Ukubumba. Benkathi Ephakathi zobumba. umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama Main zobumba

Ukubumba ekuqaleni njengoba izikebhe okwakubonisa womshini iziqukathi ukudla noma ezitsheni ukuthi ukugcina izinto ngobuningi futhi uketshezi. Namuhla kuba ngokucubungula ngu ukubumba e isondo lombumbi eziklanyelwe sika, bese umkhiqizo omisiwe lisetshenzisiwe ocwebezelayo, kulandele calcining ubumba adingekayo. Ngakho ekhiqizwa izinto ezisetshenziswa kunoma yimuphi umkhakha: izinto zasekhaya, ukwakhiwa, umhlobiso, imihlobiso, eziyisikhumbuzo. Le mikhiqizo abizwa ngokuthi zobumba ezenziwe ngobumba, lapho betholakala khona kuwo wonke amagumbi planethi yethu.

Kukhona izigaba ezintathu oyinhloko ukukhiqizwa ubuchwepheshe zobumba:

• ukukhiqizwa esakhiweni izitini;
• akhiqize ngobumba noma itshe ware;
• ukuthuthukiswa sangempela sobumba noma zobumba izinto.

Ngokusekelwe ubuchwepheshe, wonke amakilasi zobumba efana nomunye, kodwa kukhona eziningi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama ukuthi umphumela wokugcina. The main umehluko - ubumba ukuthi alala inhliziyo umkhiqizo.

indaba

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, lesi sitsha bekungelegolide ikhono isetshenziswa kuphela ukukhiqiza iziqukathi yokugcina ngezinto zokwakha kanye nokudla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ithuthukiswe, ahlanganiswe futhi waletha phambi kwethu namuhla alikho leli fomu, abanye bekubona okhokho bethu. Ngenxa yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe yaqala ukubonakala izinto ezintsha akhiqize, baye kuholele ukuvela izinto ezifana izitini refractory, itshe ware, ama-tile, tile, amanzi amapayipi, imihlobiso yezakhiwo kanye neminye imikhiqizo eminingi.

Ngenxa yokuthi umphakathi zijwayele Ukunquma nihlobise zobumba, izitsha zobumba kusukela isigaba izikebhe wathuthela isigaba yobuciko. Ukwenza izitsha zobumba yayithandwa endulo selokhu abantu bajwayelana impahla luningi emhlabeni - ngobumba impahla yayo.

Old Testament iqukethe izikhombo eziningi emkhakheni sombumbi kanye nemikhiqizo yayo. Imikhumbi endala ubumba, ngisho ezikhathini komlando, wayiqeda ngesandla womuntu, ngokulandelana, babengaphumi njalo umumo. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, kukhona imikhiqizo round futhi okusaqanda, ngokusobala senziwa usebenzisa isondo a sombumbi. Umlando akazange agcine imininingwane ukubukeka esiqondile mbuthano, kodwa ngisho nokuphathwa kwegama labo kuwo ivela ezikhathini zasendulo.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi e-Asia kuqala zobumba uqala ukuvela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule ezaziwayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi lesi sitsha e China ithuthukiswe ngokushesha okuningi kunalokho emhlabeni wonke.

isizwe ngasinye kwadingeka namasiko alo ezihlobene nale izikebhe, kwaphenduka izinto zobuciko. Ngakho emazweni Afrika e ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili benziwa izimbiza ngesandla, iphele le ngebumba kwenziwe ilanga baking imikhiqizo zenziwa ngosizo utshani ugongolo nomlilo.

Njengoba eya eYurophu, kukuwe lesishiyagalombili zobumba ekhulwini ungaphakathi ukwehla egcwele. Moor Spanish kuphela wamnika push, cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho imikhiqizo zambozwa ocwebezelayo babe.

Ukubumba wathola lisachuma emhlabeni ekhulwini weshumi nantathu. I yokwanda kunazo yesiteleka iphutha e-Italy, lapho iye yasungulwa majolica - uhlobo zobumba, okuyinto eyenziwe ngobumba kubhakwa. Florence wanika emhlabeni okuyinhloko ezifana ubuciko zobumba, njengoba uLuka ibhizinisi Robbia, izinto eziqoshwe ngamathambo ezindlovu bakhe nezinye imisebenzi abhekwa ukuziqhenya isizwe futhi esikhathini sethu.

Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe umqophi Robbia, izimboni Tuscan baye uthathe esinye isinyathelo phambili - izihloko ngobumba. Baqale wadubula umlilo ke basuke camera nokucwebezela okuzothile ezimhlophe, okwakwenza imidwebo whereupon umkhiqizo kwaba ngaphansi calcination yesibili, namandla kakhulu kunesokuqala. Majolica waqala ukwenza hhayi kuphela ukuhlobisa yezakhiwo, kodwa futhi yasendlini izinto, isitsha sezimbali, Izithombe.

Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso zobumba e-Italy, eFrance wathatha baton. Kukulo muzi lapho yasungulwa ngumuntu somlilo kokudubula nobumba.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi zobumba ukudala futhi usebenzise kuphela abampofu, abavelele emphakathini esetshenziswa olovyanuyu, nesiliva, negolide. Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi zobumba balamukele umhlobiso esontweni. Lapha-ke isetshenziselwe ukudala kwemiphanda leyo. Imikhiqizo efanayo ahlotshiswe amasonto Novgorod kanye emathempelini nesikhathi Romanovs.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili emhlabeni wonke baqala ukuvela izimboni wonke okuyinto bekwi zobumba.

izinto ezenziwe ngobumba

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi ezihlukahlukene Ceramic kuyingxenye uquqaba, kanye nohlobo ocwebezelayo, kusukela lapho kukhiqizwa. Ukubumba kukhona ezimbili zama: aminyene futhi ukungena nakwamanye amazwe.

Okuwugqinsi - labo izinto ngesikhathi kokudubula ngenxa yokushisa yindikimba mass homogeneous okuqinile. Ekuqaleni kwawo-lo mkhiqizo sifana ingilazi. He is lulwimi lutho futhi ayikwazi ukudonsa woketshezi, bawabulala steel, enikeza inhlansi. Isibonelo zobumba aminyene - zobumba.

Kunalokho ukungena nakwamanye amazwe, abahlukaniswe kalula, uketshezi sidlulile. Phakathi kwalezi imikhiqizo - faience.

Kungase kube imikhiqizo ezakho uhlobo olufanayo, futhi ziyinto ngamatjhuguluko phakathi izinhlobo ezimbili.

obukhulu

Lesi sigaba zobumba okungewakho okulandelayo:

• zobumba Hard. mass tho, angenisa ukukhanya, emihle, nokunwebeka, eyohlobo, okuqinile, awusebenzi bavumela ukusebenza kwe-ummese. Lokhu zobumba iqukethe kaolin, wokulinganisa, asebenza ngebhethri futhi feldspar. It is phansi labadubuli ezimbili: okokuqala ababuthakathaka ukumboza glaze ke ngemva enamathela eqinile.
• zobumba Soft. Ibizwa nangokuthi isiFulentshi. Okuqukethwe kwalo - cishe esobala phambili nopende ocwebezelayo. Lo mbono uphinde udinge labadubuli double, ekuqaleni kuphela enamandla kakhulu, kodwa ekupheleni buthaka.
• zobumba Neglazurirovanny noma bhisikidi. It has evamile zobumba mass.
• Paria. Uma kuqhathaniswa isisindo useduze zobumba soft, it has a luhlaza aphuzi, trudnoplavky.
• Carrara. White, angenisa ukukhanya. Isisindo sayo - kuyinto isiphambano phakathi imikhiqizo itshe futhi pariyanom.
• imikhiqizo Stone. Basuke izimpawu mass aminyene okuncane. Kukhona imikhiqizo abavamile, umnene, ikakhulu omhlophe.

ukungena nakwamanye amazwe

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa:

• faience Mnene. Kuyinto ingxube yobumba refractory futhi Silica. It ihlanganiswa ne enamathela esobala. Isisindo indandatho opaque.
• sobumba Ordinary, noma majolica. Lokhu mass obomvu-ephuzi, okuyinto emva labadubuli imbozwe olovyanoy enamathela opaque.
• Izimpahla ngobumba ezivamile futhi ognepostoyannoy. Lezi zihlanganisa izitini, ama-tile, amanzi amapayipi, njll
• Ezishile idwala mass, noma, njengoba zibizwa kanjalo, ubumba. Ukwakheka kwalo - ubumba kuhlanzwe futhi izingcezu osugugile imikhiqizo isiqedile. Isetshenziselwa umhlobiso isitsha sezimbali nezinye izinto.
• zobumba Ordinary. IMisa ekhiqizwa ngebumba, ubumba Marl, futhi kusukela opaque phambili nopende ocwebezelayo.

Izinto ngoba zobumba

Ukuze senze izitini, zobumba futhi izindengezi, kufanele wenze umsebenzi elandelayo: ukwenza mass ubumba, balolonge ke, ezomile, ashise bayigubungele nge nopende ocwebezelayo. Indaba eziyisisekelo womshini imikhiqizo - kuyinto ubumba. ababumbi Master bakhetha ukusebenzisa bumba, okuyinto anazo viscosity efiselekayo, futhi izinga lokushisa yayo ukumelana ekahle ngokudala imikhiqizo. Nakuba ubumba ngokwayo possesses ezingeni lelisetulu ductility obudingekayo ukuze ungeze izinto asizayo ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi kokudubula kuba ngokushesha futhi kokucindezelwa engalingani, okuyinto uphendulela umkhiqizo into engeyinhle. Ukwenza umkhiqizo silula, kudingeka isihlabathi ngaphezulu, umlotha, sawdust, imikhiqizo engcono kudingeka fireclay - impuphu, ikhiqizwa umkhiqizo olwembiza.

Ukuze kukhiqizwe abavamile zobumba ubumba ngaphambilini misela kufanele kwesokunxele iminyaka elilodwa noma amabili esikhaleni emoyeni noma emanzini. Ngemva kwalokho-ke sigudluke e amabhokisi sokhuni, e namafemu ukwenza imishini ekhethekile. Lesi senzo kuyadingeka ukuze uhlanze obumbeni amatshe noma udoti. Uma Ubumba ngikhishwa amabhokisi, it is eligoqiwe yinqwaba ukuthi bafa ngommese ngesikhathi ipuleti mncane. Nalapha ezibekwe amabhokisi futhi aqale ngokuphindaphindiwe, kwemijondolo of ukungcola, okungase bahlale kuyo. imikhiqizo ebangeni ephakeme, ikakhulukazi kungekho nto enemibala emihle zidinga izingxenye ukuba kahle bahlanza. I oyisisekelo ukugudluka ingozi ngobumba - homogeneity yayo. Ukuze izinga yokuhlanza Ubumba ahlukaniswe kayi ezincane, okuyinto bazithela ngamanzi, futhi ngemva kosuku "otmokaniya" adedelwa umshini nomkhombe. Amazinyo umshini nge ukujikeleza okusheshayo cut nobumba, futhi yamanzi Ukudlula ngokusebenzisa ekamelweni, kuthatha izingcezu ezincane kakhulu echibini ekhethekile, enkulu ukuhlala ezansi. Swimming pool yokuhlanza for ezingeni elilandelayo, lapho izinhlayiyana indawo kuthiwa imali, kulandele enye indiza wabathwala echibini sesibili. It ubumba siqedwa ngokuphelele. Lokhu ubuchwepheshe isetshenziswa kuphela amanzi afudumele, ngoba kungcono ukuyeka ukuxhuma izingcezu zobumba bese ekuhlungeni yanda kakhulu sibonga lokushisa elikhulu.

Olinganise yezingxenye zinqunywa ngomkhiqizo ngamunye eceleni. Ukuyaluza kusho futhi kwenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene: ezomile, izindwani noma Jets amanzi. Phezu kokuthola lokhu mass iyunifomu basalelwe inqwaba Bubbles engadingeki. Le nkinga siqedwa noma imishini ekhethekile, noma yizinyawo ubumba nje peretaptyvaetsya kuze ukuvumelana oyifunayo.

labadubuli

Ngomqondo ewumngcingo, izinto ezenziwe ngobumba - kungcono ubumba efanayo, kodwa wedlula labadubuli. Ngakho, uma sithi "zobumba", it is imikhiqizo ezenziwe ngezinto wezinto ezingaphili (ngokuvamile Clays) kanye Izingxube lawo izithasiselo ehlukahlukene, okuyinto akhiqizwa ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu kanye nokupholisa okwalandela kwakusho.

Inqubo labadubuli iqala izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa, ngemva kwalokho indaba ibe izitsha zobumba. I okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa Fusion we izinhlayiya emihle kwenzeka kulezo zindawo lapho kukhona nabo.

Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa zobumba ubuchwepheshe nezinguquko eziphawulekayo. Lokhu kungenxa ngezinto ezahlukene, izinga lokushisa oludingekayo kanye izakhiwo ezahlukene yezingxenye. Ngayine inezidingo zayo feedstock ngezabelo yayo, kanye lokushisa ezithile:

• umkhiqizo ngobumba - 1000-1200 degrees Centigrade ;
• imikhiqizo Ceramic - 1100-1300;
• ukwenziwa zobumba - 1200-1400.

Umkhiqizo Technology calcination Kwenziwa izindlela ezahlukene. Nokho, inqubo ukushiswa ku kuhhonela - amakhulu eminyaka, isiko ezingaguquki. Kuye lokushisa kanye nesikhathi inqubo ukuthola imikhiqizo quality obuhlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa esiphezulu esithandweni ekukhiqizeni ayishintshi lize uphela kukhishwe batch wonke yemikhiqizo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubukeka umkhiqizo osuphelile incike umkhathi esithandweni labadubuli. Kungabangela elithile emoyeni namachibi. Ukusebenzisa nemingcele ebekiwe ngokukhethekile bungatholakala ngisho ukuthi zobumba ubumba umbala ushintsho kusuka brown ukuze oluhlaza.

Ukusebenzisa ocwebezelayo

Abanye umsebenzi zobumba engamboziwe nge nopende ocwebezelayo. Lezi zihlanganisa izitini, ama-tile ophahla, ubumba amabhodwe. Okubizwa ngokuthi elicwebezelayo wenziwa ukuze kuvikelwe zobumba kusukela umswakama ngokweqile. Umphumela efanayo ufinyelelwe ngezindlela zasendulo labadubuli ubisi - indlela yokupha umkhiqizo elihle ukubukeka namanzi ukumelana.

Hhayi eqolo zobumba glazuriruyutsya eluhlaza ngesikhathi esifanayo labadubuli. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi Anting. Ingqikithi lesi senzo wukuthi ngesikhathi calcination esithandweni Ufaka usawoti jikisa umusi futhi imali kwi sihloko. Ngesikhathi indawo lapho ihlala kwakhiwa fusible kwakwakhe okuthiwa izintuthwane is.

Enye indlela enamathela ukuthi potolchennoy ocwebezelayo ibe okucolekile, afafaze umkhiqizo. Ngokuvamile lena imikhiqizo anolaka ezenziwe: izimbiza, amapayipi nezinye unfired. Ngaphambi camera, umkhiqizo smear ufulawa unama calcined.

Ingqikithi indlela sesithathu siwukuthi uthela umkhiqizo ocwebezelayo esinomthwalo bomsebenzi ukhilimu. Indlela efanayo is camera imikhiqizo okuqinile ukuthi musa kakhulu ukuncela ketshezi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo zobumba futhi izindengezi.

Futhi indlela yokugcina wukuthi zobumba futhi izindengezi imikhiqizo ezibekwe esitsheni ne nokucwebezela okuzothile. Le ndlela yakhelwe ukuthi umkhiqizo, okuyinto sesimeni labadubuli ababuthakathaka futhi ekuqaleni ubamba ketshezi. Glaze kuyo ingumhlabathi ibe okucolekile, exutshwe namanzi. Kulesi ubisi ketshezi efana for ukungaguquguquki, umkhiqizo ibekwe, olubamba ingxube. On nokucwebezela okuzothile ezinjalo kungenzeka ukwenza umdwebo.

art Ukwelashwa

Ngo isigqi lanamuhla, buyamangalisa indlela uphumule. Eyodwa yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu futhi engavamile - ukwenza zobumba. Kunezindlela ezimbili ukuzama isandla sakhe ngalesi art. Eyokuqala - ukuthenga isondo lombumbi futhi izinto ezidingekayo ukuze Tutor. Ukubumba emzini wakhe - akusiyo kuphela zikanokusho imfashini, kodwa futhi ngendlela emangalisayo fun for wena, umkhaya wakho nabangane. Kulokhu, ungaziqhenya umculi khulula, zama ezihlukile, esekelwe video tutorials.

Indlela yesibili - zobumba esikoleni. Ngo ekilasini zifiki, njengoba une, uzokwazi ukuzama ngendima ubuhle, umculi kanye uMdali ebaziwe.

Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zithi zobumba - indlela enhle kakhulu ekubhekaneni nokucindezeleka, ukuba abe ezilinganiselayo futhi ikukhonzile. yokwelapha Art, ngokusho kongoti, enye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu yokulwa nokucindezeleka nezinye izifo zezinzwa. Pastime sesondo sombumbi kusiza ahlele imicabango, ngaphandle ezincane kanzima nsuku zonke futhi ukuthola indlela yokuphuma ezimweni ezinzima. "Ukuzinikela kokuhlonipha Okugcwele ngeke ukuxazulula izinkinga zakho, kodwa ngokuqinisekile kuyokusiza ukuba uthole izindlela ukuzixazulula", - kusho izakhamuzi ngazwi linye bathi odokotela.

Imikhiqizo ngezandla zabo

Kuwo wonke endlini kukhona ubumba, Ceramic noma zobumba. Ekukhiqizweni kunzima kusimangaze umuntu ifektri izitsha noma vase for izimbali.

Ukubumba - kungcono ngendlela emangalisayo isipiliyoni mnandi wonke umndeni. Ungaba kumnandi, funda ibhizinisi elisha, ukuthuthukisa amakhono kanye dexterity.

Vakashela eshabhu lombumbi wokuqala, kuzodingeka ukwenza imbiza zabo. othisha Uqaphele ngokuvamile isineke Wabasaqalayo, ubaqondisa nokusiza kuzo zonke izinto. Ukubumba kusiza ukubhekana nokucindezeleka encane, ukuphazamiseka Kusukela epilweni yangamalanga. Futhi imikhiqizo ukuthi wenze ngokwakho, Kuyobe kuyisikhathi okumele siziqhenye ngayo elinye ukumehlula yena. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokuthi wayesebenzela Circle futhi abayizimpumputhe imbiza yakho, uzokwazi ukupenda wezandla zakhe. Lapha ungakwazi ubonise bonke umcabango. Lo mkhiqizo isipho ephelele kothandekayo.

amaqembu ezaziwa, zokuzalwa nezenzakalo corporate Kuboshwe anomsebenzi obungajwayelekile. Leli yithuba elihle ukukhuluma, ukuze uthole bazana futhi ubone lokusungula kubangane babo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli holide ngokuqinisekile ukhunjulwa ehlukile yayo, okwakhe, nemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokuzimele isondo sombumbi, kuyoba isipho esikhulu ikhumbule usuku elimangalisayo. Futhi zingathola othile ithalente sina futhi sizokhuluma ngale ndaba, esikhathini esizayo, ukuvula Museum sakhe zobumba. Ikakhulukazi ukujabulela lokhu izingane umsebenzi. Uma umuhle at sculpting ngebumba ke udinga okufayo kubo zobumba esikoleni. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuthuthukisa amakhono motor izandla, nethonya ezuzisayo phezu isimo umntwana, futhi izovula bezikhali yokudala wengane. wokuzilibazisa ezithandekayo nezijabulisayo eba ukunakwa, umcabango nokucabanga.

A wokuzilibazisa noma ibhizinisi?

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla zobumba zithandwa kakhulu. Bangabakhe esigabeni kwemikhiqizo okuyinto zihlale okufunekayo efanele. Umuzi ngamunye has ekhishini izitsha, isitsha sezimbali, amabhodwe, eziqoshiwe kanye eziyisikhumbuzo ahlukahlukene. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka kulo msebenzi, zibe kuyikhono, iyathandwa futhi funa. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi uthando zobumba ngokuya eba zibe ibhizinisi langempela. zobumba siqu ibhizinisi inzuzo kakhulu, ngoba impahla main okuluhlaza - ubumba - khulula impahla ukuthi ngokoqobo amanga nje ngaphansi kwezinyawo zethu. Beautiful, yokuqala, imikhiqizo umklami kungaletha imali enhle umenzi. zobumba master - ke kuwumsebenzi ngoba umphefumulo. Ungakwazi ehlukahlukene emhlabeni, uthole umdlalo ehlukile kuyokulethela inzuzo, kanye zembula ngobuhlakani bakho.

Ukubumba iyathandwa emhlabeni wonke. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi anakho emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, kube ongacimekiyo fashion.