Uhlelo gqwa Mendeleev sika. izakhi zamakhemikhali kohlelo gqwa

Yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye emlandweni wesintu - yobudala lapho abaningi ngilunge isayensi, kuhlanganise ne-chemistry. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho kwaba uhlelo ngezikhathi uMendeleyev, futhi nalo - futhi umthetho gqwa. It yaba isisekelo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali yesimanje. Periodic D. I. Mendeleeva System lumelela izici systematization, owenza izindlela ukwencika Izakhiwo namakhemikhali isakhiwo we ketshezi kanti icala ye-athomu.

indaba

Ukuqala gqwa simiso uMendeleyev ubeke incwadi "Ukubaluleka izakhiwo nge-atomic weight izakhi", kulotshiwe ikota eyodwa kwezintathu yekhulu leminyaka XVII. Kwakuthinta ukuboniswa maqondana nemiqondo eyisisekelo adi- eyaziwa (ngaleso sikhathi kwakunoFakazi 63 kuphela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi babo ezinesisindo sama-athomu ziye kunqunywa ngokungalungile. Lokhu ingathiyeki kakhulu kokutholakala D. I. Mendeleeva.

UDmitry Ivanovich iqala umsebenzi wayo ngokuqhathanisa izakhiwo izici. Endaweni yokuqala Wayesethatha-chlorine ne-potassium, bese sahamba ukuze isebenze ezisansimbi alikhali. Ehlome ngamathuluzi okuthola amakhadi ezikhethekile lapho bachazwa izakhi zamakhemikhali, wazama izikhathi eziningana ukuba abuthele "KaMose": zibekwe phezu kwetafula lakhe beyofuna inhlanganisela kwesokudla futhi okufanayo.

Ngemva kokuzabalaza, uDmitry Ivanovich namanje ukuthola umklamo ngifuna, wakha izakhi uchungechunge gqwa. Okuholela yeseli elingenalutho phakathi izakhi, usosayensi aqaphela ukuthi abaphenyi Russian Angazi zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali, kanye ukuthi kabele emhlabeni ulwazi emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, okuyinto ingakamiswa eyanikezwa amandulela.

Wonke umuntu ejwayelene inganekwane ukuthi Mendeleev ishadi lesikhathi ubekade iphupho, futhi bahlangana kusuka izakhi inkumbulo ibe uhlelo olulodwa. Lena, ukukhuluma cishe, amanga. Iqiniso lokuthi uDmitry Ivanovich isikhathi eside futhi kanzulu abasebenza umsebenzi wakhe, futhi kubalulekile kakhulu uyakhathaza. Nakuba abasebenza uhlelo izakhi Mendeleev kanye abalala. Ukuvuka, waqaphela ukuthi akazange aqede etafuleni, futhi ngokushesha waqhubeka ukugcwalisa sezitokisi ezingenalutho. ajwayelekile wakhe, abanye abantu bezinye izizwe, uthisha inyuvesi, unqume ukuthi ishadi lesikhathi nephupho ephusheni, futhi la mahlebezi lalikhona phakathi kwezifundo zabo. Ngakho kwaba khona lo mbono.

udumo

uhlelo Periodic izakhi zamakhemikhali kuyinto ukubonisa adalwe uDmitry Ivanovich ngekwata yesithathu lesithathu leminyaka XIX (1869) yomthetho gqwa. Kwaba ngo-1869 emhlanganweni Russian Chemical Society yayifundwa isaziso Mendeleev mayelana nokwakha kwabo isakhiwo ethile. Futhi ngonyaka ofanayo yashicilela incwadi ethi "Kubaluleka Chemistry", yakhishwa okokuqala uhlelo ngezikhathi izakhi zamakhemikhali. Futhi incwadi "Uhlelo engokwemvelo izakhi futhi silusebenzise isiqondiso izimfanelo izakhi yokuzamazama" D. I. Mendeleev lokuqala okukhulunywe welithi "umthetho gqwa".

Isakhiwo nemithetho izakhi kuhlala

Izinyathelo zokuqala ekudalweni yomthetho gqwa zenziwa uDmitry Ivanovich emuva eminyakeni 1869-1871, esebenza ngokuzikhandla okukhulu ukwakha ukwencika izakhiwo izakhi idatha kusuka mass ye-athomu. Nothayi banamuhla ixubene ngu itafula iyimidwebo izakhi.

Isikhundla sakhi etafuleni eqala umuzwa othile zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba. Ngesikhathi indawo sakhi etafuleni ungakwazi ukuthola ukuthi yini Valence yakhe, ukucacisa inombolo electron kanye nezinye izakhiwo zamakhemikhali. UDmitry Ivanovich bazama ukwenza ukuxhumana phakathi izakhi njengoba efanayo nomunye nezici zabo futhi ehlukile.

Ukwahlukaniswa is ngesikhathi adi- eyaziwa, wafaka Valence nesisindo athomu. Efanisa izakhiwo isihlobo izici Mendeleev wayezama ukuthola iphethini, okwakuyoholela wonke amakhemikhali izakhi eyaziwa ohlelweni eyodwa hlanganani. Ufaka kubo ngesisekelo okwandisa uquqaba athomu, wayesaqhubeka kuzuza imvamisa ngamunye imigqa.

ukuqhubeka kohlelo

ishadi lesikhathi ngokuphindaphindiwe avela kuyaphothulwa ngo-1969. Njengoba sekunama-amagesi etusekayo 1930 kwathi ukumambula ukwencika yakamuva izici - hhayi kusukela uquqaba, futhi nenombolo ye-serial. Kamuva bakwazi ukusungula inani proton nucleus yama-athomu, futhi ngathola ukuthi lokho kuvumelana nenombolo ye-serial element. Ososayensi kwekhulu XX isakhiwo electronic athomu ibilokhu wafunda. Kwatholakala ukuthi sithinta isehlakalo. Lokhu kushintsha kakhulu umbono we izakhi izakhiwo. Le nto sabonakala izinhlelo zamuva nje uhlelo Mendeleev sika gqwa. ukutholakala ngasinye esisha izakhiwo kanye izici izakhi ukulingana kahle ku etafuleni.

Izimpawu ishadi lesikhathi

ithebula Periodic sehlukaniswe ngqi (7 imigqa ahlelwe nendawo), nakho zihlukaniswe ezinkulu nezincane. Isikhathi kusukela metal alikhali, futhi uphethe non-metallic ilungu izakhiwo.
Ngokumile Mendeleev ithebula uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu (8 amakholomu). Ngamunye wabo ethebuleni gqwa ehlanganisa subgroups ezimbili - okungukuthi, eyinhloko futhi ohlangothini. Ngemva kukhulunywe kangaka ngesiphakamiso D. I. Mendeleeva nozakwabo W. Ramsay, kwanqunywa ukuba ukwethula okuthiwa iqembu zero. Kuhlanganisa amagesi inert (neon,-helium, argon, Radon, Xenon, Krypton). Ngo-1911, usosayensi Soddy kwahlongozwa ukubeka ohlelweni gqwa ebese indiscernible, okubizwa ngokuthi isotopes - amaseli zabo ngabanye lalihlukene.

Naphezu ukwethembeka nokunemba kohlelo gqwa, iningi lososayensi akazange ngifune ukuvuma lokhu okutholakele. Ososayensi abaningi kakhulu baye badelela umsebenzi D. I. Mendeleeva, futhi wakholwa ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukubikezela izakhiwo isici ingakamiswa ivulekile. Kodwa ngemva izakhi nezinsolo chemical Kwatholakala (futhi kwaba, isibonelo, scandium, gallium ne-germanium), uhlelo Mendeleev sika gqwa imithetho yayo baba ngesisekelo theory yesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali.

Ithebula samanje

uhlelo Mendeleev sika gqwa izakhi - ngesisekelo kakhulu yezinto zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba ezihlobene imfundiso atomic yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Umqondo yesimanje yama-elementi kwenzeka nje ngenxa usosayensi omkhulu. Ukuvela ishadi lesikhathi ulilethele izinguquko ezinkulu isethulo zezakhi ehlukahlukene izinto ezilula. ososayensi Creation uhlelo gqwa liye laba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni yamakhemikhali neyezinto sciences, azihlanganisa.