Triticale - kuyini? Ukwahlukanisa futhi ewusizo izakhiwo

Lesitshalo nezinhlobonhlobo okusanhlamvu emhlabeni ukuboniswa omningi. Breeding umsebenzi ngala izitshalo ezibalulekile kuyinto eqhubekayo. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo wathola ukunakwa okukhethekile muva ufanelwe Triticale. Yini-ke oyikho nalokho isetshenziswa izitshalo, zonke idingidwa kulesi sihloko.

Nasi theory

Phuma kakolweni rye hybrid ihlanganisa izinzuzo zombili lezi izitshalo, izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zazama kusukela ngekhulu le-19. Nokho, ngeshwa, sikwenze isikhathi eside kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya. Isizathu sisobala. Iqiniso liwukuthi phakathi chromosome likakolweni rye engekho ngokuphelele relatedness zofuzo.

I hybrid lokuqala ezimbili izinhlobo zokusanhlamvu kwatholwa Ukunqamula ezivamile Adalberto isikhathi eside - Nokho, ngo-1875, isiko etholakala kwaba oyinyumba. Esizukulwaneni yesibili hybrid okuholela omane wajinge wanamatsela ukuba kwezinhlobo umzali. Yiqiniso, kwakungelula nokwenzeka sikhule.

ososayensi inhlanhla

With ukuthuthukiswa ngezakhi futhi zizalela izazi zezinto eziphilayo wakwazi ukuthola lokho ukuletha rye nokolweni nzalo evundile can kuphela kabili-chromosomes e isizukulwane sokuqala. Ngesikhathi kulungiselelwa lezi idatha yesayensi kule zokusanhlamvu, Isimanga siwukuthi, lase likhona kakade. Ubethula ezifuywa usosayensi German V Rimpau ngo-1888. I kabili chromosome ku hybrid etholwe kwenzeka angesabi.

Lona Umugqa wokuqala isiko elisha nge azifani okwalandela kwanda amapulazi engaphezu kweyikhulu. Ngomqondo onabile, kuba yena ukuthi impendulo yombuzo Triticale - kuyini? Lena igama engajwayelekile uhlobo olusha wokudla awuzange ekhethwe ithuba. Kwathi ingxenye yokuqala amagama Latin kakolweni (Triti) kanye nesesibili ingxenye - rye (Cale).

ngezigaba

Okwamanje, umsebenzi Ukukhetha nge Triticale (isithombe lokhu isiko kungabonwa ekhasini) iqhutshwa izinkomba ezimbili eziyinhloko. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zithi ekuthuthukiseni:

• ukondla grade;
• okusanhlamvu.

Izinhlobonhlobo lokuqala Triticale esekhulile ngesikhathi sokulima nangokuvuna bese mowed okuphakelayo oluhlaza futhi silage. Isici esiphawulekayo lezi izinhlobo mude.

Ukuhlanza okusanhlamvu zinhlobo Triticale kwenziwe ripeness ubisi-wax. Ukuvuna okuholela uthunyelwa ngokwezinga elikhulu ku izinkampani abathintekayo emsebenzini wokukhiqiza okuphakelayo izilwane zasemapulazini.

Ububanzi

Yiqiniso, nemfuyo akuyona kuphela indawo emnothweni, esetshenziselwa Triticale. Kuyini thina atholakala. Lona uhlobo ngokuyinhloko entsha kokusanhlamvu, esebenza Yiqiniso, kungenzeka ukwenziwa ufulawa. Ngakho-ke, enye indawo yomnotho, okuyinto kabanzi Triticale, kuyinto embonini yezokudla.

Isikhathi esining impela le ufulawa isiko isetshenziswa, isibonelo, njengenhlangano okufakiwe bayobhaka isinkwa kakolweni. Ukusetshenziswa Its kungandisa iphesenti ngoba aqukethe amaprotheni amaningi e-product yakho yokugcina. Futhi, ufulawa Triticale, libhekene izakhiwo ezithile, ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa embonini confectionery. Ngenxa yokuthi kuba kakhulu izinga gluten, ekhiqizwa kuwo kukhona Muffin ezinhle kakhulu, amakhekhe ophaya.

Ngaphandle imikhiqizo siphelile ukunambitheka omuhle kakhulu futhi wokuqukethwe lelisetulu amaprotheni kalula digestible, ufulawa Triticale futhi unenye inzuzo ebaluleke. Isinkwa, amakhekhe, ehla njalo njalo. E., Baked ukusebenzisa kwayo isikhathi eside lukhuni.

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu kabanzi wokusanhlamvu isiko kanye embonini yokuphisa lesi siphuzo. Malt uzilungiselele therefrom has a umsebenzi okusezingeni eliphezulu enzymatic. ngaleyo ndlela Tritikalevoe wort kuyahluka umbala kancane mnyama ngaphezu ibhali, futhi ubhiya etholwe therefrom kancane strong.

Izici kulinywe

Naphezu kwesibalo enkulu izakhiwo ewusizo, ukuqashelwa yezimboni "ukolweni" ongamaKristu eqiniso Triticale wathola muva nje. Ngokokuqala ngqá lolu hlobo ensimini yamabele yatshalwa kuphela 1970 e-Canada, e-US nase Hungary. Ngo-USSR, Triticale olwaqala 1976 (e-Ukraine).

Ngeshwa, uhlelo yokwazisa yaleli kwezitshalo kwemikhiqizo yezolimo namanje kancanekancane. Izizathu ochwepheshe ukubona ikakhulukazi obuthile kulinywe yaleli kwezitshalo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene aklaba Triticale izinhlobo.

On silage lokhu sika uhlobo at the stage of sokulima - okungukuthi, lapho namanje kakhulu. Lapho ukuvuthwa ubisi-wax zesiko bekulokhu stem eliphezulu kakhulu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela afake. Futhi ngakho ukuqoqa imbewu Triticale kunzima kakhulu abalimi. abasebenzi Agricultural kufanele zithole iskhitryatsya nokutshala ezibonakalayo, usebenzisa, izindlela ezikhethekile ngobuchwepheshe kubenzima.

Cereal zalesi isiko njengendlela ukuqashelwa okukhethekile angakawamukeli. Kulokhu, udaba ngokuyinhloko conservatism futhi ingxenye ethile abalimi okungabi nalwazi Russian. Abalimi nje ungazizwa isifiso sikhule Triticale. Lokho kuyinto Yiqiniso, bayazi. Nokho, kule ndawo namanje abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isizukulwane sesibili ihlukaniselwe amafomu Triticale sabazali. Iqiniso lokuthi lokhu kwezitshalo zikhala rye evame kakhulu nokolweni ifomu okumsulwa.

Nokho, ukuhlukana, noma ngisho ne sabazali pereopylilis okusanhlamvu Triticale abakwazi nge ncazelo. Rye nokolweni emasimini ayo sikhule kuphela ngenxa kuhlangana lokutshala impahla lapho wokuhlanza. Ukuze uvimbele lokhu ukuthi kwenzeke, umane ukuhlanganisa kahle bahlanza ngaphambi kokutshala.

Izinzuzo Triticale

Inani lale wokudla izinhlobo ezintsha amanga ikakhulukazi iqiniso ukuthi ihlanganisa izimfanelo best of izitshalo ezifana ukolweni rye. Triticale kusukela ifomu umzali lokuqala "wathatha" ezahlukene okusanhlamvu izici, futhi ngosuku lwesibili - hardiness ebusika futhi lula yesondlo. Kuleli yezilimo, sibonga eziningi-akujabulela (njenge kakolweni) kanye tillering (njengaku rye), luphakeme zombili lezi zinhlobo sabazali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Triticale inzuzo zihlanganisa:

• uhlelo impande evuthiwe;
• ikhono self-impova.

It has lokhu isiko kanye esinye isici ezithakazelisayo. It zingatshalwa ezindaweni ngezinga kahle eliphezulu zalesi sithako. Isizathu sisobala. Iqiniso lokuthi Triticale neze ithatha kusukela radionuclides inhlabathi.

izakhiwo awusizo

Ukuze ukhule lokhu kwezitshalo ekuphakelweni nokudla umkhakha kungcono okokuqala ngenxa okuqukethwe kwayo okusezingeni eliphezulu amaprotheni. Ngalokhu inkomba Triticale okusanhlamvu kakolweni idlule 9.5%, nebhali, corn - 40%. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, iprotheni balolusiko Kuhle kakhulu acid acid kwengoma.

Ngaphandle izinga amaprotheni tritikalevaya ufulawa yakhiwa microelements ewusizo ezifana potassium, i-phosphorus, ithusi, manganese, njll Futhi, kuhlanganisa Vitamin PP iqembu B, E. zokudla izakhiwo ufulawa kwenza kube umkhiqizo ofanele kakhulu asebekhulile, umsubathi zonke ababeyisebenzisa ukuze ubuke sibalo sakhe.

Baking lo mkhiqizo ewusizo ingasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela umkhakha kodwa futhi ekhaya. Omama abaningi abasemakhaya uqaphela iqiniso lokuthi amakhekhe, Muffin, amakhekhe amabhisikidi kusukela ufulawa etholwe tritikalevoy aluhlaza okungaphezu kakolweni evamile. Yiqiniso, ungakwazi kuhhavini kwalo mkhiqizo semi isiqediwe futhi scones okuzenzela noma isinkwa. Isici esiphawulekayo ngale mikhiqizo kuyinto ukunambitheka emnandi elimnandi imvuthuluka. Kodwa uqweqwe kusuka isinkwa kafulawa tritikalevoy ujikela kancane okwe aqhephukile. Ngakho-ke, zonke amaswidi baking kaningi umkhiqizo isetshenziswa.

Sebenzisa kwezolimo

Fed okusanhlamvu Triticale ikakhulukazi izingulube nezinkukhu. Yaqala yokuthi esikhundleni 40% okuphakelayo kwabo okuvamile kwandisa isisindo somzimba, isibonelo, nezingulube 18-30%. Kusukela Triticale indlebe iqala ngempela sekwephuzile, kungenzeka ukuvimba "ifasitela" phakathi kokusika rye ebusika futhi utshani zisetshenziswa.

Izinzuzo lokhu izinhlobo zokudla, phakathi kwezinye izinto, zihlanganisa yokuthi yena sidliwe yizilwane ipulazi ingcono kakhulu rye nokolweni. Lokhu kuchazwe ngokuyinhloko okusezingeni eliphezulu amabele kanye oluhlaza mass Triticale izinto ezifana carotenoid futhi ushukela.

Ngezinye izikhathi beveled ngesinyathelo sokulima Triticale futhi wasebenzisa ukondla izinkomo. Kuvumela ukwandisa ubisi isivuno by 15-17%. Kukholakala ukuthi ukubaluleka ethile kokudla kwezilwane kuqoqwa emasimini, lapho isivuno esekhulile kanyekanye ne vetch noma ukudlwengula. Le ndlela ukutshalwa ivumela ukuthola kahle olinganiselayo ngokuya okuqukethwe amaprotheni, amavithamini kanye ukulandelela izakhi okuphakelayo.

Triticale: izinhlobo isikhule eRussia nase-Ukraine

Kuyoze kube phakade ukutshalwa lokhu isiko entsha ahoxiswa eziningana izinhlobo zalo eliphezulu ukuhoxa. To the best zihlanganisa:

• Isifunda sikamasipala waseMajuba 8 nengu-11.
• Kiev zernokormovoe.
• Kiev kwesikhathi.
• Valentin 90.
• Neziphepho.
• Zenith Odessa.

Futhi okudume kakhulu ebusika Triticale kuyinto maphakathi-grade Papasuevskoe ubude, lapho a ukumelana nokufaka kuzamazamisa. Thola imbewu izinhlobonhlobo ezidumile Triticale namhlanje elula kuya ku-intanethi. Bathi ume mayelana 16-18 p. kilogram per.