Ngubani Wahhabi: izithombe, izici, umehluko kusuka amaSulumane real

Okwamanje sibi nakakhulu emhlabeni (ikakhulukazi e-Russia) emphakathini kukhona lapho umuntu enezinkinga ezihambisana ukukhula bayeqisa zenkolo, ikakhulukazi Islamic. Esikhathini ingqondo zomphakathi, Abashisekeli Islamic ehambisana Wahhabism. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye amaSulumane ecabanga abalandeli inhlangano yenkolo njengoba amasosha ngenxa ukuhlanzwa Islam. Ubani Wahhabi? Kuyini umehluko phakathi kwabo futhi amaSulumane? Yini iyinkolelo zabo? Konke lokhu uzotshelwa kulesi sihloko.

Lingobani leli qembu?

Okokuqala ukubheka abangababiziweyo Wahhabis. Basuke ubalwe njengenye abalandeli Wahhabism - inkambo ekhethekile Islam. Bavumela ngoba ukutolika okunye ngobunyoninco and Hadith. Igama elithi "Wahhabism" laqanjwa ngo umshumayeli abaphikisi XVIII leminyaka Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahab. imibono yakhe phezu sesimanje Islam sekuthiwe ayivumelekile. Yena kwathiwa cishe ngendlela yokusangana.
Okwamanje, igama elithi "wahhabism" has ukutolika eziningi. Ngakho, abameleli ubuKristu nabathi akekho zivame ezihlobene amaphekula Wahhabi. Ntu cha ababeyizazi izindlela Islam, ungase ukuthole yimuphi Muslim ezinjalo, ukuba nentshebe.

Bobani Wahhabis Islam? Kubalandeli bendabuko Islam Wahhabi umuntu onesitifiketi incazelo ezahlukene inkolo. Ngakho, incazelo wanamuhla ngobubanzi okuningi futhi kuhlanganisa wonke amaSulumane abanamathela kuveze okunye Islam. Wahhabis ngokuthi njengoba abashisekeli yangempela futhi Sunni. Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini Wahhabi kudingeka ngempela ukwazi umsuka lokhu inhlangano yenkolo.

ukuvela

Umsunguli wale nhlangano yenkolo kuyinto umshumayeli Muhammad Abdel Wahhab, ngubani engxenyeni ngekhulu XVIII yesibili wayengumholi ukunyakaza isihlubuki eNhlonhlweni ye-Arabhiya ekubusweni neziphathimandla WaseTurkey. Njengoba isisekelo ngemibono we yavelonkhe yenkhululeko esetshenziswa iziqubulo ngesidingo ukulwela ukuhlanzwa Islam kusukela ezintsha. Emongweni imibono Muhammad Abdul Wahhab kwaba nokunqatshelwa sultan Turkish njengombusi waleli obuphakeme wonke amaSulumane. Ngakho, ukusekela womzabalazo wenkululeko kazwelonke esetshenziswa iziqubulo zenkolo njengoba ngokuvamile kunjalo kuze kube manje. Ekuqaleni itjhaphuluko XIX leminyaka e-Arabhiya ukuyiveza amabutho we-Turkish Sultan. Esikhathini esithile mayelana Wahhabis engakaze wezwa. Eminyakeni abayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu, iziqubulo zabo baphinde ephakanyiswe zomholi omncane Abdelaziz Al Saud, umsunguli we eMbusweni Saudi Arabia. Nge kuvulwa endaweni emasimini Saudi Arabia enkulu namafutha ukusakaza Wahhabism kuwo wonke umhlaba Islamic kwakukhona ukwesekwa esinamandla zezimali.

Umlando yentuthuko

Wahhabism njengoba kuyibika ngemibono Islam Ihlobene ngokuseduze Saudi Arabia futhi usetshenziswa imibuthano isinqumo ekufezeni Inqubomgomo imigomo angaphandle ukukhiqiza ukubusa emhlabeni Islamic. Noma kunjalo, abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi laba bantu - hhayi amaSulumane. Wahhabis abafuna nihlanze Islam kodwa izindlela abazisebenzisayo ukuze lokhu, ifoni awasekelwe yiwo Qur'an oNgcwele.

Ngenxa empini Arab-Israyeli ngo-1973, kwaba khona ukwanda okusheshayo kwamanani kawoyela, okwaholela ukukhula ingcebo iqembu elibusayo e-Saudi Arabia. Jeddah wadala Inhlangano Islamic Conference and Islamic Bank of Development, elaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokugqugquzela ukusabalala ithonya Saudi emazweni Muslim.

Wahhabis e-US

Wahhabism futhi wasebenzisa i-United States base ngemibono yokulwisana ayehlasela yaseSoviet yokuthuthela Afghanistan ngo-1979. Saudi Arabia, e-United States futhi Pakistan kwaholela ekusakazekeni imibono yakhe lenhlangano of jihad ukulwa khona zaseSoviet Afghanistan. A side effect sale nqubomgomo bekulokhu ukuvela oqeqeshwe kahle, kwadingeka luyisisusa esinamandla ngemibono amabutho amaningi Islamic, ngubani, ngemva kwempi e-Afghan yayiswa ngxabano US kanye kubangane bawo. Kwakuthinta ngalesi sikhathi, izingalo US sidalwe inhlangano "Al Qaeda 'ngaphansi kobuholi Osama bin Laden, omsebenzi wakhe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala isikhathi eside e-United States njengosongo olukhulu.

Ukuqiniswa religooznogo ukugeleza kanye nomthelela isabelo saso ukusabalala King Saudi Arabia Fahd isihloko "Umgcini we ababili oNgcwele Amathempeli" (Mecca futhi Medina). Ngaleyo ndlela Wahhabism njengenkolo engokomthetho Saudi Arabia ukhishwa amandla amathempelana ezinkulu Islam.

"Wahhabi" - hhayi igama ezingcolile, njengoba abaningi becabanga. Kumiswa term ngenxa zezenzakalo ezingokomlando.

Kwenzekani namuhla?

Okwamanje Wahhabi Islam ku-akhawunti emhlabeni cishe elilodwa amaphesenti amaSulumane. Centres kukhona Saudi Arabia kanye Qatar. Futhi, lezi imibono zazakha isisekelo ngemibono ukunyakaza "Taliban" e-Afghanistan. Wahhabism futhi uthathe eningi ezizivelelayo Islamic nje eqinisweni ukukulungela ukuhamba ekulweni "infidels". Ngakho, lo mkhuba ngemibono kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XX bama baqina ezihlobene nobuphekula Islamic. Ngubani Wahhabi empeleni futhi ukuthi lihluke kanjani Muslim bendabuko?

Umehluko amaSulumane Wahhabi

Izici eziyinhloko lo mkhuba futhi kanjani uhluka kwamanye amagatsha Islam.

1. Abalandeli Wahhabism ngokoqobo ahumushe ngobunyoninco, hhayi kucatshangelwa isimo setepolitiki e Arabia ngesikhathi of the Prophet Muhammad. Allah ibonwa njengoba umuntu, kokuba ikhono sebehamba ngokukhululeka besuka ezweni, kodwa ukubonakala kwawo kuseyimpicabadala, ngoba akathandi noma ubani noma yini. Umehluko amaSulumane Wahhabi sibonakalise eqinisweni lokuthi ngowokuqala kakhulu ephikisana amasiko.
2. Njengoba isizathu umbhedesho Wahhabis kuphela neyaziwayo amaqoqo hadith ka Bukhari no Muslim, futhi negate nezinye izikole zenkolo futhi zomthetho ngokuphelele. Futhi, ayebheka yobuqaba isicelo ngqo ku-Allah ( "Tawassul"). It kubhekwa engathandeki ngokuvakashela amathuna nabangane Mohammed nabanye osanta Muslim. Wahhabis bashonile, ngokusho bebodwa, futhi awufanelwe ukuba angcwatshwe ngokuvumelana namasiko Muslim zonke.
3. Wahhabis ukuphika ukukhulekelwa kwabafileyo futhi ulwa ukwenama nge amathuna amadlozi (abachithe, banqatshelwe ebaqhweba ngilimise ezikhumbuzweni). Lezi zingane okuyinto eziy- ophaka umzabalazo abanolaka nge esidlule zomlando ezizwe, bafuna ukucekela phansi izindawo zokukhulekela izithombe namathempeli izikhumbuzo kwamasiko. Ngakho bayaphika ubuzwe, elwela ukwakha umphakathi omusha zomlando amaSulumane. ukubukwa labo elisha lezombangazwe nenkolo kuhluke ngu radicalism kakhulu. Ukwenqabela bonke abantu ngenxa yokungathathi imibono yabo namasiko abo nasesimweni sengqondo - izici eziyinhloko Wahhabi.
4. Futhi, ngenxa babalandeli bale nhlangano libhekene i kwenqatshwa okwedlulele non-amaSulumane obani abavunyelwe ukubulala kanye ezilwa (jihad) nabo. Wahhabis, kwashona abantu bezinye izinkolo - into ukuthi kwenzeka kaningi emazweni Muslim. Impi ngokumelene "infidels" uyinto engcwele yimuphi Muslim. Ngesikhathi esifanayo negated kwemingcele yezizwe nabakwenzayo lokhu. Zonke amaSulumane abakhonza uhulumeni, ezempi namaphoyisa iziphathimandla lamazwe ezingesiyo emazweni lapho Islam saziwa ngokuthi inkolo eqashelwayo izihlubuki olusemthethweni. abantu kakhulu enobudlova Wahhabis. Izithombe awakwazi ukuveza imizwa engakhi ezihlala izinhliziyo zabo.
5. Wahhabis ababhekwa yimithetho isimo, izinqumo ezinkantolo zezwe, ngaphezu Shariah. Futhi Wahhabis ukuphika nezinye Imisinga Islam (Sunni and Shia). imisebenzi amaphekula egameni izithakazelo Islam (kuhlanganise wokuzidela) kubhekwa kulingane futhi wathuthukisa. Kulokhu, abalandeli Wahhabism ophika ukhona, ngoba nje yezinkolelo zabo ziyiqiniso ngabo kuphela.
6. Ngubani Wahhabi futhi iyini injongo nemibono yakhe? Inhloso yalezi abantu ukudalwa olulodwa state Islamic (sompristi), ukusebenza ngesisekelo Sharia nomthetho. Kuyaqondakala kuleli cala ukuthi sompristi titawusungulwa ngesisekelo indima evelele Saudi Arabia kanye Qatar, elite kabani elibusayo kuthatha isikhundla ezehlukile. umbhedesho Wahhabi ngokuvamile ingashintsha kuye imigomo yezombusazwe kwezombusazwe abazinze ezinkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uhlala ingashintshiwe jikelele orientation nenkani nokuphika inkhulumomphendvulwano nezinye izinkolo.
7. Indlela ukuhlukanisa a Wahhabi kusukela avamile? Ngenxa commonality ka Wahhabism amasela imiqondo, lezi imibono ziqondakala kalula ngamalungu zezinhlangano lobugebengu. Isici esiyinhloko iyona radicalism kakhulu maqondana hhayi kuphela abantu okuqondene ezinye izinkolo, kodwa futhi amaSulumane - abalandeli nezinye izitayela Islam. Kufanele ilwe umzabalazo ezingahlangani ukuqedela nokubhujiswa kwabo. Wahhabis musa ukuziveza njengabasebenzi yingxenye yesizwe ukuba bangabayiphi. Amazwe bona kunqatshelwe. Into esemqoka - ukulandela imithetho namasiko Islam ekuqondeni kwabo.

Wahhabism eRussia

On endaweni Russian Federation, Wahhabism sandile kakhulu eNorth Caucasus (Dagestan, Karachaevo-Cherkessia). Isizathu salokhu kuba phambi kulezi zifunda, izinkinga eziningi izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho (kwemisebenzi, ubumpofu, nenkohlakalo kuhulumeni kanye abomthetho). Dagestan Wahhabis - laba yibo abantu abangazange ukuthola usekelo ekuxazululeni izinkinga zabo noma babezibheka ukubandlululwa yiziphathimandla bezomthetho futhi ngenxa yalokho bawa ngaphansi kwethonya ezizivelelayo Islamic. Sabalalisa imibono Wahhabi kunomthelela imisebenzi izithunywa abavela kwamanye amazwe (ziqhamuka Saudi Arabia, iYordan Pakistan), ngenhloso okuyinto ukwenqaba North eCaucasus abavela eRussia nase-ukudalwa sompristi. Yabo imisebenzi inkulumo-ze ngasekupheleni 90-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka nomthelela nobuthakathaka isimo kanye nezimpi ezimbili Chechen. Ukusabalala ukunyakaza ezinkulu Islam ikhuthaza okungabi nalwazi zenkolo sabantu, ikakhulukati bantfu labasha, izikhalo zomlando (imemori izimpi zaseCaucasia, nokuxoshwa).

Izizathu amandla ka Wahhabism

Kuze kube muva nje, isimo ayikwazanga aphebeze ukusabalala ziyingozi imibono ngokuphumelelayo eyakhelwe inqubomgomo kazwelonke. Okwamanje, nge nasekuqiniseni igunya isimo, ikhambi kancane kancane izinkinga zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, siqinise impi yokulwa nenkohlakalo kuhulumeni, nokukhawulela imisebenzi ehlukahlukene international ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo ithonya Wahhabis eNorth Caucasus esifundeni uwela.

izimpawu zangaphandle

1. Ukubukeka egqanyisiwe Wahhabis. Photo kubonisa Imfanelo kubalulekile kakhulu ngokubukeka kwabo - intshebe. Yena, ngokuvumelana abalandeli Wahhabism isici esiyisibopho amadoda. Nokho, ukuze kufihlwe avunyelwe ilungiswe emfushane noma aphuce intshebe yakhe. Ukuze kube emkhakheni komthetho, Wahhabis ozama fihla hhayi zehluke mass main amaSulumane. inkulumo-ze yabo ngokuvamile kufihlwe. Indlela sinombono ukunxenxa senziwa ngemuva ukutadisha ngokucophelela ukhetho. Okwamanje, isikhungo iyiswe umzamo ukusebenza intsha Muslim. Isebenzisa okungabi nalwazi, yokungavuthwa, propensity ukuba intsha maximalist.
2. Futhi, izici zangaphandle, okuyinto ungabahlukanisa Wahhabis mfushane egqoke ibhulukwe (kusukela eqakaleni kuya phansi), inhloko aphuce aphuce. Bangaphinde ukugqoka ingubo kazwelonke, esenziwa ngo emazweni Arab.
3. Kukhona futhi umehluko umkhuba emikhosini engokwenkolo. Wahhabis, ngokuba mosque, ungafaki ekhanda lakhe skullcap futhi ungasebenzisi yerosari, okuyinto eveza umahluko phakathi kwabo amakholwa avamile.
4. Wahhabis ngomhawu ukubukela, ukuze omkawo esehlanganise ngokuphelele ubuso, kusale evulekile kuphela emehlweni. Abalandeli Islam olukhulu sokukhuluma kahle mayelana nenqubo kanye sezombusazwe Saudi Arabia kanye yamuva uthi amaphekula (LIH), wavimbela endaweni WaseRussia. inkulumo-ze yabo izincwadi ngokuvamile enza idatha okukhipha noma eshicilelwe ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi ukushicilela izindlu esilandelayo: "Badr", "Umma", "Tauba", "Fazhrul-Islamiyya (Fajr)", "Ibrahim bin Abdul-Aziz Al-Ibrahim", "Santlada ".

Eminyakeni yamuva, i-Wahhabis ngokuvamile bazibiza Salafis.

isiphetho

Wahhabism njengoba inhlangano yenkolo ngaphakathi Islam yasungulwa ngekhulu XVI futhi lihlotshaniswa a ukuphikisana eziyinkimbinkimbi yangaphakathi ezingokwenhlalo nezombusazwe Arabia, ikakhulukazi ekulweni ingcindezelo yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Ekuqaleni kwakuwumuzi zezici wenkululeko kazwelonke, bese, ngaphansi kwethonya imibono yokubuswa emhlabeni Islamic, sebevele phakathi iqembu elibusayo e-Saudi Arabia, kanye bedle amabutho angaphandle (USA) wathatha Wahhabism olukhulu. It libhekene ukwenqaba zonke izinkomba yamaSulumane, ephambene nezimiso zalo ezibheke eceleni, kanye nokumenyezelwa ekulweni "infidels" njengoba esingcwele zonke Muslim. Movement injalo zanamuhla ingozi ngokuphelele ohlelweni isimo Russian Federation, njengoba esabisa ubuqotho izwe (ukulahlwa North eCaucasus nezinye izindawo elinabantu ezigcwele amaSulumane).

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi Wahhabism akuyona inkolo ukunyakaza nobuntu Russian amaSulumane, yayiswa kusukela ngaphandle Kutama of amabutho angaphandle ukuba zingenze isimo sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe. Ukulwa radicalism kufanele lifake ukuqedwa izimbangela sandla le Ukwenqatshwa kwegunya phezu ingxenye labantu umsebenzi ezibanzi zemfundo, ikakhulukazi entsheni ngubani Lesi sifo siphatha kakhulu emiphumeleni kwezinkambiso alien Islam bendabuko ze yenkolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziphathimandla zikahulumeni efanele kufanele iqaphe imisebenzi yazo zonke izinhlobo izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ngezimali ezivela phesheya, enifeza inkulumo-ze alien emasikweni namagugu Russian.