Rituals ze mayelana nokubeletha, abesifazane sishushiswa ngenxa ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka

Zokubeletha - umcimbi ukuthi wonke amalungu omkhaya nokuthumba owesifazane owayezithwele, zilindele yinjabulo. Kodwa kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Umlando bokubeletha ugcwele kokubili izindaba aziwayo futhi eside ukhohliwe of abesifazane nezingane ababengakwazi ukusinda. isikhundla engalungile wengane, sepsis puerperal, nezingane sezifile - kuyinto nje izingozi ezimbalwa elihlobene ne ukuqhubeka uhlanga lwesintu.

Ngokuvamile indima ebalulekile enqubeni engokwemvelo ukudlala imikhuba nezinkolelo-ze. Abaningi babo esikhathini esidlule, nakuba kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba abantu sisaligcina nemikhuba yamasiko, okuyinto Sikude kakhulu isayensi. Namhlanje bakutshele mayelana nengxenye encane emagugu emasiko wezizwe eziningi.

Anglo-Saxon, imicikilisho yokusebenzelana

Anglo-Saxons wancika imithandazo nezigqizo, okuyinto bakhuthazwa nemifanekiso yawo namasiko Christian nezinkolelo. Abesifazane abakhulelwe, ngenxa yokwesaba ukuzalwa nzima, eyenziwa inombolo imicikilisho ethile ezithakazelisayo, ezazihlanganisa ukubandakanywa kokubili kwabaphilayo nabafileyo. Ngokwesibonelo, kwanqunywa ukuba ufunde imithandazo akhethekile angaphezu kuka-ithuna lomufi. Kwakukhona amagama okufanele ukusho, sandise phezu kwelinye nasezihlotsheni zesilisa, ngokuvamile umyeni. Uma owesifazane wayazi ukuthi kwenzekeni ekhulelwe iphephile, kwadingeka ukuya esontweni lendawo futhi phambi kwe-altare ukuze bambonge uJesu ke.

Kodwa kuthiwani uma lokhu akusebenzanga? nabantwana abazalwa sebeshonile babe evamile e-England ephakathi, ngakho-ke sasingekho elalenziwa ekhethekile ezenzelwe ukuvikela izinsana ezishona zizalwa abesifazane esikhathini esizayo. Ukuze ukukhulelwa elilandelayo kuphumelela, lo mama waba ukuthatha ukungcola ethuneni komntwana wakhe, wasisonga indwangu noboya ukuthengisa leli phasela umthengisi. Ngokwemvelo, lesi senzo sihambisana icebo ekhethekile.

Uma owesifazane wazalelwa ukuba nomntwana ophile kahle ekupheleni kwesikhathi nangemuva kokuzalwa komntwana, kwadingeka ukuya esontweni, ephelezelwa abesifazane bashada ubuso bakhe embozwe umgubuzelo. I isiko kuqedile lapho owesifazane othile emmemela emuva kumphakathi isonto umfundisi wendawo.

Abesifazane bejeziswa isono sika-Eva

NgokukaGenesise, abesifazane okufanele babekwe icala ubuhlungu kudingeka zikhuthazelele ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Ngo indaba kweBhayibheli Eva ulingeka apula sika-Adamu emthini wolwazi, nakuba esasenqatshelwe nguNkulunkulu. Ngakho, ngokwemvelo, uNkulunkulu wabajezisa bonke abesifazane "Isiqalekiso Eva" futhi baphoqwa ukuthi athumele abayeni babo kuzo zonke izinto.

ababelethisi IsiZulu Medieval ayethwele eziningi iziphandla, izinsalela, kanye namakhambi aklanyelwe ukuvikela obelethayo, futhi wayazi eziphonsweni ngabe kunciphise umthwalo sesiqalekiso ka-Eva. Zonke le mikhuba bakhuthazwa LamaRoma Katolika.

Ukulwela IziNguquko, ngokwedelela yayo ngoba le nkolelo-ze Katolika, wafuna abuqede lezi zimali, okuyinto kucatshangwa ukuthi induduzo umama ebeletha. Nokho, abaningi ngasese waqhubeka ngazo ukuze bazivikele futhi ingane.

Pliniy Starshy namathiphu yakhe yinqaba

Ezikhathini zasendulo, ukuzalwa kwaba ngendlela emangalisayo okuyingozi, kanye nezinga lokufa kwezinsana omama nezingane wahlala eziphakeme ngokwedlulele. Akumangalisi ukuthi abaningi baye bazama ukuthola izindlela noma ufunde izimfihlo esingenza lula le nqubo. Ngo ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD, Pliniy Starshy ahlinzekwa eziningi izimali ongaziwa futhi ngokuvamile ezinjengendle okwakufanele kubashukumisele kobunzima bokubeletha.

Zazinjani iziyalezo zakhe? Ngokwesibonelo, kululekwa ukubeka sakhe sokunene isidladla kwempisi komama esiswini ukusiza ukuba kokuzalwa komntwana. Kulokhu, akufanele isetshenziswe umlenze ngakwesokunxele, ngakho-ke babehluleka kanjani yena ukubulala owesifazane. Kodwa kuthiwani uma ungeyena eduze izimpisi? Ezimweni ezinjalo, uPliny Kunconywa ukulishintsha ube nentamo isidladla uphaphe noma okungenani isikhumba inyoka. Uma lokuzalwa kwakunzima kakhulu, uPliny belulekwa ukuba agqoke sowesifazane ethangeni inja fresh placenta. Liphinde ezihlongozwayo ukulungisa Potion analgesic, okuyinto sakhiwa ohlwanyela udoti exutshwe isidoda uju, iwayini, ihansi exutshwe namanzi noma uketshezi Ferret kwesibeletho. Lapho umkhaya wakubo kalowo wesifazane kwakufanele athole zonke lezi izingxenye, uPliny akazange achaze.

Okudidayo ukuthi, uPliny amathiphu yimpumelelo phakathi kwabesifazane lapho bebeletha. Kungani? Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo amagciwane ababe kulezi Izingxube, ukusetshenziswa kwabo ukuvumela omama abakhulelwe ukuze ugweme ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, kanye ukugxila kokunakekela impilo yabo, njengoba umthetho, ngaphandle kokushiya ekhaya.

Elixirs kanye potions ukuze kuxazululeke nokubeletha

UPliny ngokuqinisekile akuzange uchwepheshe kuphela emkhakheni wezabasebenzi, okuyinto wagqugquzela iMbokodo ezihlukahlukene potions kanye elixirs. AmaShayina, isibonelo, okudambisa ubuhlungu bokubeletha esetshenziswa opium kanye notshwala, kuyilapho abaseGibhithe yasendulo ukuhogela turpentine zishiswe.

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani Ephakathi, umbelethisi wasebenzisa izindlela "malingcweliswe" ka elixirs ezihlukahlukene, ngokuvamile ehlanganisa iwayini mulled noma ubhiya. Izindlela ezinjalo isetshenziswe kuphela ngesikhathi ukulethwa ngokwayo, kodwa futhi esikhathini kwangemva kokubeletha, owawusuka inyanga. Lezi izindlela yasetshenziswa kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo XIX leminyaka.

Ngo 1853, koroleva Viktoriya aphikelela ukuba ukusetshenziswa chloroform ngesikhathi kokuzalwa komntwana wakhe lesishiyagalombili. Ngakho-ke, uye wethula ukuthambekela zisebenzisa le ndlela ulimaza abameleli impikiswano of ephezulu. Chloroform yayidumile e zokubelethisa kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi yezwe yesibili.

Zokubeletha e Ancient Egypt

Yiqiniso, kusukela ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD, abesifazane abaningi basebenzisa iseluleko "ahlakaniphile" uPliny Omdala, kodwa kuthiwani kwabesifazane abakhulelwe kusukela ngaphezulu yamandulo?

EGibhithe lasendulo, abesifazane esiswini wagcoba nenye liqhakaze futhi ubhiya ntombazane sokubeletha emuva - ibhotela, esetshenziselwa ukupheka inhlanzi, ukugqugquzela lactation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, athathwa wenziwa onkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi.

Zokubeletha eNdiya Basendulo China

ENdiya yasendulo neChina, kukholakala ukuthi uma owesifazane okhulelwe ezungezwe ngezinto ezinhle, ke uzoba nomntwana enhle. Abesifazane abakhulelwe belulekwa ukugqoka izingubo ezibizayo, udle ukudla okumnandi, okwenza art futhi ulalele umculo. Kwabesifazane abakhulelwe, ngisho ihlelwe amakhonsathi ekhethekile, nakuba bengathweswa Kunconywa ukuya kude nasekhaya.

Zokubeletha in Ancient Greece

Ngenhloso yokwenza abantu besifazane kule nkathi kwaba umshado nokuzalwa kwezingane. Ubani ethanda ukuba izingane zesilisa, kodwa isiphetho intombazane kwakuxhomeke isinqumo kababa: wayengathi ukushiya ingane emndenini, noma ukulahla it hamba endaweni ethile yibhece abanye abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukholakala ukuthi kwesibeletho sowesifazane ungakwazi enyuka wonke umzimba, okubangela umkhuhlane ofuna ukuphumela obala, ukuphela kwendlela lapho kwakukhona umuntu ekhulelwe. Phakathi zabasebenzi, abesifazane ezisithekile indima yokwenziwa, njengoba kukholakala ukuthi ingane liphuma esibelethweni ngemizamo yabo. Ukuze uphebeze "neso elibi ', ingane lihlotshiswe iziphandla eyenziwe ubuhlalu okwesibhakabhaka noma garlic.

lechopyra

sepsis Puerperal, noma imfiva puerperal, owesifazane ukuhlupheka izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Lena enye yezimbangela okungenzeka kakhulu sokufa aphathelene nokuzalwa. Lesi sifo kubonakala izinsuku ezintathu emva kokuzalwa futhi kungathinta bonke, abacebile nabampofu. Ngokwesibonelo, kusukela kwangemva kokubeletha sepsis eziningi yafa indodakazi kaShuwa ozithandayo Dzheyn Seymur yamaNgisi uHenry VIII. Izimpawu zalesi sifo bekhethelo imfiva, ubuhlungu babubukhulu kakhulu, ukuquleka, mania, futhi cishe njalo siyabulala.

Kuze Maphakathi nekhulu XIX, odokotela abazange bazi ukuthi kubangela imfiva puerperal. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi sisole kwamathambo okubangelwa yi-sokukhulelwa. Ukuze asindise owesifazane esetshenziswa nomkhuba wokuchitha igazi.

Manje siyazi ukuthi imfiva puerperal kuyinto obenesifo ethunyelwayo, akungabazeki, ngokusebenzisa kabi disinfected izandla ababelethisi nodokotela abangakusiza zithatha ukubeletha amaningi emini.