Neutrino kuyizinhlayiyana: definition, izakhiwo, incazelo. neutrino oscillations - ke ...

Neutrino - i kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi ukuthi kuyafana electron, kodwa akukho kagesi. It has a mass encane kakhulu, okungenzeka ngisho zero. Kusukela mass we neutrino kuncike ijubane. Umehluko ngesikhathi sokufika kanye ugongolo kuyizinhlayiyana kuyinto 0,0006% (± 0,0012%). Ngo-2011, kwase kunesiqiniseko ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa Opera ukuthi Isivinini idlula ngesivinini neutrinos ukukhanya, kodwa ezimele lesi senzakalo akakaqinisekisi.

I esiyivelakancane kuyizinhlayiyana

Lena ngenye yama-izinhlayiya ezivamile kunawo wonke endaweni yonke. Njengoba kuwuthinta kancane kakhulu nge ndaba, ke Liyindawo nzima ukubona. Electron futhi neutrinos musa iqhaza amandla amakhulu enuzi, kodwa ngokulinganayo iqhaza ababuthakathaka. Izinhlayiyana kokuba izakhiwo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama leptons. Ngaphezu electron (positron futhi antiparticle), wabhekisela icala leptons muon (200 electron mass), tau (3500 electron mass), kanye antiparticle yabo. Zibizwa ngokuthi: electron, muon futhi tau neutrinos. Ngamunye wabo ingxenye antimaterial, okuthiwa i antineutrino.

Muon futhi tau, njengokhozi electron, ube izinhlayiya elikulesi sihloko. It muon futhi tau neutrinos. Kutshalwa izinhlobo ezintathu izinhlayiya sihluke nomunye. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho muon neutrinos uxhumane target, babehlale ukukhiqiza muons futhi ungalokothi tau noma ama-electron. Ngo ukusabela izinhlayiya, nakuba ama-electron kanye electron neutrinos zidalwe futhi zibhujiswe, sum yabo uhlala ingashintshiwe. Leli qiniso kuholela leptons ngokwahlukana zibe izinhlobo ezintathu, ngamunye okuyinto possesses leptons icala futhi neutrino elikulesi sihloko.

Ukuthola le kuyizinhlayiyana required imitshina esikhulu kakhulu futhi zibe nezinzwa ezibukhali. Njengomthetho, kancane amandla neutrinos lizohamba iminyaka eminingi ukukhanya nokuxhumana ndaba. Ngenxa yalokho, bonke ucwaningo phansi nabo ancike nesilinganiso encane ukuthi kuwuthinta okubhalisa usayizi ezinengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Observatory neutrino Sudbury, equkethe 1,000 amathani amanzi esindayo sidlula umtshina mayelana 1012 neutrinos solar ngomzuzwana. Futhi wathola 30 ngosuku kuphela.

Umlando yokutholakala

Wolfgang Pauli lokuqala ongoti kwezempilo abathi zihlobene nokuba khona izinhlayiya ngo-1930 Ngaleso sikhathi, kube nephutha, ngoba kwakubonakala ukuthi amandla futhi umfutho emincane azigcinwa ekonakaleni beta. Kodwa Pauli waveza ukuthi uma kukhona akuyona sasikhipha neutrinos uxhumana kuyizinhlayiyana hlangothi, umthetho namandla nokongiwa sizoba. physics Italian Enrico Fermi ngo-1934 ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela beta kwamazinyo, wamnika igama nezinhlayiya.

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo izibikezelo iminyaka engu-20, neutrinos ayikwazi ukutholwa Ucwaningo ngenxa yayo nokuxhumana ababuthakathaka nge ndaba. Ngenxa izinhlayiya anamandla kagesi, abazi isinyathelo amabutho kagesi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, abazi zibangele ionization we ketshezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zisabela ngalolu ketshezi kuphela ngokusebenzisa ekuxhumaneni ababuthakathaka amandla kancane. Ngakho-ke, kukhona angena kakhulu izinhlayiya subatomic uyakwazi edabula lenqwaba ama-athomu ngaphandle kokudala yimuphi ukuphendula. Kuphela 1 kuya ku-10 bhiliyoni elandayo lalezi zinhlobo edabula Indwangu by ibanga elilingana ububanzi we Earth, ihlangana proton noma i-neutron.

Ekugcineni, ngo-1956 iqembu zesayensi American, eholwa Frederick Reines kubika kokutholakala antineutrino electron. Ekuhloleni ke antineutrinos enuzi ngokuhlakaza Babechichima ephendula ne-proton, ukwakha neutron nama positrons. Abahlukile (futhi ezingavamile) amandla amasignisha wale mithandazo by-imikhiqizo waba ubufakazi khona nezinhlayiya.

Ukuvula icala leptons muons ukuthi isiqalo sokubala isikhathi ukuhlonza okwalandela lesibili uhlobo neutrinos - muon. ukuhlonza labo baba kwenziwe 1962 ngesisekelo imiphumela isilingo namafutha nezinhlayiya. High-amandla muons kwamazinyo neutrinos ezakhiwe pi-mesons bese uqondiswa umtshina ukuze kwakunokwenzeka ukuba sihlole indlela abasabela ngayo ngalolu ketshezi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zingabantu non-esisheshayo, kanye nezinye izinhlobo izinhlayiya, kwatholakala ukuthi Ezimweni ezingavamile lapho zisabela ne-proton noma neutrons, muons, muons neutrinos, kodwa ungalokothi electron. Ngo-1998, izazi zesayensi American Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz futhi Dzhek Shteynberger abangu uMklomelo KaNobel physics zokukhomba muon-neutrinos.

Maphakathi nawo-1970, i-physics neutrino yazuza olunye uhlobo leptons icala - u-tau. Tau-neutrino futhi tau-antineutrinos eyayigujwa lokhu Lepton lwesithathu icala. Ngo-2000, izazi zesayensi eNational Accelerator Laboratory. Enrico Fermi kubika ubufakazi lokuqala yokulinga khona lolu hlobo izinhlayiya.

isisindo

Zonke izinhlobo neutrinos ube mass, okuyinto kancane kakhulu kunalokho abalingani babo icala. Ngokwesibonelo, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi umuntu mass electron-neutrino kumelwe ibe ngaphansi 0,002% we mass electron futhi isibalo uquqaba izinhlobo ezintathu kufanele ibe ngaphansi 0,48 ev. Ukucabanga iminyaka eminingi ukuthi isisindo kuyizinhlayiyana zero, nakuba kwakungekho kobufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda-theory, kungani kufanele kube njalo. Khona-ke, ngo-2002, i-Observatory Sudbury Neutrino etholwe ubufakazi yokuqala okukhulunywa kuyo ngokuqondile ukuthi electron neutrinos wukukhanya ukusabela zenuzi core ilanga, uma nje idlule ke, ukushintsha uhlobo yayo. Okunjalo "oscillations" neutrino kungenzeka uma eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izinhlayiya abe mass encane. Ukulitadisha kwabo nokuxhumana imisebe cosmic e emkhathini woMhlaba futhi ibonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi, kodwa ucwaningo olwengeziwe kudingeka ukuchaza ngokunembile ke.

imithombo

imithombo yemvelo neutrinos - a kwamazinyo enemisebe izici ngaphakathi emhlabeni, okuyinto sasikhipha ngesikhathi ukugeleza enkulu ephansi amandla electron-antineutrino. Supernovae nazo advantageously neutrino mkhuba, njengoba lezi izinhlayiya kungenziwa kuphela ukungena hyperdense impahla kwakheka inkanyezi zidilika; kuphela ingxenye encane amandla is kuguquka ukukhanya. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi 2% amandla elanga - the neutrinos amandla kwakheka ukusabela iArmagedoni Fusion. Kungenzeka ukuthi iningi esimnyama we Umkhathi wakhiwe we neutrinos akhicitwe nakuchubeka Big Bang.

izinkinga physics

Izindawo ezihlobene neutrino isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini, futhi ezihlukahlukene futhi ngokushesha socwaningo. Izinkinga zamanje ukuthi ukuheha inani elikhulu imizamo zokuhlola kanye theory, lokhu okulandelayo:

• Yiziphi ezahlukene neutrino uquqaba?
• Kubathinta kanjani Cosmology, Big Bang?
• bona oscillate?
• Can eyodwa uhlobo neutrino liphenduka omunye njengoba bedabula ndaba futhi isikhala?
• Ingabe neutrinos ngokuyisisekelo ukuhluka antiparticles zabo?
• Indlela izinkanyezi igoqe ukwakha supernova?
• Iyini indima neutrinos e Cosmology?

Enye yezinkinga ahlala isikhathi eside okunabileko yiyona okuthiwa inkinga neutrino welanga. Leli gama libhekisela yokuthi phakathi ucwaningo eziningana eliwumhlaba lwenziwa engu-30 edlule, njalo waphawula izinhlayiya ezincane kuno ezidingekayo ukukhiqiza amandla Babechichima ngenxa yokushisa kwelanga. Omunye isixazululo kungenzeka iyona oscillation, isb. E. Ukuguqulwa electron neutrinos ukuze muon noma tau ngesikhathi uhambo Earth. Ngakho yeka ukuthi kunzima kakhulu kangakanani ukuba ukukala ongaphakeme-amandla muon noma tau neutrinos, lolu hlobo ukuguqulwa kungachaza ukuthi kungani thina awuboni isilinganiso esifanele izinhlayiya Emhlabeni.

Okwesine uMklomelo KaNobel

UMklomelo KaNobel ngo Physics 2015 waklonyeliswa Takaaki Kaji futhi Arthur MacDonald ngenxa ukuthola mass neutrino. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-wesine umklomelo efanayo elihlobene ne izilinganiso zokuhlola elandayo lalezi zinhlobo. Omunye angase abe nesithakazelo umbuzo wokuthi kungani kumelwe sinakekele kangaka ngento ngokulambisa uxhumana ndaba abavamile.

Iqiniso lokuthi sikwazi ukuthola lalezi zinhlobo esikhashana, kuyinto yeTestamente kuya ukukhalipha kwabantu. Njengoba imithetho quantum Mechanics, probabilistic, siyazi ukuthi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi cishe zonke neutrinos udabula Earth, amanye awo ayobe usebenzisane nalo. Idetector uyakwazi ngokwanele Usayizi enkulu kubhaliswe.

Idivayisi okuqala lakhiwa sixties phambili, ekujuleni kuleyo emayini South Dakota. Umphini yagcwala e 400 ayizinkulungwane. L yokuhlanza uketshezi. On isilinganiso esisodwa kuyizinhlayiyana neutrino nsuku baxhumana athomu chlorine, iguqulwe ibe argon. Kuyamangalisa, uRaymond Davis, esasiphethe idetector, esungula indlela ukuthola kwama-atom argon eminingi, bese engamashumi amane kamuva, ngo-2002, ngoba lokhu ubunjiniyela emangalisayo feat yena yanikezelwa uMklomelo KaNobel.

astronomy entsha

Ngenxa neutrinos uxhumana ngakho wavuma, bona angahamba amabanga amade. Siqine sibe amazwibela izindawo kungenjalo ngabe asizange ukubonwa. Neutrinos Kutholwe Davis, kwakheka ngenxa ukusabela zenuzi esenzeka inhliziyo ilanga, futhi bakwazi ukushiya le esihlalweni emangalisayo aminyene futhi kushisa nje ngoba abazi uhlanganyele nabanye ndaba. Ungakwazi ukubona ngisho neutrinos sasikhipha kusukela maphakathi liyinkanyezi yamila at ibanga ngaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu light-years ukusuka eMhlabeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlayiya enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba bagcine yonke e isikali yayo encane kakhulu, lilincane kakhulu kunalawo ezingasetshenziswa abheke Esibanzi Hadron Collider ekhatsi Geneva, wathola Higgs Boson. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi iKomiti kaNobel wanquma umklomelo uMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa kokutholakala neutrino lomunye hlobo.

ukushoda ongaqondakali

Ngesikhathi uRay Davis waphawula neutrinos solar, wathola kuphela yesithathu ubuningi kulindeleke. zesayensi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi ekuqaleni Isizathu salokhu ulwazi abampofu isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini weLanga: mhlawumbe bakhanya imodeli kugcwele overestimated lemali akhiqizwa neutrino yayo. Noma kunjalo, iminyaka eminingi, ngisho nangemva kokuba onobuhle solar iye yathuthuka kusilela wahlala. Izazi zesayensi ziye alalelwa okunye okungenzeka kube isizathu: inkinga ezihlobene nombono wethu elandayo lalezi zinhlobo. Ngokwe-theory ke wanqoba abazange babe nesisindo. Kodwa ezinye izazi zesayensi ziye wagomela ngokuthi empeleni izinhlayiya une-mass encanyana, futhi lolu ngqimba kwaba isizathu ukuntula kwabo.

Three-Sibhekene kuyizinhlayiyana

Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela neutrino oscillations, ngokwemvelo, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu ezahlukene kubo. Uma nezinhlayiya inobungako, ukuthi njengoba ihamba kungaba lasakazeka lisuka kumuntu oyedwa uhlobo kwenye. Kutshalwa izinhlobo ezintathu - electron, muons futhi tau - ku ukuxhumana ngalolu ketshezi kungenziwa iguqulwe kuya kuyizinhlayiyana elihambisana icala (electron futhi muon tau leptons). "Oscillation" kungenxa quantum Mechanics. neutrino uhlobo akuyona njalo. Ziyashintsha ekuhambeni kwesikhathi. Neutrinos, okwaqala khona yayo njengoba ie-mail, ezingenza abe muon, bese emuva. Ngakho, nezinhlayiya, kwakheka core ilanga, endleleni eya Umhlaba kungenziwa ngezikhathi ibe muon neutrinos, noHezekeli. Njengoba Davis umtshina wayekwazi ukuthola ama-electron-neutrinos kuphela, okungase kuholele ekubeni transmutation yenuzi chlorine e argon, kwakubonakala kungenzeka ukuthi neutrino ulahlekile yaphenduka nezinye izinhlobo. (It kuvela ukuthi neutrinos oscillate ngaphakathi Sun, hhayi endleleni eya Umhlaba).

Canadian experiment

Okuwukuphela kwendlela ukuhlola lokhu kwaba ukudala umtshina elalisebenzela zonke izinhlobo ezintathu neutrinos. Kusukela 90s Arthur McDonald University YeNdlovukazi Ontario, wahola iqembu, okuyinto eyenziwa emayini e Sudbury, Ontario. Ukufakwa iqukethe amathani amanzi esindayo, inqobo loan nguHulumende Canada. amanzi Heavy akuvamile, kodwa ifomu zemvelo yamanzi, lapho i-hydrogen equkethe eyodwa proton esikhundleni ngoyisiwula kusinda IKhompyuthaYami deuterium yayo, okuyindawo ehlanganisa i-proton ne-neutron. uhulumeni waseCanada ezinqolobaneni amanzi esindayo, m. K. Isetshenziselwa njengoba kokupholisayo endaweni enuzi. Zonke izinhlobo ezintathu neutrinos ozokugiriza deuterium ukwakha proton kanye neutrons, le neutron nama abalwa ke. Detector bhalisiwe mayelana kathathu isibalo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Davis - ngokufanayo kunani kangcono labikezela onobuhle Sun. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi electron-neutrinos kungaba oscillate kwezinye izinhlobo zalo.

experiment Japanese

Ngesikhathi, Takaaki Kadzita kusukela University of Tokyo benza olunye experiment emangalisayo. A umtshina aboshelwe kushaft Japan eqoshiwe neutrinos eza hhayi kusukela angaphakathi ilanga, futhi kusukela emkhathini. Ngo-proton ukushayisana imisebe cosmic emkhathini akhiwa izihlambi nezinye izinhlayiya, kuhlanganise muon neutrinos. Esikhathini sami eziguqulelwa hydrogen nuclei e muons. Detector Kadzity wayebona izinhlayiya eza ngezindlela ezimbili. Enye yawela zivela phezulu, ivela emkhathini, kuyilapho ezinye ziba ezihambayo kusuka phansi. Isibalo izinhlayiya kwakuhlukile, owakhuluma ngemvelo yabo ehlukene - babengavumelani amaphuzu ezahlukene oscillatory umjikelezo waso.

Revolution zesayensi

Konke oscillations exotic isimanga, kodwa kungani neutrino futhi ungqimba ukuheha uzekwayo kangaka? Isizathu sisobala. Ngo imodeli esezingeni aphansi kuyizinhlayiyana physics, athuthukiswe phezu zokugcina nanamashumi amahlanu eminyaka kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, okuyinto efanele lichaza wonke amanye uphawula accelerators nezinye ucwaningo, lo neutrinos okwakufanele babhekwe njengabezinye massless. Ukutholakala neutrino mass ubonisa ukuthi kukhona okushodayo. Standard Model ayiphelele. izakhi kodwa ukuze kutholakale ezingekho - ngosizo we Esibanzi Hadron Collider noma ezinye, akakadali ewumshini.