Non-cash ukukhokhelwa - ... Inhlangano lezinkokhelo cashless enhlanganweni. Amafomu kwemibhalo yokukhokha

izinkokhelo cashless - is, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, izitsha umnotho. Lakhicitwe ngokwenza izinkokhelo ngokusebenzisa akhawunti asebhange futhi kulawulwa the Civil Code (Chap. 45 no-46), koMthethonqubo kwi ekubalweni non-cash ubunjalo Central Bank of Russia Inombolo 2-P kusukela 12.04.2001, imali budluliselwe kusuka akhawunti yasebhange lokukhokha komunye oyedwa sika ku-akhawunti yasebhange ye nomthengisi (umamukeli).

Ukuguquka non-cash inkokhelo into yokukhokha eyinhloko ubonisa izinga elithile intuthuko yomnotho. Emazweni athuthukile yemali inzuzo imayelana 5% wezindleko imali inzuzo. izinkokhelo cashless uvumele ibhange central ukulawula imali inzuzo WaseRussia. Ngosizo lwabo yanda kakhulu imali kwegazi, akhiwa izimali okwesikhashana mahhala, futhi ngosizo lwabo ohlelweni Banking ithuthukisa ikhono layo ukuze usibeke. Futhi ngenxa ukusheshisa kwegazi yemali (futhi uvumelane ne "uchungechunge" of Marx 'Izimpahla-Money-Izimpahla "), yanda futhi kunyatheliswa impahla esimweni.

isakhiwo Modular kwegazi yemali

Njengoba wazi, kusukela ngo-1992, non-cash izinkokhelo eRussia ihlaziye yaphinde yaphathwa ngosizo Bank of Russia ikhumbula lokubolekwa yemali, lapho izinhlobo amaqembu ehlukene ezahlukene imali. Kuyini okuqukethwe kwabo kwezomnotho, ungabona ku-Figure 1.

Isikimu 1. Modular isakhiwo yemali

Iyunithi M _0, ngokuvumelana theory classical, luhlanganisa imali, imali ku-akhawunti ikhadi, imali electronic kanye amasheke, okusho - .. Impahla kakhulu uketshezi kakhulu. Amafa ukuthi ukukhuthalele usebenzisa abantu ngokomzimba. Ifomula, ngalo uzimisele, imi kanje: M0 = C + amasheke (1).

uhlamvu kwahambisana iyunithi M ₁ isihlobo ukuba M0 okwaboniswa Formula 2: M ₁ = M ₀ + imali kuma-akhawunti wamanje kanye samanje amabhange (2).

Le yunithi futhi ubonisa imisebenzi zebhizinisi izinhlangano ezingokomthetho, ukuqongelela imali kuma-akhawunti wamanje kanye zokuhlala kanye ukuzisebenzisa ibhizinisi.

Iyunithi M _2, esikhundleni salokho, yilona umphelelisi umshini M _1. Kuhlanganisa imali uhlamvu esiphuthumayo, t. E. Imali idiphozi izibambiso kanye imali. Ngakho, it is a izikweletu eside kohlelo yasebhange.

Ngokheshi - into yokukhokha eyinhloko

Ukuze onobuhle zasendulo yemali aggregate non-cash ukukhokhelwa - aqoqa M _{1 no-M 2.}

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvumelana isitatimende Okokuqala Isekela Usihlalo Central Bank Georgiya Ivanovicha Luntovskogo, okwamanje main inkokhelo Russia zisekhona imali. Nokho, ingxenye ababa nayo M2 aggregate kwehle kusuka 35.2% ngo-2005 kuya ku 23,8% (datha makuphela u-2012)

Inhlangano inzuzo yabo - ebizayo: kudinga ekhethekile imishini yemali, iqoqo uhlelo, njll Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu basemazweni aseNtshonalanga lokhu indima udlalwa ngokuyinhloko non-cash izinkokhelo ... Cash kakhulu sinciphise izinga lokutholakala kwengculazi inzuzo imali - yezimbangela womnotho ashukumisayo.

Lo mshini umlobeli akhawunti

Cashless izinkokhelo - ingenye nemisebenzi ebhange. Ukuqalisa nabo kancane ukuvula ibhange ama-akhawunti yebhizinisi ukuzisekela kanye wamanje - ngezimali izinhlangano isabelomali. Njengoba indlela yebhange umlobeli akhawunti. lokhu uhlelo asebenze kanjani?

Simelela isimo esingokoqobo: Inkampani othenga imikhiqizo inkampani kanye B okhokhela non-cash yayo. ithuba kanjani? Ngosizo nemizana mutual phakathi ibhange yomthengi (B-A) kanye ebhange nomthengisi (B-B), isb. E. izikhungo zezimali, lapho sisuke sicabanga inkampani wavula akhawunti abo wamanje. Ngokusobala, ibhange yomthengi has ukuze uthumele i-akhawunti yakhe efanele non-cash izimali ebhange yomdayisi akhawunti yakhe. Ukuze ufeze lokhu, amabhange ezimbili ukuvula umlobeli-akhawunti e-Central Bank of Russia (CBR): COP. Ngakho, izinkokhelo non-cash - iyona zezezimali amabhange amakhasimende ibhizinisi ngokusebenzisa umlobeli akhawunti. Ake sibuyele esimweni sethu, kokubili BA futhi imibiko akhawunti ebhange, futhi yasebhange evulwe BB ku isikhungo esifanayo - Central Bank (ngokulandelana: COP kanye COP-BA-BB).

Kanjani lesi simiso cashless izinkokhelo, ihlelwe Central Bank? Ngo izigaba ezintathu.

• Okokuqala. Ibhizinisi A ukudluliselwa kwezimali e inani ukuthengiselana nge-akhawunti yakho yamanje ku-akhawunti umlobeli we-B-A, ukushaja ukukhokha counterparty yayo B.
• Okwesibili. Izinkokhelo idokhumenti ibhizinisi Futhi BA yakhe yasebhange liyala ibhange central ukubhala off lemali okuhambisanayo kusukela akhawunti umlobeli we COP-BA ku-akhawunti yebhange imibiko, isevisi umdayisi COP-BB.
• Okwesithathu. Bank B, ethungatha izimali ku-akhawunti yayo umlobeli CS-B, owafika uqaphela lemali yokukhokha ekhelini ikhasimende lakhe B, nokudluliswa kwi-akhawunti yakhe kokuhlola. Okunjalo yokukhokha non-cash siyisisekelo zezimali inzuzo kwezomnotho.

Ukuze akhawunti umlobeli yasebhange has a isakhiwo kabili - yangaphandle (NOSTRO wavula ngo CB) kanye kwangaphakathi (Loro - akhawunti yangaphakathi balwisana). ezilinganisweni-akhawunti ku-akhawunti kwangaphakathi futhi NOSTRO balwisana specularly kubonise komunye nomunye. njalo ihlolwe ngokumelene nomunye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi akhawunti ehambisana.

Komnikazi oda yokukhokha

Ngokuvamile, non-cash inkokhelo okuqalwe inhlangano-lokukhokha komunye oyedwa. Uya ebhange, ukukhonza ngenxa yawo isiphetho nesicelo idokhumenti - ukuze uthumele ku-akhawunti ku-akhawunti ye-umamukeli. Idokodo okubonisa isikhalazo, ngokuthi umyalo wokukhokha. Isampula ke ubona kulo mdwebo ongezansi.

Esebenzisa oda yokukhokha abazenzi non-cash izinkokhelo ezindaweni ukudluliswa kweemali isabelomali kanye nezimali extrabudgetary; ekubalweni counterparties ngokuhamba nemisebenzi yabo ibhizinisi; esikweletu idiphozi imali ebhange; Okunye non-cash ukuthengiselana.

Imibhalo normative ngoba cashless izinkokhelo

Ifomu le dokhumenti futhi imithetho ukugcwaliswa yayo ezikhonjwe koMthethonqubo Central Bank inombolo 2-p of 03.10.2002 kwaba futhi lokho akushoyo inombolo 1256-U of 03.03.2003, lo (imibhalo efanayo iqondiswa nezinye izinhlobo ze-non-inkokhelo yemali).

Ngena ngemvume kuye abantu enomthwalo wezimali ukukhokha inhlangano, ngokuvamile umqondisi (abakhulu) kanye accountant abakhulu. Instructional kwenkathi ethile sokuba semthethweni izinsuku ezingu-10, singabali usuku lapho umyalo wokukhokha uyabulawa. Isampula amelwe sibalo, kumele kulekelelwa nesignesha elisanda kushiwo, isitembu we lokukhokha komunye oyedwa. Lesi sakamuva ubophekile ukuba kubhekelelwe izinkokhelo zabo kwirejista ekhethekile

izinhlangano cashless izinkokhelo (amabhizinisi)

Inhlangano ye-non-inkokhelo yemali enhlanganweni (ibhizinisi) ukhonza kwenkululeko ubudlelwane kwezomnotho phakathi balezi zikhungo. inkampani cashless uthola inzuzo kusuka ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo kwalo okuphelele (amasevisi), kanye nenhlangano - ngezimali ukwenza imisebenzi yaso. Lezi zimali zidluliselwa ku-akhawunti ye-inkampani noma inhlangano ezimweni eziningi, umyalo wokukhokha. Imali okuholela ngokwengxenye esichithwa zasemizaneni amabhizinisi lokuveza. Ukuya nokukhokhwa kwezintela nezimali izinkokhelo oyisibopho e off-isabelomali izimali. Kulokhu, inkokhelo eyenziwe ngaphakathi esele akhawunti samanje ibhizinisi (inhlangano) noma uhla olunikezwa yibhange imali.

Kulokhu kukhona regularities ezithile izinkokhelo ezinjalo.

Izimiso inhlangano non-cash izinkokhelo wamabhizinisi (izinhlangano)

Inhlangano ye-non-inkokhelo yemali enhlanganweni (ibhizinisi) olubuswa izimiso ezithile:

1. Izimali aphethwe ngama-akhawunti asebhange ibhizinisi (inhlangano).
2. Enterprise (inhlangano) bakhululekile ukukhetha njengoba ibhange izinsizakalo, futhi izinhlobo cashless izinkokhelo.
3. Ukuvulwa kwe-akhawunti yamanje ye-ibhizinisi (inhlangano) ilawulwa bentela.
4. Isisekelo bhala-off kwempahla iyatholakala kumniniyo.
5. Ukukhokhela abahlinzeka eduze nesikhathi sisahlela izimpahla, izinto zokusetshenziswa.

inkokhelo elandelayo

Non-inkokhelo yemali uma kwenzeka nokushoda kwezimali ku-akhawunti samanje inkampani (izinkampani) benziwa ngokuqinile nenqubo esungulwe, kulawulwa Art. 855 we Code Civil we Russian Federation.

Okokuqala lo inkokhelo eyenziwe writs umonakalo empilweni, kanye nokudluliswa ukondla obushade naye emuva kwesehlukaniso. Esesibili - ku writs ngokubulawa eziphathelene severance izinkokhelo, izinkokhelo abalobi ngomsebenzi bokusungula. Isigaba sesithathu sihlanganisa izinkokhelo inkokhelo, ukudluliswa izintela (izimali), izinkokhelo umshwalense nesabelomali. Eyesine - I-lonke writs. Endaweni lesihlanu - i-namanye amadokhumenti yokukhokha. I-oda zasemizaneni ukusula ilawulwa amabhange. Endabeni ka ukuhlukumeza, ngokuhambisana nezinqubo zokuhlola ezasungulwa Art. 866 we Code Civil, ibhange ngokunganakiwe kwenziwe umsebenzi zokuqapha, akhokhe intshisekelo ngokuhambisana Art. 395 we Code Civil.

amafomu Traditional kwemibhalo yokukhokha

Of RF izifundo non-inkokhelo yemali, ngaphezu oda yokukhokha, ukusetshenziswa kanye nezinye: izincwadi wesikweletu, oda iqoqo, izinkokhelo electronic, izicelo yokukhokha - Ama-oda, amasheke.

Incwadi wesikweletu ekahle umdayisi, isb. E. umuntu ogama umusa wavula incwadi wesikweletu. Client-umthengi uya ebhange yakhe ngesicelo - incwadi wesikweletu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa ifomu efomini 0401063. Ibhange ngesisekelo oda luthembisa ukwenza guarantor nokukhokhwa izimpahla ecacisiwe zilethwe ngokuvumelana imibhalo bavumelana. Lenkokhelo kanye nesikhathi period ukuqaliswa is ebalulwe imfundo. Ngakho, umdayisi kwezimpahla uthola inkokhelo okuqinisekisiwe, noma ngezithukuthuku umthengi, noma ngezithukuthuku ebhange etholwe kuye. Ibhange elikhiphe uya umphakeli yasebhange (ibhange esiphezulu). Ngezithukuthuku "Izincwadi wesikweletu" ebhange esiphezulu kusukela ku-akhawunti yomthengi adluliselwe imali, yena enlists umphakeli yabo.

Amasheke ikhishelwa ethangini isheke umnikazi, bese uzisebenzisa ukwakha ekukhokhweni ikhabethe cash ngokushesha ngemuva kokwethula isheke.

Lapho iqoqo non-cash izinkokhelo esivuna umhlinzeki umqalisi. Iyala ebhange lakhe ukuthola izimali idluliselwe by lokukhokha komunye oyedwa, futhi ikhredithi ukuba i-akhawunti yakho ukuhlola.

Electronic Payment Systems

Xxi leminyaka usinike indlela okuqhubekayo ukubala - izinkokhelo electronic. Ukuqaliswa izinkokhelo cashless isibe ethengekayo. Iklayenti ungakwazi ngasiphi isikhathi ukuze uthumele imali kusuka lekhadi lakho noma i-akhawunti ye-"isikhwama electronic", sivulekile kuhlelo yokukhokhelana electronic, kwenye i-akhawunti yakho noma ikhadi. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwenza izinkokhelo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kusukela PC yakho, kuhlanganise isimo esihle ekhaya ukhululekile.

Ukuze wenze lokhu kwi-PC efakwe WEB lwe- WM-Keeper Khanyisa, smartphone - Telepat.

Manje abasebenzisi Russian ukusebenzisa emashumini ambalwa izinhlelo zokukhokha. Ngo-1998 kwakungekho PayCash uhlelo ngo-1999 - by WebMoney, ngo-2002 - "Yandex". Lezi izinhlelo zokukhokha basebenzisane kahle international yokukhokha ikhadi uhlelo kanye MastercardMass VisaInternational. Imisebenzi imali izinhlaba kulawulwa zoMthetho Federal "Ngo-National Payment System."

isiphetho

Ngokusobala, isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi yemali kuleli Russian Federation manje ine isakhiwo ashukumisayo akwanele, ngoba namanje ingxenye enkulu it is matasa inkokhelo yemali.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa izinkokhelo cashless has umbono. Phela, ubuchwepheshe zezimali ngekhulu xxi ekukhuthazeni bezimali. Ikakhulukazi, ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe wenze izinkokhelo electronic kuyithuluzi futhi uyisithelo esiyisimanga. Eshumini leminyaka elidlule Ithola ngcono kakhulu, sesiye okusheshayo nokunokwethenjelwa okukhulu kakhulu. Nokho, i-ubungcono eyisisekelo non-cash izinkokhelo kuzodinga ehlelekile ngaphezulu kanye mizamo kwamabhange, izinhlelo lokukhokha kanye ibhizinisi.