Ukhiye Macro ubunikazi incazelo, izici Formula

Umnotho kuyinto isayensi mayelana nolwazi oluyisisekelo nge-umkhiqizo othe kwezimpahla namasevisi nokusatshalaliswa yabo efanele kanye ukusetshenziswa. cwaningo wayo ivumela nje kuphela ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi izinqubo ukuthi sibhekane nabo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kodwa futhi ukushintsha ngokoqobo ezizungezile. The main ungubani macroeconomic elichaza izinqubo ukhiye emnothweni kazwelonke kanye nezwe. Baqonda kahle izibalo zichaza ukuthi sesivele uyakubona nsuku zonke. Kukhona eyisisekelo ungubani macroeconomic ezilandelayo: ukulingana engenayo kanye nezindleko, nekusisa, isabelomali isimo.

Isingeniso ukuze Macroeconomics

Njalo inkampani - kuyinto uhlelo evaliwe. Kuyingxenye emnothweni kazwelonke ngisho jikelele. Ngakho-ke, iyiphi inkampani lapho esebenza ukuze kuzuze bona, kodwa futhi uletha kuzuze wonke umphakathi. Umsebenzi wakhe ukutadisha Microeconomics. It etadisha lokukhiqiza, ukusabalalisa kanye ukusetshenziswa umsebenzi izinhlangano ngabanye. Microeconomics alinikezi ulwazi mayelana nesimo jikelele izindaba. Kodwa ikuvumela ukuhlola izimfanelo ezinhle nobuthakathaka babantu isihloko ngabanye ukuze amakhono ayo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi ukusebenza.

Umnotho sisonke uyafundelwa Macroeconomics. Inhloso yayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa okugcinekayo ibhizinisi ayisekho, futhi amazwe noma amaqembu. Ngokomlando, ke umsuka umhla Microeconomics. Ukwakheka kwabo buhlobene eduze igama Dzhona Meynarda Keynes, sibonga izinyathelo eziqinile okuyinto United States wakwazi ukuthola ukusuka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Ezinkondlweni zakhe wayebheka ubudlelwano phakathi ezingeni umsebenzi, inzalo engako, futhi supply imali. Ukuze Macroeconomics libhekene manipulation lokubolekwa. Into cwaningo kulesi sigaba akuzona nje ivolumu ibhizinisi umuntu, kodwa umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene, hhayi Dynamics izintengo umkhiqizo owodwa, futhi izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Ngokokuqala ngqá, le ndlela waqala ukuba kabanzi Keynes 1930. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsunguli Macroeconomics yasenqaba lesi postulate we "zabuna" of esivela uhlelo emakethe ukuzithiba amakhono. Wakhuthaza uhulumeni esiqinile nokulawula zonke izinkomba zokuveza indlela yokusebenza.

umnotho kazwelonke njengoba uhlelo

Ngokusho Keynes, abangasebenzi kuyinto isici ebalulekile ohlelweni emakethe. Ukuze kuncishiswe izinga layo zombuso kufanele landise funa ekuhlanganisweni. Nokho, zilingana kungenzeka, futhi ngezinye kwemisebenzi. Keynes wanika ukubaluleka okukhulu kanye nezinga lenzalo. Nge esimweni sakhe futhi ungalungisa nemali ejikelezayo. Keynes kubhekwe emnothweni kazwelonke njengoba uhlelo. Futhi ukhona ehlangene imigomo ethile. The main ungubani macroeconomic libonise izindawo ezibalulekile ukuthi kukhona amenable ukuba isiqondiso. Phakathi izimpokophelo kazwelonke umnotho ukusebenza ngendlela elandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza nokukhula kwe-GDP ngokuya ngokuphelele futhi lengenako.
• Ukwakhiwa kwamathuba emisebenzi nozime izakhamuzi ngesikhathi izikhundla ushintsho.
• Ukuqinisekisa amanani ezinzile.
• Ukulinganisela ukusatshalaliswa engenayo.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-indastri zangaphandle yezwe, kodwa hhayi alimaze izakhamuzi zayo futhi ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yabo.

Ukhiye ungubani Macro (dlala)

Ukuze inqubomgomo efanele isimo kufanele esekelwe ezinye onobuhle. Okunjalo izinkomba aggregate njengoba omkhiqizo, yokukala inqubekelaphambili, kodwa neze ukunikeza umbono walokho izindlela kufanele usetshenziswe ukuze ushintshe isimo. Futhi lapha ukusiza ubunikazi macroeconomic eziyisisekelo. Letindlela ukuvumela ukuhlolwa ngokujulile isimo, bheka ubuthakathaka emnothweni kazwelonke. Phakathi kwabo, lo zibalo ezilandelayo ziyindlela eyinhloko:

• Income kanye nezindleko.
• Savings and uma utshala imali.
• Isabelomali isimo.

Ukulingana imali kanye nezindleko

Lona eziyisisekelo ungubani komnotho omkhulu. Iveza yezingxenye lula umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene. Ukulingana imali kanye izindleko akubandakanyi izintela ngokungaqondile, umehluko phakathi izinhlobo ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukudluliselwa abamabhizinisi. The main ungubani macroeconomic inikeza indlela sokubalwa umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene ngosayizi izindleko bezinhlanga ezahlukene zababambe iqhaza. Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngo-ejulile analysis, zikhona nezinye izindawo eziningana lapho imingcele, okuyinto zinqunywa ngesisekelo GDP. Phakathi kwabo, isibonelo, ingeniso kazwelonke.

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda ukuthi singobani okhonjiswe incwadi Y - Inani inkomba okukhipha Imininingwane. Izindleko lomthengi, ibhizinisi kanye nemikhakha yomphakathi - C, mina G, ngokulandelana. Njengoba umnotho wethu kazwelonke ayilona irherho le-closed, kubalulekile ukwethula ku-formula nokukodwa inkomba. Lokhu nokuthengiswa net. Ezincwadini zakhe kwakuba selisho NX. Kuzoba elilingana umehluko phakathi ezithumela kwamanye amazwe yezwe. Ngakho macroeconomic ungubani nokungena kwemali kanye nezindleko zingancishiswa le ndlela elandelayo: Y = C + Mina +-G + NX.

Ukulondoloza kanye nokutshalwa

Zonke ubunikazi ezinkulu macroeconomic kubonise isimo sangempela, kodwa asenze sibe yokuncishiswa abalulekile. Ukulingana nekusisa ucabangela emnothweni kazwelonke sihluke ezweni ngaphandle. Iphinde akufaki kusukela mkhakha wocwaningo lomkhakha womphakathi. Khona-ke, Y = C + I. Lokhu ifomula GDP ukubala izindleko ngokungabi bikho isimo nangaphandle imikhakha.

Manje cabanga umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene kusuka umbono osomabhizinisi. Zonke they zuza kungenziwa wachitha noma okulondoloziwe utshalomali ezinkathini zesikhathi esizayo. Ngakho, Y = C + S, lapho C - lokhu ukusetshenziswa, futhi S - ukonga.

Ihambisana kokubili zibalo. Sizokwenza: C + mina = S + C. Kusukela eziyisisekelo ungubani macroeconomic kusobala ukuthi, ngokunciphisa izinkomba efanayo nhlangothi zombili, singabona ukulingana lasetulu kanye ukonga.

Kumiswa isabelomali isimo

The main ungubani macroeconomic kusikisela ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yiliphi izwe efuna ukwakha ukukhiqizwa yayo siqu futhi khona ezimakethe, kuhlanganise phesheya. Kodwa okokuqala kudingeka bakwazi isabelo sezimali isimo. Sesikubonile ukuthi zonke izimali lomkhakha womphakathi ingasetshenziswa ukusetshenziswa nokonga. Lawa angathunyelwa okuhloswe ngaso sitshala imali yangempela noma imali.

Thina lula imodeli olwengeziwe. Ngaphansi imali sisho kuphela langempela cash futhi uhulumeni izibopho. Sibethula notation. Sg - engxenyeni kahulumeni yokonga, ΔM futhi ΔB - izinguquko supply imali futhi ukubaluleka izibopho ejikelezayo. Yenza olunye isikhalazo. Ake zonke izimali zabo isimo esasichitha kunoma iyiphi ukwanda (ukwehla) e imali ukunikezela ushintsho ukubaluleka izibopho ekhishwe yiyo. Ngakho, Sg = - (ΔM + ΔB). Lona Ubunikazi isabelomali isimo. Kubonisa ukuthi kusilela kungenziwa ngokwezimali kuphela ngokwandisa supply imali, noma uhulumeni isibopho Ukukhishwa.

imodeli neo-Keynesian

umnotho kazwelonke - lokhu kuyinto uhlelo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kangaka. Futhi kusebenta kwato lihlotshaniswa ukungaqiniseki okukhulu. Ukhiye neentjengisi ezikulu ukuthi bangobani libhekene okungenzeka ngokuphelele. Kulapho lapho kukhona khona amandla noma ukuba buthakathaka onobuhle deterministic. Abameleli beNdikimba okusha isiqondiso Keynesian ukufuna ukunweba iqoqo izinkomba. Nokho, iningi models yabo bawukuphela isici kokutshalwa ukukhula.

buka neoclassical

Amamodeli abamele kule ndawo kukhona ashukumisayo kakhulu. Ziyakwazi esikhathini esiningi ukuvumela kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni ekusebenzeni emnothweni kazwelonke, kodwa kuphela ngezikhathi zeziyaluyalu. Neoclassicism kanye nezinto ezifana ku-akhawunti e onobuhle zabo izinguquko kanjani ubuchwepheshe, ziqu lwabasebenzi, ukuphumelela inhlangano izinqubo zokukhiqiza.

Sebenzisa ekuxazululeni izinkinga

Ifomula eyisisekelo ungubani macroeconomic kusivumela ukubala umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene. Ucabangela izindleko kwemikhakha eyehlukene yomnotho. Common kusaqalwa ekuhloleni ezomnotho njengoba nokuziphatha esikoleni noma enyuvesi kuyinto Ukuqhathanisa imiphumela yokubala GDP le formula lokuqala nelesibili. Kahle kahle, imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ezweni cwe, izindleko ezithile, kumelwe luhambisane index, okuyinto etholwe efingqa le imali eyiphinda.