UJosé Ortega y Gasset. "Kuyini nefilosofi?": Uhlaziyo futhi ukubaluleka komkhiqizo

Omunye abameleli ezivelele kakhulu umcabango Spanish kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kuyinto uJosé Ortega y Gasset. "Kuyini nefilosofi?" - umsebenzi lapho yena swings ukuhlaziywa endleleni lapho umuntu ungacabanga ngokwayo emhlabeni. Ngo ezinkulumo zakhe, wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi usosayensi akudingekile ukuze baphathwe ngendelelo abantu abavamile. Lesi sakamuva futhi kungenzeka uhlanganyele philosophizing. Kodwa ingabe zonke ukucabanga kungenziwa ngokuthi ngakho? Uma kungenjalo, yini imithetho wefilosofi? Mayelana nalezi zindaba, kanye nabanye abaningi, ngazama ukuphendula uJosé Ortega y Gasset. "Kuyini nefilosofi?" - isofthiwe umkhiqizo wayecabangisisa.

i-curriculum vitae

Isazi sefilosofi kwadingeka umsuka zasebukhosini. Wazalwa emkhayeni ukuthi umenze bokusungula yangempela. Indlu eyayisetshenziswa ukuya osaziwayo abaningi, futhi kusukela ebuntwaneni, isazi sefilosofi Spanish esizayo wahlangana nabantu ezidumile alalela inkulumo yabo. Wathweswa iziqu bendabuko ongumJesuit ekolishi, okuyinto kuleli zwe wanika imfundo ephakeme kakhulu kunazo bese wabhalisa e-University of Madrid. Njengoba udokotela wesayensi, waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe emaphethelweni Heine futhi Hegel. Kodwa yomlando wakhe ushiye isigxivizo sina we-Spanish kulwiwa. sefilosofi Young waba isitha evuthayo kaFranco. Waphoqwa ukuba bathutha. Lapho ngibuyela ekhaya ngemva nje kweMpi Yezwe II, uyoqhubeka ngokumelene iqembu elibusayo. Ezinjalo nguye, uJosé Ortega y Gasset.

"Kuyini nefilosofi?". Uhlaziyo umqondo wokuqala

Lo mkhiqizo uchungechunge lwezinkulumo lapho umbhali ufunde ngo-1928. Kodwa njengoba incwadi enyatheliswa kuphela ngo-1964. Izinkulumo kabanjalo amazwi ezethula ukuthi othisha ngokuvamile ukwenza ngaphambi ukwethulwa Yiqiniso. Kuyinto futhi ukuhlaziya emfushane kanjani humusha kokumethemba imibuzo esemqoka esasisentshonalanga zefilosofi izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba provocateur kancane, lo uJosé Ortega y Gasset. "Kuyini nefilosofi?" - igama incazelo enkulu concealer umkhiqizo kuka okwambulayo. Eqinisweni, i-sazi akanandaba kakhulu yini lesi siyalo. Ugxila inkinga ehlukile ngokuphelele. Yini okufanele ibe nefilosofi for lendoda wanamuhla futhi kukhona noma yisiphi izinzuzo ezingokoqobo abantu abavamile kuwo - lawa nezindaba main esahlupha naye.

Existentialism Nethonya yayo

Le ndlela kuvamile ukuba nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lamashumi amabili. Nakuba existentialism yayidumile kakhulu - okuyiwona kunzima ukuchaza ngokucacile. Kodwa isici zako ezisemqoka esihlanganisa zonke izinkomba-ndlela, mhlawumbe, angabizwa ngokuthi umbuzo yini ukuba nendlela correlates ngempilo yomuntu. Ukuze sefilosofi Spanish kuyinto cishe into efanayo. Ake sibone ukuthi ukuphendula umbuzo wakhe siqu uJosé Ortega y Gasset. Kuyini nefilosofi? Yindlela zokuphila. Lokho uhlobo yisidalwa esingumuntu. Ngakho-ke, iqiniso zefilosofi akuyona ezinye elufifi. Kufanele zivela ngokuqondile ukuphila nakho, kuhlanganise Kusukela epilweni yangamalanga.

Ukuqonda emhlabeni

Yini enye ukusho ezinkulumweni zakhe uJosé Ortega y Gasset? "Kuyini nefilosofi?" - incwadi ukuthi ubeka imithetho yokucabanga, okuyinto kumele zithobele abantu. Okokuqala kuyinto ngobuqotho, nokuvuleka nokuzimela. Umlando kanye nomphakathi nqumela ezindabeni eziningi, Amathrendi kanye nezindaba ezihlukahlukene anezincazelo ezihlukile. Iphuzu liwukuthi hhayi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyiqiniso noma cha, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi ngaphansi kongqimba lwesihlabathi into yokuqala cishe akubonakali. Ngakho-ke, wayecabangisisa yangempela kumelwe alwe ngendlela yakhe kuyo yonke le izingqimba ukuthola isihloko sokuqala, emhlabeni esimweni sayo bakudala, wezwakalisa njengoba isazi sefilosofi. Kwaba ngemva kokutadisha ngokwakho, ungase ucabangele ukuthi ingaba yiqiniso yini noma cha ngomqondo yendabuko.

iqiniso subjective

Le nkinga futhi evusa uJosé Ortega y Gasset. "Kuyini nefilosofi?" Umkhiqizo zazo iqukethe mqondo ezithakazelisayo ukuthi umbuzo ubuqiniso noma ukwehluleka akunandaba uma singakhathali acabangele isikhundla wayecabangisisa. Ngokwazi he is truthful kuze kufike bembeka ilawulwe? Phela, lokhu kuncike yisiphi isiphetho ifike. Futhi ukunemba umsebenzi wakhe ayikwazi ukuqinisekiswa ngaphandle kokuqale sinquma ukuthi impahla ethile sazi kule isifiso sokufinyelela iqiniso noma nje ukudlala kanye mikhuba emisha, eyayibizwa kubhekwe evumelekile. Mhlawumbe uma sibheka umlando wefilosofi kusukela lo mbono, kuyoba ngempela okungalungile, lapho thina zijwayele.

Lokhu umehluko phakathi ukuqonda zefilosofi ukunemba Sciences lunikezelwe nesigaba okhethekile we Yiqiniso, okuyinto ukufunda Ortega y Gasset ( "Kuyini nefilosofi?", Inkulumo 3). Ngakho-ke akuyona eqakathekileko ekunqumeni iqiniso noma falsity eningiliziwe emayelana nemfundiso kaZiqu kuyinto biography umsunguli walo. Ngempela, phakathi nenkambo yokuphila kwanoma iyiphi sefilosofi kubonakala Ukuzula yakhe engokomoya, ukungabaza, indlela eya iqiniso noma kuwo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ivumela umsebenzi yimiphi sazi sengathi ukumelela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokuziphatha inkhulumomphendvulwano abantu yesimanje. Yingakho siyakwazi ukufunda nokuqonda imisebenzi yesikhathi esidlule.

nefilosofi Modern futhi classical

Thanda iningi abameleli existentialism, uJosé Ortega y Gasset kubalulekile kakhulu bendabuko izikole Western Europe yokucabanga. Yiqiniso, azange aphike ukuthi kukhona ukuhlobana phakathi nefilosofi yesimanje futhi classic. Kodwa ukuhlaziywa yayo osaziwayo ezifana Leibniz futhi Descartes, kubalulekile kakhulu. Yena okholwa obaba lezi zefilosofi 'ka ukukhohliseka ", ngenxa okuyinto emhlabeni wangempela kunokuba lo humanities laqala ukwenza imibono abstract. Izinto zangempela kwathathelwa indawo fantasies ngazo, okuyinto kuyendlulela isethulo ngasinye. Ngokusho amagama okuqala wesazi sefilosofi, ngenkathi Descartes ezweni elithile eNtshonalanga Yurophu "wasala ngaphandle ukukhanya." Ngakho ngacabanga Ortega y Gasset. "Kuyini nefilosofi?" (Isifinyezo salokhu umsebenzi sesibuyekeze ngenhla) inikeza ukubuyela indoda yesimanje emhlabeni wangempela. Lokho umsebenzi ifilosofi, nempumelelo yayo incike kuba indlela yokubhekana nayo.