Periodization yomthetho waseRoma, izigaba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Ukuvela periodization yomthetho waseRoma - imiqondo kokuqala ukutadisha eyala zomthetho, njengoba kwakunjalo komthetho wamaRoma atholwe value jikelele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuba aphume vaults emasikweni abantu omunye ngokuhamba kwesikhathi siguqulelwa iqoqo jikelele kwemithetho zezwe lasendulo. Periodization yomthetho waseRoma likwenza kucace ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani. Yilokho ngakho Kuzoxoxwa.

isikhathi zakudala

Periodization emithonjeni komthetho wamaRoma:

• umthetho Okungabhaliwe.
• amasiko yokhokho namasiko.
• imithetho yenkosi.

Ngo 510, inkosi (rex) kwaketula republic esungulwe ehlanganisa izakhamuzi khulula (civis). Yingakho igama "ilungelo civil", okungukuthi khulula.

isikhathi Predklassichesky: i nokuqoshwa lokuqala

Periodization nokuqoshwa yomthetho waseRoma iqala isethi yokuqala - "Imithetho amathebula 12." Umzabalazo inkululeko plebeians futhi patricians eRoma kwaholela ukukwamukela ukuvela kuka 451 BC. e. imithetho okokuqala eRoma. Yiqiniso, babengazange ngokuqondile ayicabangile, yonke imithetho ibe khona ngaphambili ngesimo amasiko ehlukene, kodwa patricians babe ngokumelene nalo, ngoba bekungaba wawubaphuca kuhlukunyezwa ehlukahlukene emphakathini. Manje bonke ubudlelwano fixed ngokomthetho.

"Imithetho 12 amathebula" okulungiselelwe umsebenzi okhethekile we decemvir, okuyinto iminyaka uye wasebenza phezu kwabo.

Arch emelelwa kunalokho ukuqala kuyinsakavukela okuxubile: impahla, nenqubo, isigebengu ngisho ezinye iziqondiso amaphoyisa. Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, isakhiwo sasisekelwa thematically: ekuqaleni wahamba imithetho nenqubo, ke kwafika uhlu lokuqukethwe ngokuba nemithetho ubuhlobo bomkhaya, ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili - lobugebengu hlinzeka okweshumi ubukhazikhazi kuvinjelwe ngesikhathi emasikweni emingcwabo, okwenza ake sithi zomphakathi wamaRoma kwaba yonke inkinga, futhi t. d.

Lokhu umzimba ezaba isibonelo lekusasa nokuqoshwa wemithetho, njengoba babe banganhlanhlatsi ukucaciseleka.

Periodization yomthetho waseRoma yangasese futhi evela lapha. "Imithetho 12 amathebula" okokuqala waloba yangasese ukuthi avikelekile ngaphansi ubuhlungu nokufa, futhi ibhaliswe ngokomthetho ubugqila.

Periodization yomthetho waseRoma: isethulo kolwazi wezomthetho Pontifical

Pontiffs abapristi kuphela waseRoma, njengoba abantu abaningi becabanga, kunalokho, kuba abameli lokuqala ngokunikeza iseluleko izakhamuzi. Kwakumelwe ifomula kumangala abuye ahumushe umthetho. Ayikho izenzo ngaphandle kwalezo ezibekwe "Amathebula 12", akabanga amandla ngokomthetho.

Pontiffs kwadingeka esinakho ukucaciswa kwezinkambiso zomthetho lwaleli, njengoba yonke amafayela ethempelini Saturn. Babekwazi nokusho ngokomthetho ukucacisa isicelo imithetho futhi amazwi asetshenziswe kule nezinye izimo engamboziwe umthetho. Lokho ngempela kwenziwa umsebenzi amabhodi yesimanje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezweni lethu.

Ukuba Wedwa namajaji

Trial periodization yomthetho waseRoma kuhlehlela emuva 367 BC. e. nge ukwamukelwa yomthetho, umqalisi okwakunzima induna Licinius stolons. Ngokusho kwalo, omunye abameleli ababili (isikhundla eliphakeme) kumelwe manje abakhethiweyo bomhlangano plebeians. Awujabuli patricians elahlekile ayitholwa zabo emandleni eziphakeme embusweni. Ngenxa "induduzo umklomelo" benzile ukudalwa isikhundla esisha yena - the praetor ezisemadolobheni, umsizi abameleli, ngubani ezikhethekile ubulungiswa. Lokhu kusho ukwabiwa yesikhungo uhulumeni omusha - namajaji.

nemisebenzi praetor

Pretor wajabulela negunya elikhulu emzini, walandela ukuphila kwezomnotho, ukuhweba ukuthengiselana, ukuze ubulungiswa.

Yiqiniso, umsebenzi wakhe yayisekelwe imithetho ekhona, kodwa ngokuvamile kakhulu izinqumo zakhe basebephuma ukumelana lawo. Ngezinye izikhathi izahlulelo zethu zingabi zanamuhla aziwona amenable kunoma incazelo. umahluleli ezahlukene namuhla, njengangaleso sikhathi, amacala ezifanayo sinikele izixazululo okuphambene.

Periodization yomthetho waseRoma kuhlanganisa isenzakalo esibalulekile - Hydrangea Mthetho, eyabhalwa ngonyaka 287 BC. e. Ngokusho kwakhe, zonke izinqumo ka nhlolo-vo kumele uthobele yonke izakhamuzi. Kuyinto uhlobo ukukhethwa esiShayamthetho Republic wamaRoma. Manje ngokusemthethweni plebeians kwadingeka ithuba elihle, njengoba ngesinqumo sendikimba omele koba kuboshiwe yibo bonke. Patricia akazange kwadingeka ilungelo lokwenza imithetho. I plebeians kwadingeka amalungelo kanye nezikhundla, ngenxa yokuthi babengavumelani livulekele bonke ebe egcina wedwa ifa izimantshi plebeian.

Ukuvela "amalungelo abantu" kanye nokwabiwa yokugcina amalungelo Bombusi

Periodization yomlando somthetho waseRoma predklassichesky isikhathi avelele kanye ezisetshenziswa umphakathi kwesokudla Bombusi kumiswa amalungelo okuthiwa lezizwe. Rome wahlulwa iCarthage ashaqa lonke elase-Italy, waqala ukuba bandise imingcele yayo emhlabeni wonke. Phoqa uyakwazi kokuma ke kwamakoloni, ke kwakungasekho.

Ngokungafani komthetho wamaRoma - eguquguqukayo, lithathelwe ezingokoqobo entsha. abantu abasha muntu zomthetho ohlelweni, isiko kanye namasiko. Ukuze ahlanganise umhlaba wonke ngaphansi kwemithetho yedolobha kwakungenakwenzeka.

Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, e 242, ukwabiwa esithile esikhethekile sokuphatha Praetor, ukulondoloza ukuthula uhlobano phakathi izakhamuzi zaseRoma futhi Pellegrino (bakwamanye amazwe).

amandla yeKambiso esiphathiswe umahluleli yangasese ngubani kumelwe nifeze inqubo ngokuvumelana ifomula ekhethekile (ngayinye amafomula). Ngaphezu kwalokho amafomula (izinqubo) efakwe edicta okuyinto bamemezele ukuthi, okuyinto ubuhlobo uyovikelwa phakathi okuthunyelwe ePitoli. Ngamanye amazwi, usethe imithetho nenqubo, kanye uhlobo umthetho yesibili ngumuntu othize. I Praetor omusha, izimemezelo wangaphambilini, kodwa wayengase futhi ungadala amasha. Ukulandelana kwaba akudingekile.

Praetor ayikwazanga ukwenza ukungqubuzana ne "Amathebula 12" kanye neminye imithetho ka nhlolo-vo kanye isiGele, kodwa ngisho ukuthuthukiswa yesimanje isimiso somthetho sangaleso likwenza kucace ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba linqume amakhodi wonke amalungiselelo. ndaba somthetho ngasinye - inqubo umuntu umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama yayo. Umthetho wamaRoma nge kungagcini Burrows zomthetho, imithombo okwakukhona kulo "Amathebula 12" nhlolo-vo izixazululo futhi ezinye Senates ayikwazanga zithinta zonke izici zokuphila. isimo Complicated "ilungelo izizwe" ngesikhathi ukunwetshwa kwethonya lamaRoma ngo-kwezinye izindawo.

Konke lokhu wanika bamabutho ithuba lokwenza izinqumo zabo ezikhathini ingxabano impikiswano. Kodwa imithetho empeleni siqu kwakungafanele esisemthethweni. sandulela yeKambiso akubhekwa umthombo komthetho. Konke kwashintsha nge ukwamukelwa koMthetho Ebutsiya engxenyeni II yesibili. BC. e. Wavumela ukuba kube semthethweni imizamo wezomthetho izimantshi zokwahlulela.

Njengoba sekunama-umthetho pretorskogo yaba sesimweni ekuso manje ikhishwa ukuvikelwa yangasese amalungelo endawo, njengoba izikhalazo eziningi ezimantshini zokwahlulela nakubalandeli kwamacala aphathelene nempahla. Kuye-ke kwabelwe a Praetor ekhethekile, ukuze bahlanganyele izingxabano kwezomnotho phakathi izakhamuzi baseRoma nasemasontweni Pellegrino.

Periodization ukuthuthukiswa komthetho wamaRoma kuhlanganisa isinyathelo esibalulekile - ukwamukelwa kwemithetho ngo-August 17 BC. e., ngawo sahoxiswa ukusungula izimemezelo zabo esisemthethweni Praetor omusha ngamunye. Zonke izinqubo babaziwa kanjalo ngaleso obumbene, futhi isimiso somthetho usebhekene ukuhlela kabusha, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, systematization.

Lokhu kwakudingekile kusukela eRoma njengoba isimo kwaba ithuluzi omkhulu. imithetho Minyaka yonke ngokushintsha namafomu zenqubo kuphela saba sibi ukuhweba nokulawula zokuphatha. Nakuba Pelegrin wakwazi ukuya isifundazwe elikude, siye saba ukushintsha imithetho. Fast eguquguqukayo kanye ukushintshana okuqhubekayo imithetho ezidingekayo esimweni esincane. Uma udala umbuso omkhulu kunayo, kunalokho, kwakudingeka sokulondoloza ubunye kuzo zonke izinqubo.

Izici kwesikhathi classical

Ngaphezu kwalokho umthetho periodization Roman ihlanganisa inkathi kwesikhathi classical. Ngo 27 BC eRoma kwakhiwa Principate. Zonke yemithetho tibheke kuphela izandla kombusi ngokusebenzisa umthethosisekelo (constitutionis principium). Bonke sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo nezinkinga esinazo isimo futhi ihlukaniswe yaba 4 ifomethi:

1. Izimemezelo - kwemithetho jikelele.
2. Izimiso - izimiso ezindabeni ezithile.
3. Rescripts - ukuhumusha nezindaba ezinzima.
4. Usiyala - umsebenzi izincazelo izikhulu.

Izici ukuthuthukisa umthetho kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa-classic (284-476 GG. BC. E.)

Periodization yomthetho waseRoma Postclassic uphela. Lona okuqinisekile yokwehla lokugcina umthetho futhi emkhakheni wemisebenzi yezomthetho. Uma isikhathi zakudala yabo kwemtsetfo kwakuhambisana nezinga ukwelashwa kanye ngcono imithethosisekelo yasebukhosini, kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa-classic, baphenduké ezikhulwini abavamile.

Kukhona periodization entsha yomthetho waseRoma eziphathelene division of indawo yoMbuso WaseRoma West, khona-ke ethunjwa bakhona naseMpumalanga.

amalungelo Development elihlobene ne kumbusi Eastern WamaRoma Constantine, owahlela iKhomishini of jurists. Kungakapheli neminyaka engu-5 baye wadala 3 we nokuqoshwa:

1. Institutions - umhlahlandlela okusemthethweni izikole esungulwe umthetho.
2. Dagesty - iqoqo zonke imisebenzi jurists wamaRoma.
3. Ikhodi - iqoqo lemithetho imperial (uMthethosisekelo).

Phakathi uJustinian Ikhodi luphelele, ezazihlanganisa amanoveli - uJustinian umthethosisekelo (kungakho igama elithi "ubulungisa" nenkulumo ethi).

Periodization futhi izigaba eyinhloko ukuvela komthetho wamaRoma

1. isikhathi zakudala (753-451 BC.) -. 7 amakhosi ayabusa. imithombo Main: icala umthetho noma umthetho engabhaliwe, imithetho yenkosi kanye namasiko.
2. Kutfutfukiswa ilungelo civil (451-449 BC.) -. Ukudalwa "Imithetho ye XII Amathebula", okunguye yedwa mayelana nokuchazwa ngakwesokudla pontiffs.
3. isikhathi Predklassichesky (3-1 BC leminyaka ...) - nesenzakalo pretorskogo kwesokudla futhi wakha 'nabantu abalungile ".
4. Classical inkathi (27 BC - .. 284 AD ..) - komthombo umthethosisekelo imithetho yombusi.
5. Postclassical (kusuka 284 AD ..) - nokwehla umthetho e West eRoma, nokuqoshwa kanye nesayensi liyanda waseByzantium.