Russian Chamber: yini futhi ukuthi uwuchaza kanjani lesi simanga?

Noma ubani oye wachitha wawufunda umlando course esikoleni, uyazi welithi "Funky". Kuyini lokhu mkhuba wachaza nje. Leli fomu wasendulo wokukhulekela izindawo ukulawula nomphakathi. Nokho, lolu hlobo ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu Kuyathakazelisa ukuze kubalulekile ukukhuluma ngakho ngokuningiliziwe.

definition

Igama elithi "Chamber" lisuselwa emagameni impande efanayo ezifana "Veda" (okusho ukuthi "ukwazi") futhi "Veda" (ie, "uMkhandlu"). Popular LoMhlangano kwakuwuhlobo oluthile umkhandlu kazwelonke emphakathini tribal, esigcinwe Rus lasendulo futhi ephakathi.

ezifana abumba ingcenye yendlela yokuzibophelela umhlangano ngokuthi intando yeningi ngesiSlavonic, lapho izinsimbi ushayele sikwele, kwafika indoda, futhi lokuvota eqondile evulekile zokunquma ukuthi waba ini isikhulu nambusi ukubeka phezu umuzi wabo, ukulwa lapho izitha futhi ukwenza ukuthula nabo, bakhokhe intela noma isinxephezelo kanye nezinye.

izazi-mlando zanamuhla ngoba ukutadisha uhlobo "Chamber", okungukuthi iqoqo amadoda ihlonishwe empeleni afeze ekuphathweni komphakathi babo indlela nokuwumisa alinganayo.

I imisebenzi ebhekene sikazwelonke

Imibhalo yokuqala Russian kakade ukusho ukuthi lokhu noma lokhuya esenikezwa abakhethwe ukuba babuse ngosizo emphakathini, okuyinto ibhodi okungukuthi isikhulu sikaNkulunkulu esikhethiwe (Nkulunkulu kanye nabantu ukwazi Russian bezilokhu exhumene ngu izibopho eziqinile). Isazi-mlando IJ Froyanov ukholelwa ukuthi wayekhona kulo lonke Old isimo isiRashiya, hhayi kuphela e Novgorod futhi Pskov lokhu uwuhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni.

Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi isiko Chamber sasinamandla kangangokuthi ezithile ombaxambili yayikhona ngesikhathi ijoka Mongol-Tatar, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhulu ezimisiwe Khan iGolden zidlamlilo, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye izikhundla ababekhethiwe proteges Chamber. Ngakho, ukubalekela imithwalo yemfanelo yokuba isikhulu kwaba ukuqoqa intela kwabase-Khan, futhi umthwalo wemfanelo labo abamisiwe umkhandlu, - lokubusa abantu. Kancane kancane, izikhulu wathatha omunye amandla "vechnikov" (aqokwe Chamber of abantu), ukuncintisana nabo, okwaholela ukunganeliseki yezakhamuzi nokwambuka ethandwa.

Wayengubani ilungu Chamber? Funky amasiko

Ngokokulandisa, zize zingene ngisho ohlelweni tribal, e Chamber siqukethe temindeni kanye inhloko ukulethwa. Nokho, kancane kancane, indlela yokwakheka Izingxoxo waqala ukuvelela futhi "uhlanga encane", "mkhulu". Ngemva kwalokho, umbono womuntu "ukulethwa encane" kwanqamuka ukuze kucatshangelwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasiko Veche ziye zasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela enkulu umkhandlu wedolobha, kodwa futhi emgwaqeni encane lapho ukuxazulula udaba ngokucindezela abahlala emgwaqeni futhi izindlu ezimbalwa.

Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi ukufana okukhona phakathi kwezimfuneko lasendulo Russian Chamber namaqoqo efanayo yabadala kuyahlonishwa Europe. Ngokwesibonelo, imihlangano enjalo abangu wayekwenza eNgilandi medieval (babizwa ngokuthi "Witenagemot"), eScandinavia ( "Thing") e Prussia (umhlangano wesihlopha sabadala), njalo njalo.

Old Russian Chamber. Iyini 'intando yeningi yokuqala Russian "?

Ezinye izazi-mlando bakholelwa nawukuthi ngaphansi kwalesi umqondo kusho hhayi kuphela esizwakalayo ngokugcwele izakhamuzi umhlangano bakhangwa umsindo insimbi, kodwa imibuthano futhi sokuvukela abantu abaphendukela kokugumbuqelwa sezikhulu boyars, ngandlela-thile unganelisekile abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile.

Ngakho-ke kuyacaca ukuthi Russian Chamber wakwazi ukubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nge imisebenzi yabo ngenkathi kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo futhi waqala ukuthi liphazamisane ukuthuthukiswa isimo esikhathini yinye yayo. Yingakho ukungathandi kubabusi omkhulu Russian mihlangano futhi kuvinjelwe kubo (izindaba ezaziwa isiphetho esidabukisayo amadolobha amabili Russian - Novgorod futhi Pskov, lapho Veche amasiko babe namandla ngokukhethekile, lena yayiyimizi ngaphansi mikhankaso ingajezisa phezu ingxenye Ivan III, futhi wakhe umzukulu Ivana Groznogo).

Kungani Chamber Old Russian futhi medieval lashabalala?

Zonke mlando uyavuma, owawuthi LoMhlangano Popular lashabalala eRussia Medieval ngenxa yokuthi Azibangisani amandla kokwesikhulu. ifomu okunjalo uhulumeni disadvantageous ezikhulwini ababefuna isimo eyodwa, uzithobe ngaphansi kwegunya yabo. Ngakho-ke, umzabalazo nabangenasihawu ngokumelene mihlangano babe mithi Russian kusukela ngekhulu le-15.

Kulokhu, umkhandlu omncane, ayeya imibuthano efana emiphakathini yasemakhaya ayaqhubeka ekhona ezweni lethu kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngemva kokubhujiswa bendabuko ongumlimi indlela la mafomu seziphelile, kodwa isinyathelo collectivization yesifunda lamaKhomanisi kwathathelwa indawo nokunye.

Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje khona Russian of ukuma kakhulu ifomu Funky intando yeningi siqhubeke lisetshenziswe ukuphathwa yezwe: kukhona uhlelo yokuqokwa ukuqokwa neziphathimandla emaphakathi, esebenza State Duma izidumbu akhethwe wendawo ukuzibusa, ukuze sikwazi ukusho ukuthi "Funky omkhulu" alikakangilahlekeli, namasiko alo bahlala izingqondo kubantu isiRashiya, eduze kwahlanganiswa ne lwemibono wobulungisa iqiniso.