Ukuhweba kwe-elekthronikhi: ukuthuthukiswa, ukusetshenziswa, amathemba

Nsuku zonke, isintu siqala ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezokwaziswa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, isebenzisa i-intanethi. Namuhla cishe zonke izinhlangano zivula amawebhusayithi abo kulesi simiso. Ungabeki eceleni kanye nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Unamakhasi abo kumanethiwekhi omphakathi ahlukahlukene.

I-intanethi yisistimu evulekile enezithameli eziningi, okuvumela ukusebenzisana okuphelele phakathi kwabasebenzisi. Futhi akukho okumangalisa ukuthi iqale ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ekuqhubeni i-e-ibhizinisi. Leli zinga elisha ngokuphelele hhayi emakethe kanye nakwezomnotho kuphela, kodwa futhi nobuhlobo bezenhlalo kanye namasiko phakathi kwezinhlangano nabantu.

Umlando wendalo

Ibhizinisi le-elekthronikhi ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangano zomthetho nabantu abasebenza emkhakheni we-e-commerce. Bonke babumbene inethiwekhi yebhizinisi. Kuze kube manje, uhlelo olunjalo lwakhiwa ezingeni le-Internet yonke ye-Internet.

Kuyini e-commerce? Ngokungafani ne-e-ibhizinisi, lo mqondo unencazelo encane. Kusho ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi njengomzila wolwazi ngenhloso yokuhlela izinqubo zebhizinisi. Kulolu cala, ayikho inqubo yendabuko "yemali-intengo". It ishintshwe "ulwazi-ulwazi".

Ukuhweba kwe-elekthronikhi akuyona nje into yokuthenga inthanethi. Futhi lolu hlobo lomsebenzi lwavela ngalezo zikhathi lapho abantu bebengayazi i-Intanethi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1979, lapho i-American Michael Aldrich enquma ukuxhumanisa ithelevishini yekhompiyutha neyekhebula endaweni eyodwa. Ngalokhu wasebenzisa imigqa yefoni ehleliwe. Le buchwepheshe buvumele abasebenzisi ukuthi bahlele imikhiqizo ekhonjisiwe esikrinini. Kwaze kwaba ngo-1990 ukuthi uTim Behrens wasungula isiphequluli sokuqala. Emva kwalokhu, i-e-ibhizinisi ne-e-commerce yaqala ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1992, uCharles Stuck wavula isitolo sokuthengisa esitolo sewebhu sokuqala esitolo sewebhu. Ngo-1994, i-Amazon.com yaqala umsebenzi wayo, futhi ngo-1995 - E-bay.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-e-commerce eRussia kungabonakala ngezigaba ezilandelayo:

1. 1991-1993 Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, i-intanethi iyindlela yokuxhumana kuphela phakathi kwezifundiswa, izikhungo zobuchwepheshe, ochwepheshe bekhompyutha nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.
2. 1994-1997 Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu bezwe baqala ukuba nesithakazelo kakhulu emisebenzini yenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke.
3. Kusukela ngo-1998 kuze kube manje, amabhizinisi e-electronic kanye ne-e-commerce basuke bekhutha ngokuthuthuka ngosizo lwe-intanethi.

Izici Ezintsha

Amabhizinisi aqhuba ibhizinisi labo endleleni yendabuko ayenazo zonke izigaba zemisebenzi yabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, basebenzisa amanani amaningi ekuthuthukiseni umkhiqizo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwawo, ukulethwa okuqhubekayo nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo eqediwe. Izindleko ezinkulu zezimali zidinga kanye nokusekelwa kokungena kuzo yonke inqubo yokuqalisa.

Kodwa manje kwakukhona ezentengiselwano zezobuchwepheshe. Waqala ukuguqulwa kancane kancane komsebenzi wamabhizinisi ibe inethiwekhi yezinhlangano ezibonakalayo. Futhi ngalinye lamalungu alo mphakathi lathola ithuba lokugxila emisebenzini yabo ezindaweni ezamukelekayo kakhulu. Lokhu kwasenza sikwazi ukudiliva abathengi bekhambi eliphelele kunazo zonke zokukhiqiza.

Ngemuva kokuhweba kwe-electronic, ibhizinisi linamathuba amasha. Ngosizo lwalesi thuluzi lesimanje kwenzeka:

- inhlangano yama-videoconferensi;
- ukuqeqeshwa kwe-intanethi;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwamamodeli amasha wokuthengisa;
- ukudalulwa kwezinhlelo zamabhizinisi ezemvelo;
- ukuthola ulwazi oluhlukahlukene;
- ukuqaliswa kokusebenzisana kwezezimali;
- ukuthuthukiswa kobudlelwane obusha phakathi kwezinkampani ezisekelwe kwezobuchwepheshe;
- Ukuvula iziteshi ezintsha ezishibhile;
- ukuqinisa ukubambisana;
- Ukusekela imibono ehlukile;
- ukuthuthukisa umnotho omusha wokukhiqizwa nokuthengwa kwezimpahla.

Imisebenzi esemqoka yokuhweba kwi-Intanethi

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-e-commerce kuhilela:
- ukusungulwa koxhumana nabo bokuqala nabathengi abangenzeka, amakhasimende namakhasimende nge-Inthanethi;
- ukushintshaniswa kwamadokhumenti adalwe ngefomu lobuchwepheshe, okudingekayo ekusetshenzisweni kokuthenga nokudayiswa;
- ukuthengiswa kwempahla noma amasevisi;
- ukukhangisa kwangaphambi kokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo nokusekelwa kokuthengiswa kokuthengwa komthengi ngendlela yemininingwane enemininingwane emkhiqizo owathengiwe;
- ukukhokhwa kwe-elekhthronikhi yezimpahla ezithengiwe usebenzisa imali ye-elektroniki, ukudluliselwa, amakhadi esikweletu kanye nokuhlola;
- ukulethwa kwemikhiqizo kumakhasimende.

Uhlelo lwebhizinisi kuya kwebhizinisi

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-e-commerce. Futhi isigaba sabo sisho iqembu elihlosiwe labathengi. Enye yezinhlobo ze-e-commerce yikimu elithi "ibhizinisi-kuya-ibhizinisi," noma i-B2B. Ukuxhumana okunjalo kwenziwa ngesimiso esilula. Kuqukethe ukuthi omunye umsebenzi webhizinisi uhamba nomunye.

Naphezu kokuthi kuze kube yimanje kunezinye izinhlobo ze-e-commerce, i-B2B iyisiqondiso esithuthuka kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni phambili ngamathemba angcono kakhulu. Ngenxa yamapulatifomu e-intanethi, yonke inqubo yokuhweba iba ngaphezulu futhi isebenze. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ummeleli webhizinisi-ikhasimende unethuba lokwenza ukuqapha okuhlanganyelwe kuyo yonke inqubo yokwenza imisebenzi, ukuhlinzeka ngamasevisi noma ukuletha izimpahla. Ukwenza lokhu, usebenzisa ulwazi lwe-inhlangano yomthengisi.

Ubungqayizivele "imodeli yebhizinisi-yebhizinisi" kungabonakala ukuthi kulokhu, ukuhwebelana nge-e-commerce akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuxhumana ngokuzenzekelayo kwezinhlangano zokwenza imisebenzi yokuhweba. Futhi lokhu kunombono ozuzisa kakhulu. Ngenkathi senza ibhizinisi kumkhakha we-B2B, ibhizinisi lixazulula ngesikhathi esisodwa inkinga yokuzenzekela okunzima kokuphathwa kwangaphakathi.

Amapulatifomu wokuhweba we-"ibhizinisi-ibhizinisi" uhlelo

E-commerce kunezindawo ezikhethekile lapho kugcinwa khona amadili futhi okuhambisanayo kwezimali kwenziwa. Lezi yizinkundla zokuhweba, ezikulesi simo ziyi-virtual. Zingadalwa:

- amakhasimende;
- abathengisi;
- iqembu lesithathu.

Kuze kube manje, ngesimodeli se-B2B, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezindawo zokuhweba. Lena ukushintshaniswa kwesitokisi, indalini kanye nenqolobane. Ake siwahlole ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukwakhiwa kwekhalenda kukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwalawo macebo okucinga ukuthi amasistimu elwazi lwanamuhla analo. Kulokhu, umthengi unelungelo lokuqhathanisa futhi ukhethe izimpahla ngentengo, usuku lokudiliva, iziqinisekiso, njll. Izinkomba zisetshenziselwa lezo zimboni lapho kudayiswa khona izimpahla ezingabizi kakhulu, kanye nalapho kudingeka khona, futhi amanani ashintshwa kakhulu.

Ngokuqondene ne-auction, ngoba lesi simodeli yesikhulumi sokuhweba sibonakala ngamanani angenakunqunywa. Izindleko zokugcina zezimpahla zibekwe enkonzweni yokubhida. Izitolo ezisetshenzisiwe uma izimpahla noma izinsizakalo zithengiswa zihlukile ngokwemvelo yazo. Lezi kungaba izinto ezingavamile noma imishini enkulu, amasheya, njll.

Inhlobo yesithathu yesikhulumi sokuthengisa esivamile - ukushintshaniswa - kubonakala ukuthi amanani anikezwa yiwo alawulwa ukunikezwa nokufunwa, ngakho-ke kuncike ekushintsheni okunamandla. Lo modeli yiyona efaneleka kakhulu ekufezeni izinto ezivamile ngezici eziningana eziqinisekisiwe kalula. Ukushintshaniswa kukhangisa kakhulu kulawo makethe lapho izintengo kanye nokufuna kungenakwenzeka. Kwezinye izimo, imodeli enjalo ivumela ukuhweba okungaziwa, okwezinye izikhathi kubalulekile ukugcina ukuncintisana nokuzinza kwentengo.

Ochwepheshe babikezela amathemba amahle e-commerce ngokusebenzisa le model. Okokuqala, ukuthengisa okunjalo kuyasiza kumakhasimende. Phela, ukuhweba kwenzeka kwi-portal yebhizinisi ngaphandle kwezakhamuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-platform enjalo yokuhweba ibonakala ngomthengisi oyedwa nomthengi abaningi.

Muva nje, izinhlobo ezintsha zokuthengiswa kwezinto zokuthengisa zivele emkhakheni weB2B. Lona uhlelo lwekhasi elihlanganisa abadayisi abaningana. Qala ukusebenza kanye namapulatifomu e-elektroniki, ukuhlanganisa izici zokushintshaniswa kanye nendali. I-e-commerce enjalo yenza ukunciphisa isikhathi nezindleko zezimali ekukhethweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo engcono kakhulu, kanye nokuhlelwa kokuthengiselana phakathi komthengi nomdayisi.

Uhlelo "lwebhizinisi-abathengi"

I-E-commerce, eyakhiwe ngesimiso se-B2C, ithola isicelo sayo uma kwenzeka amaklayenti ebhizinisi engekho emthethweni, kodwa ngabanye. Ngokuvamise ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla. Le ndlela yokwenza ukuthengiswa kwezebhizinisi izuzisa iklayenti. Kwenza kube lula ukusheshisa kakhulu futhi kube lula ukuthenga into efanele kuye. Umuntu akadingi ukuvakashela izitolo. Kwanele ukuthi atadishe izici zezimpahla kwiwebhusayithi yomdayisi, khetha imodeli futhi uhlele umkhiqizo, ozohanjiswa ekhelini eliceliwe.

Ukuhwebelana nge-E-inthanethi ngaphansi kwe-scheme "ibhizinisi-umthengi" inenzuzo kumphakeli. Unethuba lokulandelela ngokushesha ukufunwa, ngenkathi usebenzisa imali encane yokugcinwa kwabasebenzi.

Ngaphansi kwesimiso se-B2C, kunezitolo zendabuko zendabuko. Imisebenzi yabo ihloselwe kwelinye iqembu noma kwelinye iqembu labathengi. Kusukela ngo-2010, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhweba kwezenhlalakahle kubonakale futhi kwaqala ukuthuthukisa. Ihlanganisa ukuthengiswa kwezinsizakalo kanye nezimpahla kumanethiwekhi omphakathi.

Enye yezinkampani ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezisebenza kwi-B2C imodeli yinkampani yaseMelika Amazon.com. Yenza ukudayisa kwezincwadi futhi inamakhasimende angaphezu kwesigidi kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba. Ukusebenzisa uhlelo "lwebhizinisi-abathengi", inkampani ilinganisa ukufinyelela kwezimpahla phakathi kwamakhasimende ezizwe ezahlukene. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo akunandaba ukuthi ikhasimende lihlala kuphi, edolobheni elikhulu noma esifundeni esikude.

Amapulatifomu wokuhweba for the scheme "ibhizinisi-abathengi"

Emkhakheni we-B2C, umkhiqizo uthengiswa nge:

- izitolo zobuchwepheshe nezitolo ezitolo;
- I-web-showcases;
- izinhlelo ezikhethekile ze-inthanethi;
- Izintandokazi.

Cabanga ngalezi zindawo zokuhweba ngokuningiliziwe. Izinkampani ze-E-commerce zamabhizinisi aphakathi nendawo amancane ngokuvamile ziqhutshwa ezitolo ze-intanethi. Lezi siteshi ezingokoqobo azikho nje amawebhusayithi ewebhusayithi. Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yi-series ye-intanethi. Izitolo eziningana ezibonakalayo zitholakala ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ukuhwebelana kwe-elekthronikhi eRussia kuvame ukuqhutshwa ngamafasitela amancane e-Web. Le migqa yokuhweba ivame ukuphathwa ngamabhizinisi amancane. Izakhi eziyinhloko zamasayithi anjalo zihlu noma izinhlu zamanani, ezichaza umkhiqizo noma isevisi ngokwazo, kanye nesistimu yokuqoqa imiyalo etholakele kumakhasimende.

Ukuhwebelana kwe-inthanethi izinhlelo (TIS) zisetshenziselwa ukubamba okukhulu, izinkampani kanye nezinkampani. Izingosi ezinjalo zivumela amabhizinisi ukuba akhulise ukusebenza kahle kwenkonzo yokunikezela nokuthengiswa, futhi nokwakha izinketho zokungena ngokulinganayo zokuhlinzeka ngenqubo yokukhiqiza ngezinto zokusetshenziswa, izinto zokwakha, imishini, njll.

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzisa izingosi ezikhethekile zeWebhu ngenkathi kuqhuba i-e-commerce. Kuwo noma yikuphi umthengisi angakwazi ukudalula izimpahla zakhe ngentengo yasekuqaleni. Izingosi ezinjalo zithengiswa nge-electronic. Abathengi abanentshisekelo ekuthengeni umkhiqizo bangacacisa intengo ephakeme kuyo. Ngenxa yalokho, umthengisi angene esivumelwaneni nenhlangano ezimisele ukukhokha ngaphezulu.

Uhlelo lomthengi-umthengi

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-e-commerce kwaholela ekukhuleni kweC2C. Zibophezele phakathi kwabathengi abangenawo osomabhizinisi. Ngalolu hlelo lwe-e-commerce, abathengisi babela ukunikezwa kwabo ezindaweni ezikhethekile ze-intanethi, okuyizinto eziphakathi kwezikhangiso ezijwayelekile zamakethe kanye nephephandaba. Isibonelo, e-US, ebay.com ungumhlinzeki onjalo. Lona iqembu lesithathu elivumela abathengi ukuba bangene noma yikuphi ukuthengiselana ngesikhathi sangempela. Futhi zidlula ngqo kwi-intanethi futhi zibe nesakhiwo se-auction electronic. Imodeli ye-C2C isithandwa kakhulu ukuba idethi. Amakhasimende ngesikhathi esifanayo ayajabula ngamanani wezimpahla, aphansi kunezitolo.

Ezinye izinhlelo

Yini enye engase ibe yizohwebo ze-elektroniki? Ngaphezu kwezikimu ezivame kakhulu ezichazwe ngenhla, kunezinye eziningana. Ayithandwa kakhulu, kodwa asetshenziselwa amacala ambalwa. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-e-commerce kuye kwenzeka ngokusebenzisana kokubili izinhlangano zomthetho nabantu ngabanye ngezakhiwo zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuphazamisa ukugcwalisa imibuzo kanye nokuqoqa intela, ukusebenza nezakhiwo zamasiko, njll. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zokuxhumana zenzeke kuphela ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe be-Inthanethi.

Inzuzo ebalulekile yaloluhlelo lwe-e-commerce yilula lula umsebenzi wezisebenzi zikahulumeni kanye nokukhululwa kwabakhokhi kusuka kwenye ingxenye yamaphepha.

Imithetho eyisisekelo yabomabhizinisi

Okusemqoka kwe-e-commerce kufanele kwaziwe kuwo wonke umuntu ofuna ukuba nebhizinisi lakhe ngokusekelwe kwezobuchwepheshe bezokwaziswa. Kunemithetho ethile elula okufanele ibe uhlobo lwetafula lokubuyabuyelela kunoma yimuphi umdayisi. Noma ubani ofisa ukuwina umncintiswano kufanele:

- Dala isayithi elihle lomsebenzisi elungiselelwe izinjini zokusesha;
- Vula izivakashi zakho zibe abathengi;
- Yenza izenzo zokuthengisa ezizokwenza kube lula ukwenza isayithi kwi-Inthanethi;
- hlaziya izibalo zokuthengisa.

Amathemba okuthuthukiswa kwe-e-commerce

Kuze kube manje, iRussia inezici ezithile ezithinta kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni kwe-EC. Phakathi kwabo:

- ubude obukhulu bensimu yezwe, okudinga ukunciphisa umthelela wemikhawulo etholakalayo okwamanje ekudayiseni kwezimpahla ezihlobene nokudeleka kwamabhizinisi;
- ukubaluleka kokuthuthukisa inqubo yokuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganiswa kwebhizinisi laseRussia ngolwazi jikelele kanye nezinqubo zezomnotho;
- inkinga yokunciphisa izindleko zokuhweba, okuzovumela imikhiqizo yethu ukuba ibe nokuncintisana emakethe yomhlaba;
- isidingo sokulawula ngokucophelela ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla zamabhizinisi nemibuthano yezimali ngokwabo;
- ukubaluleka kokuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwesisekelo sezobuchwepheshe zezinhlangano ngokusungulwa kwamathuluzi wesayensi we-computer yesimanje.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-EC eRussia kukhuthazwa izinga eliphezulu lemfundo ephakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziphathimandla zezezimali zezwe sezivele zithuthukise ubuchwepheshe bebhange bamuva, ukusetshenziswa okuvumela ukukhishwa kwamakhasimende akude ngamabhange . Ukuphepha kwe-e-commerce eRussia kunikeza izixazululo ezitholakalayo zobuchwepheshe. Basebenzisa izindlela zokuhlinzeka ukuvikelwa kwe-cryptographic yolwazi olunikezwa abahlanganyeli emisebenzini ebonakalayo.

Kodwa ezweni lethu kunezinkinga ezithile ze-e-commerce. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yentuthuko yezohwebo ezibonakalayo iyancipha kakhulu ngoba:

- izinga eliphansi lesikhungo samakethe amasha emakethe kithi;
- ukungapheleli kwesisekelo somthetho;
- izinga eliphakeme lokuzibusa komnotho;
- ukuthuthukiswa ngokwanele kwengqalasizinda yemakethe yezimpahla;
- ukungapheleli kwesimiso sesikweletu kanye nobuhlobo bezezimali.