Ukuphikiswa Non-letindzala: umqondo, abameleli kanye nabaholi

Cishe zonke izakhamuzi zaseRussia ngizwile kwethemu ezifana "ukuphikiswa-non-letindzala." Kodwa wonke umuntu umqondo wabo siqu empeleni yayo. Ngokuvamile, lokhu umbono unobuhlobo kunalokho elikude ukuze ngokoqobo. Ngakho-ke yini kuphikiswa non-letindzala eRussia, okuyinto imisebenzi phambi kwakhe obeka nabaholi bayo? Ake sithole izimpendulo eqondile zale mibuzo.

Umqondo ukuphikiswa-non-system

ukuphikiswa Non-letindzala - ibutho zezombusazwe umelana uqobo lohulumeni okhona njengamanje yezwe, kodwa ikakhulukazi zasebenzisa izindlela non-ePhalamende emzabalazweni. Lezi zinhlangano akuvamile iqhaza okhethweni. isikhundla lakhe lezombusazwe baveza ngokusebenzisa imibhikisho, ukuketula kwezikhalo umphakathi ukuba izinqumo iziphathimandla, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukubaphoqa ukuba agumbuqele.

Leso simo kungenzeka kubangelwa izici eziningana:

• Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela ukholo lwalabo ufake ukuphikiswa-non-system futhi kungenzeka ngentando yeningi ukususa amandla ngaphansi kokulawulwa amabutho zezombusazwe, ukuhlala amandla.
• izenzo okuqondiswe neziphathimandla ukuvimbela izinhlangano ezithile enqubeni lokhetho.
• Zivinjelwe ngokusemthethweni imisebenzi ezinye izinhlangano ukuthi kukhona ukuphikiswa-non-system.

Into yokugcina libhekisela ngokuyinhloko amaqembu ehlukene, umsebenzi okuyinto ziyingozi noma anti-isimo uhlamvu. Ukugxekwa abamele kahulumeni isenzo eliphikisayo non-letindzala akuyona njalo ezakhayo. Ngokuvamile, zingabantu ngokumelene nanoma yiziphi izinyathelo eziye zathathwa abomthetho.

Ukuvela ukuphikiswa-non-system

Igama elithi "ukuphikiswa-non-letindzala" yavela kuyi-Russia emhlabeni ithuba weminyaka eyinkulungwane. Ngo-2003, ngesikhathi okhethweni State Duma iqembu ovulekile "Yabloko", eliholwa Grigoriem Yavlinskim, futhi i-Union of Right Forces (SPS), eholwa Boris Nemtsov ayizange iphumelele ePhalamende. Esikhathini Duma State yayimane nje labo imiphakathi ukuthi kukhona ngandlela-thile asekelwe inqubomgomo ubuholi Russian zamanje. Ngakho, abantu abaningana, okuyinto esetshenziswa ngaphambilini ukuze kubhekwe "heavyweights" we Olympus zezombusazwe, ziye kwesokunxele aphume ukuphila ePhalamende yezwe. Leli qiniso kubangelwa kubo icala ukhetho ukukhwabanisa yiziphathimandla.

Ukungakwazi bukwazi ukuthonya ukuphila izindlela lizwe ePhalamende, amabutho ukuphikiswa baphoqeleka ukuba athathe isinyathelo ezinye izindlela. Baqala ukuhlela imibhikisho mass ezimise okungalaleli emagunyeni. Njengoba lolu hlobo umsebenzi wawumusha ngabo, nokuduma phakathi kwabantu uya falling, amabutho ovulekile esele ngaphandle iphalamende, zaphoqeleka ukuba ukufuna umbimbi abanolwazi ngaphezulu umdlalo kule nkambu. Kwakumelwe amaqembu ahlukahlukene ukuphikiswa, ezinesimo semi elisemthethweni, noma ngisho kungavunyelwe eRussia. Okubaluleke kakhulu lezi yiNational kwamaBolshevik Party Eduard Limonov kanye Vanguard Red Youth Sergei Udaltsov. Ngakho, kwakukhona ukuphikiswa-non-letindzala.

Umlando non-system umsebenzi ukuphikiswa

Umbhikisho wokuqala, ekuhlanganiseni "Apple", le PCA ne-National kwamaBolshevik Party, okwenzeka ngo-March 2004. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wahlela "iKomidi-2008", lapho omunye izindima ehola kudlalwa edume chess umdlali Garry Kasparov. Inhloso esemqoka inhlangano kwakuwukwenza ukuze ngokhetho lwango-2008, njengoba ngo-2004, kwakucatshangwa, ukuphikiswa ayinakho ithuba. "Defence" wadala ukunyakaza komphakathi ngo-March 2005, isakhiwo intsha yaleli qembu "Yabloko" futhi SPS. Omunye umholi walo kwaba Ilya Yashin.

Ehlobo 2005, Garry Kasparov baba inhloko yenhlangano elalisanda kumiswa - United Civil Front. Ngawo lowo nyaka le "Mashi ka Ukwahlukana" lokuqala seluqaliwe yilo mphakathi - umgwaqo isiteleka, ukuze ushintshe wezombusazwe. Ngenxa yalesi sehlakalo, belekelelwa izinhlangano ukuphikiswa. "Marches ka Ukwahlukana" siqhutshwe njalo kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2009. Babé uhlobo main yokukhuluma yokuma nezitha uhulumeni wamanje.

azame imizamo yokuhlanganisa

Ngo-2006, abameleli ukuphikiswa-non-system akazange azame ngokuhlanganisa zibe munye inhlangano, okwakuyoholela Ukudidiyela izenzo zabo ezivamile. Ukuthi ukuhlukana kwaba isizathu esiyinhloko ukwehluleka kwabaphikisi bezombangazwe. Nokho, unikezwa okuxekethile yayo, akumangazi. Inhlangano entsha liye labizwa ngokuthi "The Other Russia". Lalihlanganisa nezinhlangano ezifana ukuphikiswa efana UCF, National amaBolshevik, "Defence", "Ukusebenza Russia", AKM, "Shintsha". Kufana 'Okunye Russia "izenzo ehlelekile ahlangene amabutho ukuphikiswa tekubamba" Mashi ka Ukwahlukana ".

Nokho, uma phakathi kokuphikisa inhlangano wakwazi ukwakha mass, ekulweni amavoti, amaqembu emelela ukuphikiswa-non-letindzala, abaqhubeke nokudlala. Ngokwe imiphumela yokhetho lwezindawo yasephalamende 2007, baphinde musa kuwele Duma State. Esikhathini ngokhetho ka 2008 kwakungelona omele non-system ukuphikiswa olulodwa: Garry Kasparov futhi Mikhail Kasyanov sinqatshiwe yokubhalisa ngezizathu okungezona ukuhambisana nezinqubo, uBoris Nemtsov wasuka. izisekelo okuhluke kakhulu ngemibono amaqembu aphikisayo umise kusengaphambili ukuthi iyoba Ngokuwa "Okunye Russia". Inyunyana usuhlakazekile ngo-2010, futhi sha ngokwayo iye yasetshenziswa party wadala Eduard Limonov.

Kusukela kokuwa "Okunye Russia" kuya Swamp

Kusukela ngo-2010 waqala isigaba esisha emlandweni ukuphikiswa-non-letindzala. Kusukela ngalowo mzuzu kuqhubeke yena futhi wahlukana, nakuba izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa enhlanganweni Uzame ujoyine. Ngalesi sikhathi, umphakathi jikelele isibe Blogger athandwa Alexei Navalny, owayengasinaki ilungu party "Yabloko". Lodumo wazakhela izihloko zakhe, ezithinta elwisana nenkohlakalo focus. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lundiza phambi ukunyakaza ukuphikiswa sekukhona isishoshovu Violetta Volkova. Kule nkathi babe izenzakalo ezinkulu ezifana nezenhlalakahle ukuphikiswa njengomKristu "Suku Lwezindaba Ulaka", "Strategy-31", "Putin kumelwe uhambe", "Mashi ka Izigidi" nabanye.

Impendulo enkulu yayiphethe "Mashi ka Izigidi" eMoscow ngo-May 2012, okwakubekelwa yaqondaniswa ne ukhetho Russia uMengameli Vladimir Putin sika. Isenzo nokuntuleka kobunye phakathi kwabantu abamele ukuphikiswa waphinda wadlala indima ebalulekile. Ingxenye abaholi kwaholela nabasekeli babo kule ndawo eyixhaphozi. Kube kwakukhona wokulwa amandla abomthetho. Kulandele emajele mass izishoshovu.

Isimo samanje

Kukhona kuyibika okuqhubekayo udumo bayanda phakathi ukwehla labantu ezinhlangano emele ukuphikiswa-non-letindzala. Ngezinye izikhathi kuyenzeka ukuvelela ukunyakaza umbhikisho, kokubili ngesikhathi emihlanganweni, selokhu inguquko e-Ukraine. Kodwa izenzo ezinjalo kukhona uhlamvu oqabukelayo futhi unsystematic. Ngisho nokubulawa komunye wabaholi ukunyakaza - Boris Nemtsov - ayimlethelanga izenzo mass.

Abanye abameleli ukuphikiswa-non-system manje bathutha phesheya. Ngokwesibonelo, Garry Kasparov. Phakathi-non-letindzala ukuphikiswa amabutho zezombusazwe manje uma ziqhathaniswa esikhathini esidlule, yandiswa omkhulu ithonya party Mikhail Kasyanov ngokuthi Parnassus.

amabutho zezombusazwe

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ilungu izinhlangano eliphikisayo non-letindzala, banemibono engafani kakhulu ngemibono. Eqinisweni, bahlanganiswa kuphela elalimelene nohulumeni Russian zamanje. Ukuze ukuphikiswa-non-simiso Liberals ( "Apple", Parnas, ngaphambili PCA), i-Socialist (AKM, "Ukusebenza Russia"), isizwe (NBP), kanye nabanye.

abaholi

A indima ebalulekile ukunyakaza eyadlalwa abaholi eliphikisayo non-letindzala. Ake sixoxe ngokuningiliziwe. Omunye umholi ovelele kakhulu kuyinto Boris Nemtsov. Ngaphambili, bekatsatsa isikhundla umbusi Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni, futhi ngaphansi Boris Yeltsin, ingabe wayezingela okwesikhashana, ngisho inhloko kahulumeni. Kodwa ngemva kokuza amandla Vladimira Putina waya efile kuphikiswa. Kusukela ngo-1999, wayephila ezikhishwe umuntu SPS. Kuze 2003, wayengumholi weqembu we iqembu eponymous ku Duma. Ngo-2008, ngemva kokufa we-Union of Right Amandla, eqalwe ukusungulwa the "ISolidarity" ukunyakaza. Kamuva omunye wabasunguli beqembu "RPR-Parnassus". Kushone Februwari 2015.

Enye omele eliphikisayo non-letindzala, ngaphambili wavakashela Amandla Mikhail Kasyanov. Kowezi-2000 ekuseni wayeyinhloko uhulumeni waseRussia. Khona-ke wathuthela ukuphikiswa evulekile. Ungumholi beqembu Parnas.

Ukuze abavelele izibalo ukuphikiswa zihlanganisa Violetta Volkova. Ngu mkhakha uyisibonakaliso ummeli, ukuze imizamo main igxile nokumela. Isiqongo womsebenzi walo bawela 2011-2012.

Alexei Navalny - Blogger owaziwa abagxeki uhulumeni nenkohlakalo ukwambulwa izikimu. Wayengumuntu owayekade eyilungu lenhlangano "Yabloko", kodwa ke ngaphandle kusukela ke. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Navalny kuyinto umhlaziyi nekhono lokukhuluma nenkohlakalo kuhulumeni, wagwetshwa kabi izimali kwempahla wathola isigwebo esilengisiwe. Nokho, amalungu amaqembu aphikisayo bakholelwa ukuthi leli cala bhila.

Garry Kasparov - edume emhlabeni chess iqhawe elikhulu, futhi imithi ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo umbhikisho ukunyakaza. Matasa - emva 2005. Wayengumuntu umqalisi eyinhloko ukuhamba FMG, kanye "Mashi ka Ukwahlukana". Okwamanje, washiya Russia.

inhliziyo Yomphakathi

Emphakathini kukhona umbono kunalokho kuyadida ku-non-system zabaholi bamaqembu aphikisayo. udumo lwawo lehla, kanye nezinga ukwesekwa iziphathimandla - ukhula. Ngisho nabanye labo bantu abenza awanelisekile nge izenzo uhulumeni wamanje, Akukholeki ukuthi akufikanga abaholi abangakwazi ukuhola izwe ngenhlonipho ngokumelene non-system. ukukhala komphakathi okubangelwa amazwi kusho inhloko Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, kuphikiswa non-system. Bona iziteshi zokusakaza eziningi TV. Wathi zabaholi bamaqembu aphikisayo ozama ukuthola udumo ukugxekwa owayengumongameli waseRussia kanye nesimo esinzima sezomnotho ezweni, kukhona eyonakalisayo. Ngenxa yalesi kufanele yahlulelwe ngokwezenzo umthetho. Lokho kusho Kadyrov ku ukuphikiswa-non-system, ikhombisa imibono ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele kusho ukuthi kukhona ingxenye ethile imiphakathi, olusekela ngokugcwele izenzo zabaholi amabutho ukuphikiswa.

amathemba

Ikusasa ukuphikiswa-non-system kunalokho ezingacacile. Ukusekela kwakhe phakathi abavoti ngokuya uwela. Amathuba ukuthi abamele amaqembu aphikisayo uzokwazi bangene ephalamende, esondele ku-zero. Uqhekeko eliphikisayo phakathi izinhlangano umuntu eqinile ngempela, kanye nezinyunyana - nesimo. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi okuningi uhulumeni waseRussia ekutheni yimalini luyoqina umbhikisho isimo emphakathini. Ukukhulisa izinga lokuphila uyakwazi nakakhulu ukunciphisa indima ukuphikiswa.