Umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo isitshalo stem

Izitshalo - esinye sezimangaliso emangalisayo kakhulu futhi engavamile iplanethi yethu. Izitshalo kuhluke izikhathi nzima njengoba zinjalo ezahlukene izilwane. Into kuphela esihlanganisa ezinye zazo - Isiqu. Yiqiniso, kuba isakhiwo ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi heterogeneous, imisebenzi zazo zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngakho lesi sihloko sizobheka isakhiwo se-stem.

Uhlolojikelele

Lona main kushaft ingxenye isitshalo. It enamathiselwe amahlamvu ukuthi yenziwa stem nokukhanya esiteshini yayo ithola kubo izixazululo izakhi, amanzi nosawoti wamaminerali. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi kungenzeka kube khona ukubambezeleka izakhi "zigciniwe." Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo stem kuhilela ukuthuthukiswa ke izithelo, imbewu kanye izimbali, okuyinto ukukhonza kabusha umzimba isitshalo.

The main amayunithi ezihlelekile inhlangano interstice. Node ngokuthi esiteshini, khona lapho amahlamvu noma efihlekile. Ngakho, phakathi ISIZINDA ezimbili eduze kuhlelwe interstice. Isikhala esenzelwa phakathi petiole node kanye leaf, ngokuthi itheku. Ngakho, labo efihlekile ukuthi zitholakala kule ndawo, okuthiwa i-axillary. Ngesikhathi phezulu zikhula stem has a izinso, okuthiwa sokudlondlobala.

Uma ngabe ushiya emuva kancane kusukela isiqondiso eyinhloko isihloko, ungakwazi usitshele okuthile okuthakazelisayo. Bewazi yini ukuthi interstices okuyinto izitshalo inkulu ngokwanele babo base bekwazi ukwenza ngisho kegs elincane? Ezinye izinhlobo zama-bamboo, yebo! Lokhu utshani giant onamandla neziqu, yimuphi kubo ungalilahli izitsha kuphela, kodwa futhi izihlenga esihle. Okushukunyiswa ngoqalo eziyize, okuhlala, cishe musa ukubola, futhi ezaholela kukhethwa amatilosi eziningi zasendulo.

ubude bempilo

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ngeziqu kukhona bok futhi izitshalo herbaceous bahluke kakhulu endleleni abadalwe kade. Ngakho, ezihlukahlukene amakhambi obuvamile ezonini athokomele, awusebenzi siphile inkathi engaphezu kweyodwa. Isiqu kuyinto izitshalo bok ingagcinwa ekhulwini angaphezu kwelilodwa. Ezweni eyaziwa bristlecone pine Prometheus, okuyinto likhula e-United States namuhla (WPN-114 Inkomba). It lwanqunywa ngo-1964. Ngokusho Radiocarbon Dating, bekusikhathi ka ... iminyaka 4862! Ngisho, isihlahla sikaKhisimusi wahlangana, esevele eseluphele kakhulu "ehloniphekayo"!

Iziphi ezinye izici kuwufanele azi, ukutadisha isakhiwo stem? Isiqu sawo ibizwa ngokuthi isiqu esiyinhloko, ngesikhathi ezihlabayo ukuthi ube ukukhula amaphuzu amaningi, zokwakheka zokuphumula ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi iziqu. Khumbula ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo eziningana. Nangu Ukwahlukaniswa neziqu, okuyinto iye yamukelwa kuze kube manje.

Ukwahlukaniswa main

Kakhulu kwezinhlobo ezivamile uqonde. Kukhumbuleni nje cishe yonke imithi, omningi amakhambi. Kulokhu, isakhiwo se-stem isitshalo ihlukile evuthiwe mechanical ingxenye, kodwa akudingekile ukuthi izicubu zawo zazilotshiwe bok ngokuphelele. Isibonelo - sunflower, ummbila, ogama isiqu namanje ngempela nezimo futhi uyaphila. Ngo okusanhlamvu ingxenye zasemoyeni stem ubizwa ngokuthi culm. Ngokuvamile, nephupho ngaphakathi (ngaphandle esishintshashintshayo nodal). Nokho, le zilwane eziyize kuthiwa esakazwa phakathi amakhabe, izitshalo isambulela, njll

Amanye amakhambi stem ezinwabuzelayo. isici Sici Its - ikhono ukumila engeyokuqala. Isibonelo esiphelele - zamajikijolo asendle.

Laza kanye nohlobo abacaphuni, okuyinto ngezindlela eziningi ukushintshashintsha langaphambilini, kabanzi phakathi imivini. Phakathi kwalezi izitshalo nazo zinhlobo herbaceous futhi bok. Bonke bangabangasokile lizinga lekukhula omkhulu, kanjalo yokugcizelela ingxenye mechanical nhlobo isikhathi ukuthuthukisa, kodwa ngenxa umvini siyidinga impela ukwesekwa.

Abacaphuni, ngokuvumelana isihloko sakho, entwine isisekelo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abanye izinhlobo emilibeni entwine base ngokwewashi, futhi kwezinye - kolunye uhlangothi. Kukhona futhi izitshalo abanjalo sifanamsindvo ngempumelelo alinganayo ingagoba kuzo zonke izindawo. Ngokungafani nabo, zinhlobo ukunamathela ukukhuphuka pole, vtseplyayas e imifantu emincane kakhulu futhi emifantwini phezu amadevu akhe (Uphinde agibele, ivy).

Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu we-stem

Uma uthatha isitshalo baliqume, ukubheka isakhiwo stem wale ndaba uzoba ngokuvamile zifane umbuthano. Yiqiniso, nohlobo akugcini:

• Ongunxantathu cross-section ku sedge.
• Tetrahedral kusukela izimbabazane.
• polyhedrons amahle ngendlela emangalisayo eziyinkimbinkimbi Cacti.
• Opuntia kuthiwa isicaba, cishe flat uhlobo cut.
• Ngo isakhiwo sweet ipea isiqu sama isitshalo sifana iphiko.

Kodwana ungacabangi ukuthi lokhu ezihlukahlukene kungaba engapheli. Isilinganiso quin ezibanzi neziqu ngokuvamile ezingavela ngenxa yanoma yimuphi anomalies sína futhi ukushayisana ukuthuthukiswa. Nazi izinhlobo zezakhiwo ekhona sifanamsindvo.

Njengoba stem ushukumisela amanzi nokumbiwa usawoti izixazululo?

Njengoba sazi, isitshalo ukuze ukuphila okuvamile kumelwe nakanjani unikezwe amanzi nokumbiwa usawoti izixazululo. Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu isiqu yiso ezokuthutha yabo. Uma usika igatsha birch noma maple ekuqaleni ubisi ukugeleza, lokhu ke kuyabonakala kalula, ngoba uzobe ngobuningi sokukhipha ubisi ebusweni cut.

Cishe zonke izitshalo umzimba kwakwande Indwangu conductive. Konke okuyizinto umahluko: Amanzi kanye nezixazululo aqueous bakhuliswa eyodwa, futhi izinto eziphilayo - kwezinye iziteshi. Ngo izitshalo, lezi zakhiwo ngokuvamile kwakwande ngemishayo kwezicubu mechanical ukuthi ahlinzeke amandla adingekayo.

Njengoba stem ihamba udaba eziphilayo? Lapho bangakwazi Thenga?

Zonke izakhi organic kuthiwa imali namangqamuzana akhethekile ukudlala indima Stocking up. Empeleni, ngenxa yalezi izinto nabantu domesticated izitshalo: okuzilethayo kuyizipho amafutha kanye amafutha, eyigugu kakhulu impahla eluhlaza for the chemical, ukucubungula ukudla izimboni.

Njengomthetho, lezi zakhi kuthiwa imali amahlumela amasha, imbewu kanye izithelo izitshalo. Sicabanga bonke amazambane, ubhatata noma amantongomane, kuleso simo konke okwenzeka ncamashi ukuthi yaziwa. Kepha emithini, udaba eziphilayo ngokuvamile iningi buthelela ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Ngakho, kuvela le ngxenye kwezinye zezinhlobo kwezintende zezandla kukhishwe impahla eyigugu zokusetshenziswa for the umkhakha chemical (waxes, amafutha).

Kuyini ngaphakathi?

Omncane esanda landa isitshalo iziqu ekuqaleni embozwe isikhumba olubucayi. Ngemva kwalokho, it is ngokuphelele indawo ngesivalo. amaseli ukufa ngokuphelele kangakanani, aziyi i kuphela "igobolondo" ezingenalutho nomoya. Ngakho, isikhumba kanye plug ngezigaba esehlanganise kwezicubu, tube isakhiwo multilayer.

Ngokuphambene nombono ovamile, walibumba is onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila zalesi sihlahla. Saneliswe ngokuthela kwezindebe yobudala futhi kukhulisa ukushuba we ungqimba ukhokho. Zonke lendwangu esehlanganise zenzelwe ngokwemvelo ukuvikela umzimba isitshalo imiphumela ebuhlungu kanye nemiphumela imvelo.

Kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi zonke lezi idatha kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezinye izimboni. Ngokuyinhloko Woodworking. Ngakho, umuntu kufanele sikukhumbule ngaso sonke isikhathi endleleni nokhuni lezo zindawo, okuyinto ubuswa amaseli abasha ngokushesha sokuhlukanisa, akukuhle ukusebenzisa ngesikhathi ukuphila esihlahleni. Empeleni, ngaleso eziqongweni ukhuni kulahliwe ngenxa yalesi sizathu. Yilokho ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ekuphileni kwangempela biology! stem isakhiwo luyindida kakhulu, kodwa kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi.

Ngakho, lezi izindwangu ukuvimbela ukuhwamuka ngokweqile, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni sezulu esishisayo ezinzima futhi, ukuvikela isitshalo ngokumelene ingress uthuli nezinto ezincane eziphilayo yayo ukujiya eziyingozi angabangela yokugula ekhulile kanye nokufa umzimba. Kukhona stomata ezincane negesi lokushintshisana in izicubu esehlanganise ebusweni, lapho otshalayo "ukuphefumula."

On the tube njengoba uzophawula maqhuqhuvana nge izimbobo ngokuthi lenticels. Basuke kwakhiwa kusuka ikakhulukazi ezinkulu base cell Indwangu, okuyinto zingafani usayizi umxhwele isikhala intercellular.

Ngaphansi isembozo igobolondo (kunokuba ngaphezulu) kuyinto amagxolo, ungqimba kwangaphakathi othiwa phloem. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Sakhiwo sangekhatsi stem kuhlanganisa isakhiwo ngesihlungo nomngane-cells. Ngaphandle kwabo, kukhona amaseli akhethekile lapho izakhi Stocking.

isakhiwo amagxolo

Bast Imicu yotshani zinwetshwe ubude, futhi okuqukethwe efile bok izindonga enqubeni ukuthuthukiswa, usebenze esiphathiswa, mechanical ingxenye. It kuncike kuzo Isiqu amandla, ukumelana layo ukuze ukwa. izakhiwo ngesihlungo - a imigqa thwi ahlelwe amaseli bukhoma nuclei iphazamiseke futhi cytoplasm, enamathela igobolondo kwangaphakathi. izindonga zawo zigcinwe lwangena ngokusebenzisa izimbobo. Amaseli ngesihlungo basonta uhlelo Umqhubi zalesi sihlahla, esiyingxenye amanzi futhi izakhi izixazululo.

Esikhathini Sakhiwo sangekhatsi stem sihlanganisa cambium, lapho amaseli eside, welulela futhi flat. Amemezela ngentshiseko ukwabelana entwasahlobo nasehlobo. Ingxenye esemqoka ye-stem kuyinto ukhuni nje. azifane kakhulu isakhiwo phloem, bakha amaseli bunjwa ezahlukene kanye umsebenzi, okuyinto akha izicubu eziningana (izakhiwo conductive amaningi nezicubu mechanical main). Isihlahla izindandatho ezakhiwe zonke kwamangqamuzana nezicubu.

Ngakho ukutadisha isakhiwo stem 6 amakilasi esikoleni njalo yesibili. Ngeshwa, ngesimiso semfundo akuvamile ngakho ugxila core. Kodwa wawubumba is nge amaseli odongeni mncane ezinkulu. Ababona ezishaywayo ngokumelene nomunye, njengoba play esitolo kanye isitoreji ingxenye. Uma uke wazibona umnyombo isiqu esihlahleni, cishe ukukhumbula "Intshebe" ukuthi akhipha kuwo bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene.

Kodwa bafeza indima ebalulekile! Kungenxa lezi tyazham ukuthi kukhona amaqoqo elikhulu izakhiwo conductive, izakhi bangene phloem nezinye izingxenye zomzimba isitshalo. Ukuze sikusize wacabanga isakhiwo stem (dicots kanye), sethula idatha eziyisisekelo ethebuleni fomu.

Leli thebula "Ukwakheka isiqu sama isitshalo" kuyokusiza ukukhumbula izingxenye eziyisisekelo, ukuqonda ukubaluleka sokusebenza. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa imininingwane ke kungaba usizo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

izici ezivamile isakhiwo yokwakheka stem

Manje sizohlola isakhiwo yokwakheka stem. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa lesi sihloko ngokuvamile kakhulu nzima ngalabo abafundi ofundelwa Yiqiniso wezitshalo. Ngokuvamile, uma okungenani ukwazi ukusebenza jikelele ezinhlakeni ezehlukene isiqu, futhi uzokwazi ukubhekana isakhiwo, ngaphandle umzamo okhethekile. Uma sikubeka kalula, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti stem atehlukaniseki, ukuze kufanele sifundwe ngokuhlanganyela.

Ekuqhubeni kwezicubu athuthukile izakhiwo conductive (ngesihlungo amaseli) ngalo izakhi zilethwe zonke izingxenye zalesi sihlahla. Ingxenye esemqoka umgqomo kukhona inqwaba yezitho zomzimba mechanical, banesibopho sezindawo amandla. Amahlumela amasha aqukethe uhlelo ukuthuthuka meristems.

Uma usebenzisa ezivamile ukukhanya isibonakhulu ungabona ukuthi meristems apical zisenza procambium futhi gusset meristem. Kuyinto ngabo uqala ukwakha isakhiwo eyinhloko stem. Kwezinye izitshalo, kuthatha isikhathi eside. Cambium, okuyinto isakhiwo sesibili, wakha isakhiwo yesibili stem.

Izici kohlelo eyinhloko

Cabangela izici isakhiwo stem. Okuningi ngokunembile, isakhiwo zalo eziyinhloko. Kufanele ukuhlukanisa induku central (Itshe), kanye cortex eyinhloko-oda. Ngaphandle lokhu iqolo embozwe ikhava indwangu (periderm), futhi ngaphansi kwalo kukhona nokwenziwa izicubu (hlorenhima). Uneziqu indima ebaluleke kakhulu, njengoba uba uhlobo elihlanganisa cortex nezicubu mechanical (collenchyma futhi sclerenchyma).

Umnyombo emaphakathi ivikelwe nxazonke by ungqimba endoderm. Eziningi zazo elalihlala imicu conductive ezakhiwe ekubumbaneni kwezicubu conductive futhi mechanical, okuyinto thina nje kukhulunywa ngalo. Umnyombo siqukethe parenchyma cishe non-ezikhethekile. Ngenxa yokuthi amaseli yayo embi eduze komunye nomunye (njengoba kuboniswe ngenhla ngokuphindaphindiwe), ngokuvamile kwakheka umoya ingaphakathi kabani ivolumu kungaba ephawulekayo kakhulu.

Cambium edonsa xylem yesibili futhi phloem. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi cortex eyinhloko njalo uyafa ngakhoke idinga ukushintshwa, esinikela futhi cambial izicubu. Ekugcineni kuwufanele kokusho ukuthi isakhiwo sifanamsindvo kakhulu akuxhomekile nje kuphela esimweni uhlobo izitshalo, kodwa futhi ngemibandela lapho zikhulela khona. Lapha ngakho kufanele utadishe isakhiwo isigaba stem 6.