nokuduma, umbani nemvula, ngoba ubunjalo ophilisayo. Ever efa (nesomiso, esiqedayo, indlala) antante (inhlabathi okuzala, nemvelo ukuqhakaza).

Zeroana - unkulunkulu isikhathi kanye isiphetho. Ngokusho izinganekwane zasendulo, uMuntu androgynous. Leli gama lembula isikhathi elingapheli.

Marduk - indodana kankulunkulu Ea amanzi. imithombo Ibhalwe yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo, libike ukuthi wakwazi ukuze belaphe futhi bagomele wayazi emilingweni. Lokho Marduk usebenzisa Ingqondo yakhe wahlulwa Tiamat, okuyinto lakhipha impi amelane noyise Ea wabulala Apsu. Ikakhulukazi ohlonishwayo waseBhabhiloni Marduk. Kukholakala ukuthi okuvikela umuzi. umzimba kaNkulunkulu izingxenye abangu kuqhathaniswa ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. Lathi izibilini zakhe - ingonyama, emgogodleni - zikaphayini, iminwe - umhlanga, skull - isiliva, inzalo ka-copulation - igolide. Marduk yayizimisele iholidi ekhethekile - Tsakmuku.

Mitra - unkulunkulu ubungani kanye nezivumelwano, umvikeli iqiniso nobulungisa. Nsuku zonke, yacabanga esibhakabhakeni ngenqola kwelanga. Ikakhulukazi Mitra bangisekela kwaba kulabo ahlonishwe kuye. Wabanika ukuba anqobe izitha nokuhlakanipha abanakho. Ngokuvamile Mitra ukuboniswa abanesibindi iqhawe ithoshi behlomile ummese. Imidwebo Emathuneni asendulo zabantu yizicukuthwane ukutshela indlela uNkulunkulu inkunzi iwine ubungani, kwashona ubasi. kwakukhona zonke izinyoni, izilwane kanye nezitshalo kusukela umzimba isilwane.

Sin - unkulunkulu emoyeni, futhi umbusi of the Moon. Lokhu unkulunkulu ngokuvamile uchazwa ngokuthi ixhegu ngesilevu eside, abahlezi isikebhe. Njalo ebusuku ngesikebhe esime a ucezu, ehamba esibhakabhakeni esigcwele izinkanyezi. Kukholakala ukuthi Sin ebhubhisa amnyama gobe zitha, ezichitha unyezi ngezenzo zabo ezingcolile.

Teshub - unkulunkulu wokuduma. Wayelethwa ohlonishwayo lonke elase-Asia Minor. Teshub kuvezwa darnel ngesagila ezandleni zakhe. izinhlamvu lakhe - Izembe nombani. Emazweni yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo, kwakukhona inganekwane ukuthi Ea ohlakaniphile futhi zinesibindi wasiza Teshub esabekayo ukunqotshwa omkhulu silo ullikummi diorite wadala. UNkulunkulu wahlukanisa amanzi wabona isibhakabhaka futhi umhlaba, esiye saholela lube buthaka isiqhwaga. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi silo wahlulwa.

Utu-uShamash. Ezinganekwaneni Akkad - uShamash, e izinganekwane nesi, it ihambelana Utu. Guardian iqiniso nobulungisa, nonkulunkulu welanga. Ukuboniswa elinemisebe phezu kwekhanda ngommese isikela emise esandleni sakhe. Nsuku zonke wahamba esibhakabhakeni, futhi ngesikhathi ilanga lishona wehlela endaweni yabafileyo, ukhanyisa efile.

Eloyi - nguyise wabo bonke wonkulunkulu nabantu, umdali wendawo yonke. Ngokusho izinganekwane, wayephila maphakathi yonke, "umthombo kokubili izilwandle." YamaSumer asendulo iyiyo ixhegu nge big nesilevu uhlobo amehlo, bembethe izingubo ezinde futhi tiara enezimpondo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngendlela enkunzi.

Enlil - indodana Anu - unkulunkulu umoya nomoya. Bengicabanga ukuthi bayizitha kubantu, ubathuma esiwumshayabhuqe nendlala, nesomiso kanye namanzi izikhukhula ziyafa izitshalo. Uye kuqhathaniswa ne umoya ebhongayo kanye lenkunzi yasendle ongalawuleki.

Onkulunkulu yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kukhona onkulunkulu abaningi ezahlukene ezweni yaseMesophothamiya yasendulo eyaziwa. Ngamunye wabo "mkhakha womsebenzi." Ayo Ngokuya ukubaluleka, bona babekwa oda elandelayo:

1. Ea - unkulunkulu amanzi, Anum - uJehova ephakeme esibhakabhakeni, Enlil - umxhasi emoyeni nase moyeni.
2. UShamash - unkulunkulu welanga. Yena ufanekiselwa ixhegu nomshuqulo okusezingeni eliphezulu.
3. Sin. Nkulunkulu zenyanga - ixhegu ngesilevu esiliva eside, kweqa esibhakabhakeni ngesikebhe segolide ebusuku.
4. UNerigali - unkulunkulu eHayidese, eyisa abantu izifo ezibulalayo, ededela impi wezimpi ezalandela.
5. Nabu - unkulunkulu wokuhlakanipha, nomvikeli babhali nezingcweti zokubhala. Ngokusho izinganekwane nesi, kuba umzukulu Ea.
6. Marduk - indodana ka-Ea, ngokuthi umvikeli umuzi waseBhabhiloni.
7. Ishtar - unkulunkulukazi wothando nenzalo, ngokuxabana impi. Ingabe umvikeli we courtesans nabesifazane lutholakale kalula.
8. Ninurta - unkulunkulu impi, ujabule, nomvikeli nemfuyo kanye nezolimo.

Ithempeli eyinhloko Ea

Njengoba ngaphambili wabheka eMesophothamiya ibalazwe, siyazi emithonjeni yomlando ukuthi behlele izinsuku zethu. Izibhebhe zobumba ezitholakala bemba eminye imizi ngobukhulu nesi, ungakwazi ezisikhanyisela esidlule babantu ahlala kanye eMesophothamiya. Kusukela le mithombo siyazi ukuthi nabakhe emizini avame Wakha amathempeli ukuze ihloniphe onkulunkulu bayo. Benze njalo ngendlela ekhethekile. Okokuqala, ukwakha ithempeli emzini wema ucezu ekhethekile komhlaba. Okwesibili, isakhiwo engcwele esakhiwe engeli ngokuhambisana esiqinile ngumoya rose. Sanctuary ukuma unxande is kuthambekele eziyinhloko. Leli thempeli lalibhekwa njengelingcwele yokuhlala kaNkulunkulu. Edolobheni lasendulo nesi ka Eridu ke kwadingeka isakhiwo, onegama E-Abzu, okwakusho "izilwandle zomhlaba amanzi angaphansi komhlaba fresh." It wabusa Ea - unkulunkulu iningi lezakhamuzi ohlonishwayo walo mzana. Lokhu engcwele ngokuvamile imihlatshelo. Phakathi kumbiwa emzini, ingxenye lapho kwakukhona khona ithempeli, eziningi izinhlanzi amathambo atholakele. Wazidela inhlanzi, izakhamizi ayezama ukushweleza abavikela yakhe Ea, umcela ukuba akusize nosizo kwezamabhizinisi.

Inganekwane umsuka onkulunkulu

Ea benza kanjani? Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba la abanye onkulunkulu - uJehova izulu nomhlaba kanye eHayidese? izinganekwane nesi, ukudalwa ebalwa midpoint yekhulu lesine BC, kuchazwa kanje. Izwe onkulunkulu kwavela esiphithiphithini. Ekuqaleni, uJehova komhlaba amanzi ahlanzekile Apsu futhi Tiamat nomvikeli izilwandle zomhlaba bayalekelelana futhi umphumela waba ukuthi sekube unkulunkulu kuqala, elimelela besilisa (Lahmu) nensikazi (Lahamu) ukuqala. Sumerians kwakungamadodana izidalwa ngesimo omkhulu izilo amabi. Lahmu Lahamu futhi, esikhundleni salokho, emenza kukankulunkulukazi womhlaba nonkulunkulu unkulunkulu Anshar Kishar eZulwini. Lezi zidalwa kwadingeka isimo somuntu. Babefanele nezingane nabazukulu abaningi, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uJehova Enlil emoyeni, isibhakabhaka umnikazi Anu futhi Ea (Enki) - unkulunkulu amanzi. EMesophothamiya ikakhulukazi ohlonishwa yokugcina. Phela, kwakuxhomeke ukuvundisa umhlaba nemfuyo impilo.

Kodwa emuva indaba yethu ngemvelaphi onkulunkulu. inzalo Ngokushesha eziningi ngikhathele Apsu izikhalazo zabo nokudelela, kangangokuthi wanquma bulala. Tiamat baxwayisa izingane zabo mayelana usongo eyayisondela. Nkulunkulu Ea amanzi, ezazidume ngokutshala ngobuqili bayo namasu, baba ungumsindisi kwabo bonke onkulunkulu. Walifunda phezu Apsu ukupela, lapho ugogo noma umkhulu yehlelwa ubuthongo obukhulu. Enki ke wambopha ngamaketanga futhi abulawe. Kusayithi kankulunkulu amanzi Apsu wakha ithempeli. Washada unkulunkulukazi Damkina. Ngenxa yalokho kwalesi sibopho, umbhangqwana wazala indodana, uMerodaki uphelile amandla, kamuva owaba ongumvikeli lamadolobha acebile kakhulu eMesophothamiya - eBhabhiloni.

Inganekwane ukudalwa komuntu

I lasendulo unkulunkulu amanzi Ea izinganekwane nesi, kubhekwe hhayi kuphela uMdali nezinye abashisekeli, kodwa futhi abantu. Nakhu ukuthi atshele abakhileyo kuleli zwe eminyakeni eminingi edlule e-Aramu Naharayimi.

Ea phakathi konkulunkulu ezahlukene linokuhlakanipha okukhethekile futhi uyiqili. Ngaphezu kokukodwa uJehova wezulu nomhlaba waphendukela kuye icela usizo, njengoba enamandla kakhulu, fair futhi ayeveza phakathi kwabo. Uma onkulunkulu Ea bakhononda ngokuthi abanakho izinceku, akekho ukuba babakhonze, akekho ukufaka iwayini. Enki Hlakaniphile Ngokulalela isicelo ozakwabo, wathatha oluthambile Lomthombo ogcwele amanzi amnandi, wakha leyondlu ngaphakathi kumuntu. Kodwa kwathi akakwenzanga kanye, kodwa kuphela umzamo lwesikhombisa. indoda Wadala wayebuthakathaka kakhulu futhi neprisposoblen ekuphileni. Kuqhathaniswa onkulunkulu wayebuthakathaka futhi akanamandla. Mhlawumbe kwakungenxa umuzwa ofanayo ababuthakathaka nabakhileyo eMesophothamiya yasendulo ngaphambi amabutho esongelayo nokungabi nasihe bemvelo. Onkulunkulu eMesophothamiya - samuntu isici ongalawuleki ezingase okubhubhisa, futhi unike amandla ekuphileni.

Inganekwane uZamcolo

Izinganekwane ezifana nalezi ziyatholakala ezinkolweni wezizwe eziningi. Kodwa izakhamuzi eziningi eMesophothamiya, inganekwane uZamcolo waba nencazelo ekhethekile. Uma abaseGibhithe we eMfuleni iNayile izikhukhula ukuletha daka evundile, ungumthombo inhlalakahle nokuchuma, Isikhukhula nesi imifula iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe yaba yinhlekelele. Amanzi agcwala iztshalo, ngaleyo ndlela ezazilahla abantu ukufa ngenxa yendlala. Kodwa kulokho yakha esekhona inganekwane yasendulo nesi sikaZamcolo.

Uma onkulunkulu, ukuthi ubone amandla abantu ngomsebenzi wawo misela isinkwa, baqala ukwesaba amandla nzuzo abantu phansi. Bese sinqume inkosi yezulu nomhlaba ukuba asuse izinceku zakhe kuze kube phakade. Onkulunkulu ukubulala isikhali wakhetha ngozamcolo kwaba ukugeza lasuka ebusweni bomhlaba abantu. Kodwa ukuthi bakahle futhi bahlakaniphe Ea enquma ukulondoloza enye yamakhosi, ukuthi kamuva wakwazi ukuqhubeka uhlanga lwesintu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, unkulunkulu amanzi wembula imfihlakalo okusondelayo uzamcolo Siparra yinkosi, nakho ekwazile akakhe umkhumbi omkhulu. amanzi kakhulu yenjongo kaNkulunkulu waba yimpumelelo. Siparra yinkosi ngisindile, basinda lapho uzamcolo ukuba kwakhiwe umkhumbi kuqala, futhi inzalo yakhe ekugcineni wahlala ezweni.

Safunda ngokuthi ubani owayemkhulu kunkulunkulu lasendulo nesi yamanzi. EMesophothamiya, nalapho efike waphelela khona ohlonishwa njengomholi wabantu nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, eyakhiwa ke izinganekwane emangalisayo, eziningi zazo ifinyelele izinsuku zethu.