UFriedrich Schiller: biography, ubuciko, imibono

Ubuciko uFriedrich Schiller wawela esikhathini esibizwa ngokuthi "Isivunguvungu Nokuqothulwa" - isiqondiso ezincwadini zaseJalimane, okwakungumlingisi wokwenqatshwa kobuciko kanye nokuguquka kokuya ocansini. Lesi sikhathi sihlanganisa cishe amashumi amabili eminyaka: 1760-1780. Kwaphawulwa ngokushicilelwa kwemisebenzi yabalobi abadumile njengoJohn Goethe, uChristian Schubart nabanye.

I-biography emfushane yomlobi

I-Württemberg Duchy, lapho uFriedrich Schiller azalwa khona, yayiseMbusweni Ongcwele WaseRoma. Isimbongi sazalwa ngo-1759 emndenini wabantu bomdabu. Uyise wayengumsizi wezokwelapha, futhi unina wayeyindodakazi yabapheki. Kodwa-ke, le nsizwa yathola imfundo enhle: yafunda esikoleni sezempi, lapho yafunda khona umthetho kanye nemithetho yomthetho, futhi emva kokuthuthela eStuttgart, waqala imithi.

Ngemuva kokumisa umdlalo wakhe wokuqala wokuzijabulisa, "Abavukuzi", umlobi omncane waxoshwa emsebenzini wakhe wasebenzisa iminyaka eminingi yokuphila kwakhe eWeimar. UFriedrich Schiller wayengumngani weGoethe waze walwa naye ngokubhala amabhalladi. Umlobi wayethanda ifilosofi, umlando, izinkondlo. Wayengumprofesa womlando wezwe eYunivesithi yaseJena, ngaphansi kwethonya lika-I. Kant wabhala imisebenzi yefilosofi, wayenomsebenzi wokushicilela, ekhulula omagazini "Ory", "Amanothi weMuses." I-playwright e-Weimar yafa ngo-1805.

Idlalwa ngokuthi "The Robbers" kanye nempumelelo yokuqala

Esikhathini esicatshangelwayo, imizwelo yothando yayithandwa kakhulu kubantu abasha, ababa nesithakazelo kuFriedrich Schiller. Imicabango eyinhloko, ukuveza ngokucacile umsebenzi wakhe, ubhekise kulokhu okulandelayo: ama-pathos enkululeko, ukugxeka amaqembu aphezulu emphakathini, ama-aristocracy, ubuhle nokuzwela kulabo abangaba yiziphi izizathu ezinganqatshwa yilo mphakathi.

Udumo waba umlobi ngemuva kokumisa umdlalo wakhe othi "The Robbers" ngo-1781. Lo mdlalo uhlukaniswa nama-pathos angathandabuzi futhi angamangalisa, kodwa uthandana nombukeli ngesakhiwo esibucayi, esinamandla nokushisa komzimba. Isisekelo sokubunjwa kwakuyisihloko sokungqubuzana phakathi kwabazalwane ababili: uCharles noFranz Moore. UFranz okhohlisayo ufuna ukuthatha umfowabo, ifa, kanye nomthandekayo - umzala u-Amalia.

Lokhu ukungabi nabulungisa kuholela uKarl ukuya kuma-bandits, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo uyakwazi ukugcina ubukhosi bakhe nodumo lwakhe oluhloniphekile. Lo msebenzi waba yimpumelelo enkulu, kodwa waletha inkathazo kumlobi: ngenxa yokungabikho okungagunyaziwe wajeziswa, futhi wabe esexoshwa ku-duchy yakhe yomdabu.

AmaDrama wama-1780

Ukuphumelela kwa "Abaphangi" kwaholela lo mdlali omncane wokudlala ukuba enze imisebenzi eminingi eyaziwayo eyaba yizigaba zezincwadi zomhlaba. Ngo-1783 wabhala umdlalo othi "Deceit and Love", "The Conspiracy of Fiesco eGenea", ngo-1785 - "The Ode to Joy". Kulolu chungechunge, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa umsebenzi othi "Ukukhohlisa noLuthando", okuthiwa yi-"epilistine tragedy" yokuqala, ngoba okokuqala okokuqala umlobi wenza into yombono wobuciko hhayi izinkinga zabahlonishwa abahloniphekile, kodwa ukuhlupheka kwentombazane elula yemvelaphi evamile. "Ode To Joy" kubhekwa njengenye yemisebenzi emihle yomlobi, owafakazela ukuthi akayena nje umlobi omkhulu we-prose, kodwa futhi nomlobi ohlakaniphile.

Idlalwa ngama-1790

UFriedrich Schiller wayethanda umlando, ngezihloko lapho ebhala khona amadrama akhe amaningi. Ngo-1796 wadala umdlalo othi "Wallenstein", ozinikele kumlawuli weMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu (1618-1648). Ngo-1800 wabhala lo mdlalo "uMaria Stewart", lapho ehluke kakhulu emlandweni, okwenza into ebonisa ukulwa kwabaphikisana nabesifazane ababili. Kodwa-ke, isimo esiphezulu, asikhiphi emithweni yokubhala yedrama.

Ngo-1804 uFriedrich Schiller wabhala umdlalo othi "Wilhelm Tell", ozinikezele emzabalazweni wabantu baseSwitzerland ngokumelene nokubusa kwe-Austrian. Lo msebenzi uhlanganiswe nama-pathos enkululeko nokuzimela, okwakuyisici esivela ekudaleni kwabameleli be-Storm kanye nokuhlaselwa. Ngo-1805, umlobi waqala ukusebenza emdlalweni othi "uDemetrius", ozinikele ezenzakalweni zomlando waseRussia, kodwa lo mdlalo awuzange uphele.

Ukubaluleka Komsebenzi ka-Schiller Ngobuciko

Imidlalo yomlobi yayinethonya elikhulu esimweni sezwe. Okushiwo nguFriedrich Schiller kwakuyizinkondlo zezimbongi zaseRashiya V. Zhukovsky, M. Lermontov, owahumusha amabhalladi akhe. Imidlalweni ye-playwright yabe isisekelo sokudala ama-opas aphawulekayo ngokuhola abaqambi base-Italy bekhulu le-19. UL. Beethoven waphetha ingxenye yokugcina ye symphony yakhe edumile yesishiyagalolunye kuSchiller ethi "Ode to Joy". Ngo-1829, uDkt. Rossini wadala i-opera "uWilhelm Tell" ngezizathu zomdlalo wakhe; Lo msebenzi uthathwa njengenye yezinto ezidaliwe kakhulu zomqambi.

Ngo-1835 uG. Donizetti wabhala i-opera "Maria Stewart", ehlanganisa umjikelezo wemisebenzi yakhe yomculo emlandweni wekhulu le-England XVI. Ngo-1849, uDkt Verdi wadala i-opera "uLouise Miller" esekelwe emdlalweni othi "Ukuqamba Nokuthandana." I-opera yayingathandwa kakhulu, kodwa ayikungabazeki ukufaneleka komculo. Ngakho-ke, ithonya likaSchiller kumasiko wezwe likhulu, futhi lokhu kuchaza isithakazelo emsebenzini wakhe namuhla.