Syntax. Basic-syntax amayunithi. ukuxhumana-syntax

Njalo ulimi, ezihlanganisa isi-Russian, iqukethe inqwaba amazwi. Kodwa lezi amayunithi ngokolimi Angiqondile lutho ngaphandle imvume efanele. Futhi nanku uza ukusiza-syntax. lisisakhiwo kwemavi nje obhekene ubudlelwane phakathi kwezakhi zolimi kwamagama nemisho ezakha inkulumo yomuntu, ezibhaliwe futhi ngomlomo. Ulwazi ngolimi yaleli gatsha ebalulekile isayensi kuzosiza kahle futhi ngokuphumelelayo akhiphe imibono yabo. I-syntax ohlelweni ulimi,-syntax eziyisisekelo futhi amayunithi sichaziwe ngezansi.

Syntax - isigaba esikhethekile ulimi isayensi

Ukwakheka izakhi syntactical, ukubaluleka kanye nokuxhumana izifundo kwesigaba yabo lolimi enesihloko esithi "I-syntax." Lena izwi Lokudabuka lesiGreki elisho 'umdwebo' noma 'ukwakhiwa'. Ngakho, isigaba ihlola indlela kusuka lonke iqoqo lamagama ukwakha iyunithi eyisisekelo-syntax - ibinzana kanye nesigwebo. Uma le ngxenye luhlelo lolufundvwe ezingeni elifanele, kuyoba anokuhambisana, okunengqondo futhi ezihlukahlukene.

It is kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa syntax zokuloba. Kuyinto uhlelo imithetho elawula ekwakhiweni zokuloba. Asiza ukwehlukana umbhalo ku imisho kanye ngokunengqondo batihlele amayunithi syntactic.

unit main

lisisakhiwo-syntax - lesi sigamu umusho. Ngamunye wabo has izici zayo siqu futhi injongo. Futhi wabhekisela amayunithi yombhalo-syntax nobunye eziyinkimbinkimbi syntactic.

Sibheka yiziphi lisisakhiwo-syntax. Ithebula kuyosiza kule.

collocation	sipho
Akunamabhuku umsebenzi ofuna ukuxhumana nathi, isetshenziselwa maqondana nemithetho yolimi nendlela semantic yamagama komunye nomunye.	Ubuncane iyunithi yekuchumana ukhonza izocubungulwa ngikhulumile futhi zolimi olubhalwayo. It has predicativity.
	elula	eziyinkimbinkimbi
	Omunye njalo phakathi kwezakhi zolimi	okungumsu amabili phakathi kwezakhi zolimi
Netting, itafula ngokhuni, ukubambezela yonke ukunyakaza, ukugxuma.	I namuhla ihlathi elihle kokuvamile. Yena kabi.	Sengiyazi bahloniphe yabo. Nature kuza ekuphileni: ezinye izindawo ngizwile kakade ukuculwa izinyoni lalindiza ngawo.

uxhumano ongaphansi

Ngakho, sithi lokhu-syntax, iyunithi eyisisekelo-syntax. uxhumano Syntactic futhi ukunquma ukuthi kusetshenziswe kanjani uhlobano phakathi kwabo. Zimbili izinhlobo uxhumano ukuthi Ungaxhuma nomunye amagama ibinzana, izakhi ephambili we sipho: coordinative futhi subordinative.

Lapho sikhuluma singenayo, kusho ukuthi kukhona ithuba ukugqamisa main okuyingxenye, futhi yilowo ongeke encike kuyo. Ngamanye amazwi, lo main - ofuna ukubuza umbuzo, engaphansi - lapho ubekwa.

Ake izibonelo ukwazi (ini?) Isikhathi ngqo. Lapha, igama elithi "ukwazi" kuyoba izwi eyinhloko "isikhathi" - nasekuthengeni.

Angazi ukuthi yini I Uyoletha kusasa. Kube phambi kwethu umusho eziyinkimbinkimbi nge uxhumano okhonzile phakathi izingxenye. Kusukela kuqala - "Ngiyazi" - cela umbuzo okhonzile (ini?) "Leso Uyoletha kimi kusasa."

Izindlela lokuzithoba

uxhumano Ongaphansi yaqaphela ngezindlela eziningana. Lokhu Into ephawuleka kakhulu kule nkulumo.

1. Ukubuyisana: uma uguqula wonke izwi uhlobo amayunithi syntactic, engena ezindlini ngezindlu ke, nazo washintsha. Wicker kubhasikidi; Ababazi bakha bhasikidi Ababazi bakha kubhasikidi. amazwi oncikile kulesi simo kungaba esithi, tiphawulo, ordinals, iziphawulo izabizwana.
2. Ukuphathwa: igama engaphansi uhlala ingashintshiwe, kuyilapho main Ungashintsha uhlobo lolimi. Uchaza landscape - landscape echaza - echaza landscape - landscape kuchazwe. amazwi oncikile: emabito, tento, tiphawulo ezinombolweni ezibalula inani.
3. Junction: ukuxhumana incazelo kuphela. Mina yayimangalisa, enhle kakhulu, ngahamba ngayosebenza. Lapha, njengoba kuyoba zonke izingxenye engaphansi EsiZulwini asinayo yokukhuluma.

isibopho coordinative

Ngokungafani kuhanjiswa, isibopho coordinative ijoyina izingxenye ngokuphelele alinganayo. Kungaba inhlanganisela njengoba eqondile amazwi: izimbali kanye notshani, futhi wayejabule, futhi izingxenye ingxenye yesigaba sokubhekela izimo umusho lolukhuni: "Umgwaqo ngokushesha kudamba, kodwa lendlu wawuyizingalo ukukhathazeka okukhulayo."

Lapha siqokomisa izwi ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ebucayi, semthethweni lo buviyoviyo ubuhlobo noma ukusetshenziswa wokuxhumanisa tihlanganiso. Qhathanisa: "Wayelethwa ngokungathi okhalayo, akekho oqaphelile - wayekhamuluka.". Esimweni sokuqala, kuphela buviyoviyo lesibili - futhi Union (elihlangana coordinative).

Umusho. Nazi izinhlobo imishwana

Ngakho, liye ezichazwe ngenhla, ukuthi kukhona iyunithi eyisisekelo-syntax. Lamagama - ephansi wabo. Siqukethe amagama amabili noma ngaphezulu ngokwencazelo yaleli exhunyiwe, ngokohlelo lolimi noma buviyoviyo. Ngamnyama nemishwana iziphakamiso ngoba ziyingxenye kubo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngendlela elandelayo: Emgwaqweni drizzles Ukukhemezela.

1. Okokuqala ukunquma ngesisekelo nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Akukhona ibinzana. Imvula drizzles.
2. Ngokulandelayo, ukubuza imibuzo ngale ndaba: emvuleni (ini?) Lesidze.
3. Ngemva kwalokho, ngo-isilandiso: Ukukhemezela (? Lapho) Emgwaqweni.

Ukwahlulela ngalokho tenkhulumo ibizweli liqalisele okubaluleke kakhulu, zonke imishwana zihlukaniswe ukwabelana obhalisiwe (ithebula oki, isivakashi ngasinye uyakwazi ukufunda); Isenzo (ukuthi kunesimo esingabangela ukukhubeka, ukukhuluma ngokucacile) kanye tandziso (kumnandi kusuka khona umgwaqo, endaweni ethile e-esitolo).

imishwana zihlukaniswe elula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ekuqaleni kukhona umbuzo owodwa kuphela: ilanga (? A) egqamile futhi ochichima injabulo. Iyinkimbinkimbi kwande. Qhathanisa: ukufunda (ini?) Log (lutho) nokufunda (okuyinto) kamagazini odumile isayensi. Kusibonelo zokugcina kusukela magazini elithi ubuye abuze indlela yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni okudumile, ngakho inkulumo okunzima.

Gqwa mahhala futhi wonke imishwana. Eyokuqala libhekene yokuthi wonke amazwi ale Ukwakheka kwabo - ilunga eliphelele lomusho. Okwesibili isiphakamiso ongawi ingxenye yayo izingxenye. abafundi ababili kuphela kudlule esimisweni kahle-hle. "Abafundi ababili" kusala umusho, kodwa umusho uba kuncike, ngakho-ke kungaba libhekene iyonke.

Akusona ibinzana

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi imishwana never:

1. Isihloko nesilandiso.
2. izingxenye eyohlobo kwemusho.
3. Isisho (akufanele kudidaniswe wonke imishwana, okuyinto ungomunye incenye yemusho:. 'Odade abathathu, umfana intombazane, nabanye).
4. Inhlanganisela yokukhuluma futhi isevisi ezimele kwenkulumo emini (isabizwana futhi ibizo), kanye, futhi (i-Union kanye isabizwana) ukuthi the ngenalwazi (kuyizinhlayiyana futhi ibizo).
5. amafomu Complex: ngizokwenza ukufunda (esizayo), aphakeme (oluyihaba), ngaphezulu ethule (ngokuqhathanisa) ngikudedele (kuphoqelekile).

Isiphakamiso nezibonakaliso zalo

Sesiyazi ukuthi iyunithi eyisisekelo-syntax - lesi sigamu umusho, kodwa lona okugcinwe ngawo into esemqoka. Ngempela, yiso isiphakamiso sethu: sicabanga wabo kanye nenkulumo, okwenza umbhalo ngalokulingene.

Waphawuleka ngani isiphakamiso njengoba lisisakhiwo-syntax? isisekelo lwetakhi telulwimi - Lena enye inkomba ukuthi iyahlule ibinzana noma isethi lelula amazwi. Lesi sici ubizwa nangokuthi predicativity, ngoba lowo isenzo athwala sibalo engokoqobo noma okungokoqobo okwenzekayo. It is esashiwo isimo sento.

Futhi, isiphakamiso njengoba lisisakhiwo-syntax futhi buviyoviyo libhekene ukuphelela okunengqondo. Lokhu umusho, ukubulawa abanye imicabango ngendaba ingxoxo. Ngeke kudidaniswe ibinzana, ngoba in the sakamuva ukuphelela okunengqondo ingengaakwazi - kungcono nje iqoqo lamagama ngekweluhlelo ezihlobene.

isisekelo lwetakhi telulwimi

isizinda lwetakhi telulwimi elikhona wonke umusho. Lokhu kuyinkomba yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu - izici ezibaluleke kakhulu.

substrate yekwenta kungenziwa umelwe kuncike nesilandiso, futhi ngayinye kuwo ngamunye.

Ngokwesibonelo, lo musho: "Sibone umhlaba eside elindelwe." Kukhona amalungu ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okunye ibhizinisi isiphakamiso kanje: "Kwakungenxa bawumbukwane komhlaba." Lapha, kusukela phansi isilandiso kuphela - kwaba ebonakalayo.

Lokho inani izisekelo isilandiso ikunika isici esibalulekile: isiphakamiso elula phambi kwethu noma ibe yinkimbinkimbi.

Kafushane sihlaziye ilungu ngalinye eliyinhloko. Isihloko usikhombisa into yokukhuluma ebonisa, njengoba ichazwe isiphakamiso. Isilandiso efanayo kusho ukuthi isihloko owenza ukuthi kuyini, pho ubani noma yini kuba. Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu ilungu eyinhloko isakhiwo kanye nencazelo lecondzile nemisho lemagalagala, futhi isenzo bokuzisholo.

Yiziphi iziphakamiso

It inikeza iningi syntax futhi izifundo. Basic-syntax amayunithi zinezikhathi imingcele eminingi.

Kungakhathaliseki inani izisekelo isilandiso ukwaba iziphakamiso ukuze:

1. izitatimende umgomo. Ixhumana nomunye, abantu ungabika amaqiniso athile (imisho declarative) , cela (umbuzo), noma athinteke izinhliziyo noma yisiphi isenzo (causative). Ekupheleni amayunithi syntactic ezibekwe ngokulandelana isikhathi, umbuzi, noma tibabato.
2. Umbala Zosizi. Ukwaba kanye nevosklitsatelnye umusho yisibabazo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi wangaphambili kungase kungabi isisusa kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, lo musho: Yeka isimo engenangqondo! Thina elichaza ke njengoba i-eseyi lelandzisako, kodwa yisibabazo. Zonke iphutha kuyizinhlayiyana eyisibonelo ukuthi zincoma.

Izici imisho lecondzile

imisho elula - iyunithi eyisisekelo-syntax. Kafushane uhlaziye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu.

1. Omunye-ucezu noma enamazinyo amabili. It zizobonisa ngesisekelo nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Uma imelelwa elinye lamalungu - ngeke anikele elilodwa-piece. Kungenjalo,-okuyingxenye ezimbili. Uma isiphakamiso kuphela esihlokweni noma isilandiso, kuzomele ucacise uhlobo lwayo (fixed noma nanini-siqu, engenabuntu noma denominative).
2. Common noma cha. amalungu Secondary banesibopho lesi sici. Uma kukhona okungenani omunye wabo - isiphakamiso esivamile.
3. Qedela noma olungaphelele. Isici sokugcina yokukhuluma ngomlomo: bona kweqiwe noma yiliphi ilungu. Ngakho, ukwakha uchungechunge okunengqondo ngaphandle imisho eduze akunakwenzeka. Ngokwesibonelo: "Ingabe ufunda incwadi?" - "Cha, umagazini". Impendulo yalo mbuzo umusho akuphelele.
4. Umusho elula angadida. Futhi lingomunye zezici zalo. Ngenxa izakhi nzima amalungu ahlukene secondary, kokubili ezivamile futhi kukhona futhi design iyunifomu, Amazwi okuvula, ukwelashwa.

Ukunikezwa elula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi

zahlukahlukene kakhulu-syntax Russian. amayunithi Basic syntactic - ilula futhi imisho lemagalagala. Ake baqonde umahluko phakathi kwabo.

Uma iyunithi syntactic nsuku kolimi, kungaba umusho olula. Namuhla kuyinto ivunguze enamandla kakhulu. Izimpawu isiphakamiso esinjalo kuzoya ngokuvumelana uhlelo ethulwa ngenhla.

Kukhona amacala lapho iyunithi le-syntax siqukethe ezilula ezimbalwa. Khona-ke kuyoba isiphakamiso olukhohlisayo.

nzima kakhulu-ke kokubili ukuze nikwazi ukwahlukanisa imisho lelula nge isilandiso eyohlobo kusukela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lapha kubalulekile ukuba sibukisise kahle le ndaba. Uma kuyinto enye, ukwenza izenzo ezihlukahlukene, isiphakamiso kuyoba elula. Ake sicabangele izibonelo:

"Bahamba emigwaqweni edolobheni futhi babejabulela inkululeko oluseBhayibhelini ayesanda kuluthola." - "Bahamba emigwaqweni edolobheni, futhi inkululeko wathola wabanika amandla." Isiphakamiso wokuqala ilula. Yinye kuphela ngesisekelo yekwenta ka nzima isilandiso eyohlobo: behamba wayekujabulela. Isiphakamiso Esesibili kwakuyoba nzima ngoba izisekelo lolimi ezimbili: behamba inkululeko enamathiselwe.

Izinhlobo izibopho e imisho lemagalagala

Njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, i-basic-syntax amayunithi iziphakamiso. Uma sikhuluma isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwesici ebaluleke kakhulu uhlobo uxhumano phakathi izingxenye. Lesi senzakalo zihilelekile syntax. Basic-syntax amayunithi, imisho kuyinkimbinkimbi kungafaka izingxenye kwakuwukuthi kanye nokudidiyela ezihlobene. Kuye lokhu, kukhona ukushiyana kwezidalwa ngesikhundla slozhnosochinennye nemisho eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ake sihlole uhlobo ngalunye ngokuningiliziwe. izingxenye ingxenye imishombici kukhona okulingana. Lokhu ukulingana ibanika ekhethekile, isibopho coordinative. Lubonakaliswa yokuthi ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha imisho ka tihlanganiso wokuxhumanisa. Ngakho, umbuzo imisho lelula kwenye akunakwenzeka.

Isibonelo: "Ngifuna ukubuyela konke emuva, kodwa into evimbela kwami njalo." Lo mnikelo slozhnosochinennoe ivame ukuhlotshaniswa adversative Union kodwa.

Kuyinto futhi indima wokugcina kumiswa umusho kwakwakhe udlala ithoni: ekupheleni lomusho ngamunye elula wehlela - lichaza ukuphelela okunengqondo.

Inxanxathela ubunye syntactic

Yiziphi ezinye izici kuhlanganisa-syntax Russian? lisisakhiwo-syntax - liphinde imisho lemagalagala. Zakhiwa izakhi, lapho omunye incike nezinye. Okungukuthi, phakathi izingxenye okulula isiphakamiso njalo kubuzwa lo mbuzo: "(? Noma yimuphi). Glade lapho saya wafihlwa emehlweni prying"

Kwasetshenziswa ubuhlobo obunjalo ngokusebenzisa izihlanganiso subordinating futhi buviyoviyo, phansi kuze kube sekupheleni ngayinye imisho lelula.

Ungakhohlwa ukuthi kukhona conjunctionless isixhumanisi. It kubonisa ukuthi abanalo izakhi esisemthethweni phakathi izingxenye, buviyoviyo nje ukuphelela: engakunaki nokubhuza futhi umfula olubilayo; izitsha iqhubu omhlaba wakhe, wayekhathazeke ngokuphepha kwakhe.

Sesihlole ebandakanya-syntax Russian. amayunithi Basic syntactic, unikele umusho ifomu nezinye izakhiwo ngokuthi eziyinkimbinkimbi lonke syntactic. Futhi, yena, kakade edonsa umbhalo. Ngaphakathi kuwo, kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye isici miyalelo, kukhona izibopho njengoba nemithetho yolimi nendlela semantic ngisho esisemthethweni (isb, izinhlangano, ngawo ibhidi okwalandela iqala).

Kuyini ubunye eziyinkimbinkimbi syntactic? Leli qembu iziphakamiso, elula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, zibizwa oxhumene omunye umcondvo lobalulekile. Ngamanye amazwi, lo eziyinkimbinkimbi lonke syntactic - ke mikrotema, lapho iphuzu langaphakathi waphetha. Njengomthetho, ke kukhawulwe abzatsnoy ukuhambisana.

Kukhona amacala lapho umbhalo - lena iyunithi syntactic. Njengomthetho, lawa izindaba ezincane nge lwendaba iDemo.