Ubuningi amazinga ekushayweni kuvunyelwe futhi yabo

Ukuze ulawule yonke imvelo kukhona indlela eyodwa kuphela - ukwethulwa MPE (esiphezulu ekushayweni kuvunyelwe) ukuze imithombo yamagciwane control esiqinile phezu ukusetshenziswa kwale migomo. Ngokwe lobuchwepheshe kanye ezesayensi MPE isethi izimo okuqukethwe kule ungqimba ebusweni izinto ezingcolisa umoya ovela sebuningini imithombo akufanele kube ngaphansi okuyinto eziphakeme izinga ezidingekayo for labantu, kanye izimila nezilwane endaweni ephephile.

Ukufaka MPE nokulawula

Ngokucacile, ngenxa umthombo ngamunye, uyakwazi ukungcolisa emkhathini, setha esiphezulu ekushayweni ovumelekile. Izimo ezifana ukukhulula ukungcola uma sicabangela ukuhlakazwa kanye nokuxhumana nezinye izingxenye ungakhi lokuhlala ezithinta izinga emoyeni futhi kokweqa kuyinsakavukela aqine. Lokhu kusebenza futhi izinkampani ngamunye kanye lonke iqoqo imithombo izinto ezingcolisa umoya zokuhlala ukuze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, qiniseka ukuba bacabangele zonke imibono ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi.

zokulawula nohlaka olubhekele eRussia branched ukunikeza control isimo phezu konke ukungcola, ukuhlola izinga lomoya nokulawula izinqubo azihlanza ngalo izindinganiso MPE. Yiziphi esiphezulu kwekhabhoni kuvumelekile? Yilokhu sithi esihlokweni.

amadokhumenti

Ezweni lethu namuhla isebenza idokhumenti normative - "Ubuningi lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe (MPC) ezingcolisayo ngoba ezindaweni ezinabantu", ekhomba 628 izinto eziyingozi, esiphezulu, kanye avareji nsuku zonke-isikhathi esisodwa MPC, ngamunye izinto ekilasini ingozi, umkhawulo inkomba ingozi. Kukhona nesigaba for Ukulawula ukukhululwa kwe izinto "B" ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo okungavamile begazi. Enjalo izinto sinqatshiwe amathathu nesishiyagalombili.

Ngezinye lokushisa ephakeme esiphezulu ekushayweni kuvunyelwe izidakamizwa eziyingozi emkhathini emthonjeni owodwa, uma e emakamu ebusweni emoyeni, kodwa lapho ayeqi MAC libalwe amafomula ezikhethekile. Lawula izinga kwezemvelo kanye ngaphansi kokulawula MPE, okuyinto ubuchwepheshe inqubo ukuthi kugomela ngokwesayensi. Ubuningi ekushayweni ezivunyelwe (MPE) izidakamizwa eziyingozi emkhathini ezivela emithonjeni zezimboni zinqunywa esekelwe ukubeka nokutadisha nemingcele zabo ezihlukahlukene futhi izakhiwo izinto eziyingozi ukuthi zikhishwa emkhathini nemibandela asemkhathini okwamanje.

Ukubalwa lokuhlala kuvunyelwe

Ukuze afeze zokuvimbela kokuqondisa sanitary futhi ifike ngesikhathi ukuhambisa izimangalo evumelekile ukuba yonke imisebenzi zokuzithokozisa ukuze ukunquma ngokunembile esiphezulu kwekhabhoni kuvunyelwe (MPE) ezihlobene izitshalo zezimboni usebenzisa idatha ethile ukubala lokuhlushwa angaphandle izinto emkhathini.

Setha ukubaluleka ejwayelekile, ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikela imvelo emoyeni kusukela izinto imvelo eziyingozi ukhiphe emkhathini - a esiphezulu ekushayweni kuvunyelwe: ivolumu ukungcola per unit isikhathi (njalo ukusilaphazeka emthonjeni owodwa). I ngokweqile yenani siqondiso okweqa MPC imvelo ezungeze imbangela yokungcola, okuholela imiphumela emibi kakhulu endaweni ezungezile, futhi impilo labantu, baphile khona.

umthetho

Umthamo "Ukuvikelwa umkhathi" ibhalwe umsebenzi owenziwayo yinhloko yomnyango inhlangano, kukhona futhi wenza iziphakamiso ngokuthi yini okufanele esiphezulu ekushayweni kuvunyelwe ukungcola emkhathini (MPE) kanye NE - kwekhabhoni bavumelana okwesikhashana - ngenxa yebhizinisi. Ngo "Isikhathi inqubo ukuzinza" libonisa isakhiwo sale ncwadi.

Wonke amazwe anezimboni babe nomthetho wezemvelo, ukuphishekela umgomo nokukhawulela nokungcoliswa umkhathi imvelo. ERussia, uMthetho i- "On Air Ukuvikelwa", okusho presents zokulawula MPE izinkomba, MPC kanye ENE (okwesikhashana bavumelana) izidakamizwa eziyingozi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokwenza, ukuvikela umcengezi emoyeni, ngokusekelwe imiphumela izilinganiso.

Khona-ke, lo okuq yezibalo (Ifomu №2-tp - emoyeni), kusetshenziswa okungu kubalwa, elibonisa esiphezulu kwekhabhoni avumelekile izinto eziyingozi. Kuyinto ingxenye ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umsebenzi zokukhiqiza futhi kuqinisekisa umnqopho unswinyo kwezimali - izinkokhelo kwekhabhoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunesidingo ezanele futhi enengqondo izindleko utshalomali ukuphila ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko zemvelo esikhathini esizayo, unikezwa imigomo sezenhlalo nesezimali zokukhiqiza.

izinyathelo ekhona ukuze kuvikeleke ubumsulwa emoyeni

Ngayinye ibhizinisi yokusebenza iphrojekthi athuthukile kwekhabhoni esiphezulu avumelekile ukungcola. Lokhu kudinga ukuba izinyathelo kuqinisekise ukulahlwa samafutha angcolile, enifeza isitifiketi emvelweni amabhizinisi, kanye eziyinkimbinkimbi geo-wezocwaningo indawo umkhiqizo kawoyela kanye zonke izindawo ithonya amabhizinisi of umkhiqizo kawoyela.

Uma kuhlelelwa entsha bese kabusha ekhona amabhizinisi, ngamunye wabo, uhlaka esiphezulu kwekhabhoni kuvunyelwe izidakamizwa eziyingozi. umqondo MPC kulezi amazinga sivezwe njengoba ngokwesilinganiso lokuhlala kuvunyelwe (SDK), okuyinto ezingaba yizizathu ivolumu kwekhabhoni esiphezulu avumelekile isotopes enemisebe, isib, ku imvelo.

MPC nenhlabathi

kwekhabhoni Maximum avumelekile ezingcolisayo enhlabathini kunzima kakhulu ukusungula. inhlabathi imvelo esingaphansi mobile ngaphandle kwamanzi futhi emkhathini, ngakho ekuqongeleleni zamakhemikhali engena enhlabathini, kukhona isikhathi eside.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isici main sokunquma MPE ukuze ibhizinisi noma iqembu amabhizinisi, siphathelene isikhathi ukusebenza adingekayo ekuqongeleleni kwekhabhoni ezingeni MAC. Nokho, inhlabathi inqubo njalo asebenzayo microbiological, lapho kwenzeke izinqubo zemvelo namakhemikhali ukuthi uguqule kwamagciwane engena enhlabathini, futhi ukujula isiqondiso akuyona kuphela kunqunywa.

indlela ehlukile

Ngokuphathelene okusalungiswa esiphezulu ekushayweni (MPE) kuvunyelwe, ihlelwe kuphela ukungcola kwekhabhoni zingalawulwa nalo, futhi senziwa ukuze luhambisane ndawo. Emission division zibe uhlelekile futhi angahlelekile kudinga indlela ezahlukene ezimali kanye nokulawula.

Ngokwesibonelo, okushukumiwe entsha igesi bafudumale system ngisho indawo izinhlelo ekhona ezisebenza ngamanzi ashisayo noma isitimu futhi ephephile imvelo. Amandla omlilo Igesi yemvelo inikeza nitrogen oxides ne-carbon monoxide. Ngisho nasezimweni ezikhululekile kungenzeka gaseous fuel esivuthayo ezikhona kulo esiphezulu kwekhabhoni kuvunyelwe.

Futhi, isibonelo, izitshalo chemical ngokuvamile sehluleke lokuhlushwa kwekhabhoni ukungcola. Wabe esethula izigaba yokunciphisa intuthu engcolisa umoya, ngamunye ngempela efakwe esihlelwe okwesikhashana (UTC). Lezi kwekhabhoni kumele athobele izinkomba ejwayelekile yokutholwa amabhizinisi sinekhono efanayo.

Ukuhlolwa imiphumela avele umbiko ngamunye njalo ngekota yonyaka. Ubani owabeka esiphezulu kwekhabhoni kuvumelekile? Kukhona ezifana inhlangano - Goskomgidromet, okuyinto wonke ihluzo namazinga okuqukethwe izinto eziyingozi komoya izimboni.

Empilweni yomphakathi unogada

izimo inhlanzeko Jwayelekile ekukhiqizeni izindawo futhi insimu yonke ibhizinisi, kanye nemizana ukuvumela okuqukethwe izinto ezilimazayo, ingeqi ezibekiweko esiphezulu kwekhabhoni kuvunyelwe. Ukuze ukuhambisana nemigomo ne MPC futhi kuwumsebenzi we esiphezulu kwekhabhoni kuvunyelwe inkampani ngayinye kanye nokusetshenziswa ngayinye.

Kukhona umthetho Russian Federation: "Ukuvikelwa Environmental", "Epidemiological nempilo inhlalakahle sabantu" futhi "Ukuvikelwa Air", owawuthi amagesi nokuphuma esithweni sobulili compounds eziyingozi, imfucuza Kwenziwa kuphela ngesisekelo ukugunyazwa, okuyinto ekhishwa ekhethekile ogunyaziwe zikahulumeni. Ukulungiswa uyakucabangela konke MPE futhi MPD (kwekhabhoni nokuphuma esithweni sobulili), kanye nezinye izifo eziyinkinga kakhulu esimweni sengqondo ngokucophelela endaweni nasezimpilweni zabantu.

Imigomo kwakha luhlaka

Noma yimuphi inkampani has ngisho komthombo kwekhabhoni eziyingozi kufanele kube Okusalungiswa MPE. Lo mbhalo Uma imboni encane ekhiqiza oyedwa wavuma ukubhema noshimula kuphoqelekile ukusebenza zalesi sihlahla. Umthetho kwezemvelo Russian Federation ulawula isidingo iphrojekthi enjalo.

Ubuningi ekushayweni kuvunyelwe ibuyekezwa njalo eminyakeni 5, kanye project usebenza ngokuqinile ngaphakathi kulesi sikhathi. nemibandela ekhethekile kungase kunqume i wokubuyekeza ngaphambili we MPE. Ngokwesibonelo:

• isimo emvelweni endaweni ishintshile;
• inani imithombo kwekhabhoni ishintshile: kukhona entsha noma ekhona isusiwe;
• ukushintsha ka uhlelo ukukhiqiza ibhizinisi futhi silisebenzise ubuchwepheshe ishintshile.

Uma engahlonishwa izindinganiso, inkampani kuyodingeka bakhokhe noma yini singaphezu kobude kwekhabhoni ovumelekile. Ukuthuthukiswa imikhawulo okusalungiswa ekushayweni, lo msebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eziyinselele, njalo eyenziwa abaqeqeshiwe.

Kutfutfukiswa MPE

izici temkhakha okulandelayo:

• Zonke utholakala njengengxenye into wadalula ekushayweni imithombo yokusungula. Ihlanganiswe uhlu yonke imithombo ala makhemikhali sasikhipha.
• izindleko Kuvunyiwe kanye nesikhathi. Isivumelwano umklamo kanye nokudidiyela MPE.
• MPE msebenzi evunyiwe ezinkantolo zamazwe.
• Ukulungiselela manje evumela for the esiphezulu kwekhabhoni ovumelekile.

Lo mcimbi akuyona kuphela eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa futhi unesibopho kakhulu. Endabeni-non-ukusebenza noma ukusebenza engafanele ukuthuthukiswa ivolumu MPE, inkampani kuncike esiqinile isibopho sezomthetho zokuphatha: it is besongelwa ngokuthi bazohlawuliswa esindayo ngisho ukumiswa sezinsuku kuze kube ayisishiyagalolunye.

Inventory ka ekushayweni imithombo (iphuzu lokuqala eliyisisekelo) linemigomo ezilandelayo:

• Ukuthola nokunokwethenjelwa amarekhodi azo zonke imithombo ukungcola endaweni yebhizinisi indawo;
• Ibeka imithombo, ivolumu kanye nokwakheka kwekhabhoni;
• ngenzuzo ezimali izinto eziyingozi (ezingcolisayo) emvelweni.

Okuqukethwe MPE iphrojekthi

Izincomo mayelana ekwakhiweni MPE design amabhizinisi ukunquma nokwakheka Yakha phrojekthi. Lokhu kumele kufakwe saziso izigaba ezilandelayo.

1. Abstract.
2. Isingeniso.
3. Ulwazi mayelana ibhizinisi.
4. Izici Zabantu ibhizinisi ngokuya umthombo ozungeze umhlaba wethu.
5. Umkhiqizo sibalo kanye nokuzimisela MPE main.
6. Uhlu izinyathelo ukuze alawule emkhathini, uma izimo sezulu kukhona okungekuhle.
7. Ukusungulwa ukulawula ukuqaliswa namazinga e-ibhizinisi.

Amaphepha adingekayo ukuthuthukiswa VAP phrojekthi:

• Kunikezwe imininingwane kafushane phezu ukukhiqizwa, isakhiwo kanye nabasebenzi ibhizinisi, uchaza imisebenzi kanye izici zonke izinto (kokubili ukukhiqizwa futhi commercial ukuhlukana, neminyango, izigaba, amaqembu, iminyango, amahhovisi, izindawo, izakhiwo, kanye nokunye).
• Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe lenkampani. Izinkampani ikhadi wesifunda, kanye ilungiselelo ikhadi wesifunda nesimo.
• Isitifiketi sokubhaliswa isimo esemthethweni.
• Ubufakazi ubunikazi bezwe, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, noma zokuqashwa konke.
• isitifiketi Expenditure izinto zokusetshenziswa ngonyaka.
• Uhlu inqubo imishini.
• incazelo eningiliziwe yonke inqubo.
• Ulwazi mayelana khona PSU (uthuli izihlungi), ikhophi ipasipoti phezu CCP, nokwenza kwayo, njalo njalo.
• Isikimu HVAC uhlelo ngedatha olunembile mayelana ukuphakama diameters amapayipi, isitembu abalandeli kanye umkhiqizo wabo, inani amahora okusebenza ngelanga nokunye.
• Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa mayelana izimoto kwi-balance sheet lenkampani, ecacisa inombolo, ibanga, kanye nezindawo zabo yokupaka noma isitoreji izindawo yesondlo yabo futhi ukulungisa.
• izitifiketi Ukufaneleka lemfundo kwemvelo banesibopho imvelo ibhizinisi.
• Ngaphambi kwekhabhoni iphrojekthi (uma inkampani is hhayi elalisanda kumiswa).

Ukubalwa MPE

Ukubala MPE has amafomula ezivamile ezifanele. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi MPE ifakiwe, udinga ukwazi izici eziyinhloko agcwele ukuhlakazeka kwekhabhoni:

• Climate nezici asemkhathini;
• imithombo ukungcola ekushayweni;
• landscape kanye nezici zayo;
• Physico-chemical izici kwekhabhoni;
• ububanzi imilomo amapayipi;
• ibanga imilomo amapayipi lisemhlabathini.

isilawuli iziqondiso

Monitoring kuhambisana idatha manje zonke MPE - omunye izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu lo msebenzi. Lesi sigaba kungenziwa ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: ukulawula imithombo ukungcola ngqo MPE nokulawula komngcele endaweni yokuhlala eliseduze.

Bakha MPE iphrojekthi ongoti abaqeqeshiwe abanolwazi amabhizinisi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, okuzokwenza ikhumbule zonke iziqondiso osungulwe futhi wenze zonke izigaba yephrojekthi kahle.

Ngakho, ukulawula wenziwa imiphumela emibi imisebenzi - kwezomnotho noma ngenye - ngabanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho ensimini eseduze ibhizinisi, kanye umoya namanzi, kuhlanganise komhlaba. Futhi iphrojekthi uyakucabangela lokhu esiphezulu amazinga ekushayweni kuvunyelwe Yiqiniso, azifani.

Ukutjheja kanye zenzelwe ekuzuzweni kwemiPhumela esiphezulu okusalungiswa kwekhabhoni kuvunyelwe kungaba kwenziwe nge ibhizinisi uqobo kanye nokulawula ayo ukukhiqiza, kodwa okuningi ephephile ngokuvamile ukuphathisa ukuze uMnyango Rosprirodnadzor, okuyinto ayisebenzisa ngayo ukulawula isimo.

kusebentisana iphrojekthi

Ukudidiyela iphrojekthi ukuba ngomumo Rospotrebnadzor nezinye izimo eziningi. Izinyathelo ngale ndlela zimi kanje:

• saziso uchwepheshe imibono MPE kwiphrojekthi abafanele zikahulumeni;
• Ukuthola esiphethweni sanitary epidemiological Rospotrebnadzor;
• luhlolo nokuvunywa imikhawulo okusalungiswa ekushayweni Rosprirodnadzor.

Kanjalo akulungele wahlangana amazinga esiphezulu kwekhabhoni avumelekile izinto eziyingozi emhlabathini, amanzi kanye nomoya. Njalo inkampani - Umthombo umile ukungcola okunjalo. MPE iphrojekthi leyo ezosebenzela kahle kuphela uma ikhumbule zonke amazinga obuchwepheshe, kanye nokungcoliswa ingemuva, ngeke lidlule zokunakekelwa kwemvelo nokungokwempilo, angeke amukelwe imithwalo ezibucayi wonke isimiso semvelo we ndawo.