Ukukhanyiselwa - Iyini? imfundo Russian. imfundo zomthetho

Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, kwavela futhi kancane kancane wanyamalala izinkomba ezahlukene zefilosofi. Ezinye zazo ziyavumelana umoya isikhathi sokungasebenzi kwayo, abanye bakhe phambili ngezindlela eziningi. Omunye wabo wayebizwa walondoloza ngisho ezifakelwa isimo, kanti eyesibili yaba sinqatshelwe. Kukhona Ezimweni eziningi lapho zezazi ezidumile zamakhulu waqala ushushiso, izincwadi zabo washiswa esigxotsheni njengoba ukuhlambalaza esidlangalaleni. Omunye enamandla kakhulu ukunyakaza ubudala 17-18 kwaba Ukukhanyiselwa. Oluvelayo eNgilandi, ngokushesha zasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Izimpawu ezisemqoka Ukukhanyiselwa

Imfundo - indlela ukulwa ezilwiwa abameleli onxiwankulu futhi isistimu yezobuciko nezombangazwe zangaleso isimo. izigaba Revolutionary-nomqondo emphakathini babe ardent bangi kohlelo amakhosi asendulo-absolutist ekhona. Ungase futhi unike omunye umqondo. Ukukhanyiselwa - kuyinto isiqondiso umcabango kwamasiko nefilosofi, elihlobene ne sokuhlanganiswa ubudlelwane zama-Capitalist. Kuyisinyathelo okunengqondo ekuthuthukiseni kwanoma yiliphi ilizwe, kweqa kusukela ubudala kuya izisekelo entsha ngokuphelele, industrialisticheskim. Izici eziyinhloko Yokukhanyiselwa yilezi:

• intando yeningi, okuyinto sithuthukisa imfundo zonke izingxenye tesive
• rationalism, uhlinzeka ukholo olujulile amathuba angenamkhawulo yingqondo yomuntu. Umgqugquzeli main yale mibono baba Kant;
• imfundo zomthetho. Lalihlanganisa yokwanda ulwazi mayelana namalungelo inalienable nenkululeko bonke abantu.

Ukukhanyiselwa eYurophu

Inkathi lapho kwasekuqaleni kwafika rationality futhi umcabango khulula wayengomunye walaba ukhiye kwetinhlavu impucuko yesimanje. Imfundo - kuthrendi Kuvezwe ngaphansi kwethonya inguquko yesayensi eNgilandi. Ngokushesha okukhulu, imibono ezintsha sisabalale Europe, ngokufaka eFrance, kwathi kamuva eRussia. Ngakho, i-English Ukukhanyiselwa kwaba sikakhokho wenhlangano enamandla, ngezindlela eziningi washintsha isimo sengqondo abantu. Ezinethonya kunazo babe abamele Ukukhanyiselwa eFrance. Leli zwe idume zefilosofi yayo evelele owadala azibhala voluminous. Ngaphansi kwethonya izimiso eziyisisekelo Ukukhanyiselwa yabhalwa Declaration of Independence e-United States, kanye Declaration French kwamaLungelo Indoda ka Citizen .

ukunyakaza incipient ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinta indlela yekutiphatsa kanye emikhakheni ehlukene yempilo emphakathini. I-US Department of Education kuye kwavusa nokuqeda ubugqila namazwe wamakoloni ukuthola ukuzimela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igunya ngokuphawulekayo mathintanyawo we Izicukuthwane, kanye ukunciphisa umthelela yeSonto ku ukuzwana nabantu. Ngaphambili kwaba cishe ngokuphelele.

kakhulu Usiko imfundo akazange imele umuntu esikoleni esithile wefilosofi. Isikhathi esining impela, imibono ongqondongqondo ezahlukene nabalandeli babo babe ngokuphongoza ngisho eziphikisa. Ukuhlanganiswa ukugxekwa kwabo we emasisweni, ukubukwa zokuziphatha nezombusazwe linqoba.

Ngokuphathelene imikhawulo isikhathi Enlightment, izazi-mlando azikwazi ukuza umbono olulodwa. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukunyakaza ludabuka ezindaweni ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kwaba phakathi nekhulu le-18. Ukuphela kwalesi sikhathi kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa kokufa uVoltaire, kanye ekuqaleni izimpi kaNapoleon. Kunenye umbono: i apogee we Ukukhanyiselwa baba Revolution Glorious eNgilandi nase-French Revolution.

WezeMfundo Petrine inkathi

Ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili wehlela emlandweni njengoba isikhathi kokuqhathanisa Russian okungavamile, ezithinta yonke imikhakha yempilo. Ngabona ukwanda isayensi nemfundo. inkolo Okwenzekile bokwakha isonto, esungulwe ubudlelwane amasiko ezinye izizwe, ukuba banqobe ngabodwa kazwelonke. iminyuziyamu uqala ukuvela, inhlangano, izincwadi njalo, izikole olusemthethweni wokuziphilisa.

Ezemfundo Russian - Kutama nakanjani ukukopisha indlela European zokuphila. Abathengisi, labefundisi lamelana kakhulu emisha kanye ngokungathandi waya ekufezeni ukhomba ngophakathi.

Ukukhanyiselwa ekhulwini le-18

Baningi ukunakekela imfundo, isiko kanye nobuciko sanikezwa izinsuku wokubusa uCatherine II. UMbusikazi wathenga ukuqoqwa imidwebo kanye eziqoshiwe, okuxhunywana nosaziwayo, kuhlanganise ababevela kwamanye amazwe. Isibonelo uCatherine II balandela futhi eseduze yayo. Ayekholelwa e izigodi zabo nemibukiso, ujoyine enhle futhi zivula ingqondo.

ukunakwa okuningi yakhokhwa kule nkathi ubusosha School, nezikhungo nezikole. Okufanela main Empress kuhlanganisiwe ukudalwa elinobunye ohlelweni lwezemfundo lapho kwakungekho ukuhlukana ngezigaba. Okukhishwayo kuphela kukhona serfs.

Ngokokuqala ngqá phambi kwezikhulu kwaphakamisa umbuzo ukuthuthukisa imfundo jikelele, hhayi nje kuphela lobuchwepheshe kanye zemvelo.

umthetho imfundo Russian

Imibuzo ezihlobene cwaningo nokufundisa eziyisisekelo umthetho kwavela Russia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17. Bakhandwa okubangelwa engaguquki absolutism ukukhanyiselwa kanye kudalwa uhlelo esinobunye semfundo. Emuva ngo-1682, inkosi uTheodore A. kakhulu wakhuthaza ukufunda igalelo kokubili ngokomoya zomthetho. Kodwa lemizamo ungazange zihunyushelwe ukuphila. Izinga ukuqaphela zomthetho wahlala aphansi kakhulu kuleli zwe.

I othisha wokuqala wangempela eRussia kungenziwa ngokuthi uPetru mina uCatherine II. Kuyinto imizamo yabo izimfanelo lokuqala adaliwe kumiswa uhlelo lomthetho yesimanje ezweni lethu. Peter mina ngaphambilini ukusungulwa ukubhala iziqondiso wabiza umsebenzi wokuqala waseRussia ukubhala Ikhodi entsha futhi le nguqulo Russian of azibhala zomthetho angaphandle. UCatherine II baqhubeka nemisebenzi eyandulela. Yena babehileleke emsebenzini we jurists ovelele, zefilosofi nabezombusazwe.

Kuyinto nge sikhathi uPetru mina wokubusa mlando zithi ekuqaleni ukhona imfundo esemthethweni kuholele imfundo zomthetho. Ongqondongqondo Abaningi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu wafika Russia ukuzibonela mathupha emisha emkhakheni komthetho. U-Adam Smith, omunye wabasunguli be-ezindaweni ezifana nemfundo English, washaywa ijubane okungakaze kubonwe ukuthuthukiswa yomthetho ngaphansi kokuqondisa uPetru I. Esikhathini esizayo, kule ndawo linikwe ukunakwa ezingasho.

Ukubaluleka komlando Ukukhanyiselwa

Njalo isiqondiso zefilosofi iba ngqophamlando kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni impucuko. Ezemfundo zazithinta zonke izingxenye zokuphila ukuphila komphakathi, nezindinganiso ezingokomoya-Europe, US neRussia. Kwaba sibonga kuye ukuthi kukhona ngokwahlukana emphakathini wokuziphilisa esontweni, kuso sonke isibalo sabantu kwadingeka ithuba lokufunda, futhi kwaphulwa neyobuzwe.