Manje izivuno izinyosi ezithutha impova amarobhothi?

Ordinary uju izinyosi impova cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabo bonke izitshalo sokudliwa njengabantu ukudla. Nokho, ngenxa zinambuzane ziyingozi kakhulu, esinamandla futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi kule neonicotinoid ezisekelwe bee amakoloni Isigwebo sokufa saqala ukusebenza out nge speed omkhulu futhi okwesabisayo.

esisongela

Izinyosi befa ku zezinkulungwane nezamakhulu ezinkulungwane ngenxa yokugula, ukuphela kwendawo yawo yokuhlala ephephile futhi syndrome nolokubhujiswa amakoloni - ngumkhuba lapho izinyosi eziyizisebenzi ukulahla amakoloni zabo, ngokushiya ukudla okwanele kuphela ukukhula izinyosi ezincane nendlovukazi ulondoloze impilo. Amakoloni ekubhujisweni syndrome kuyingozi kakhulu hhayi kuphela ukukhiqiza uju, kodwa futhi ngoba ezihlukahlukene kweMvelo encike umsebenzi bee amakoloni.

amagciwane okwehlukene amakhemikhali ayingozi ushevu kuholela yokuthi engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili kwezintathu izinyosi eziyizisebenzi elahleka emasimini futhi ayikwazanga ukuthola indlela esidlekeni. Ngaphambili, inani izinyosi elahlekile musa idlule eyodwa.

Izizathu eziyinhloko

Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi zinambuzane eziyingozi kanye zinambuzane, ikakhulukazi i-neonicotinoid-based, kuholela ubuthi nezifo izinyosi eziyizisebenzi. Muva nje kuye kwaba ubufakazi besayensi ukuthi zinambuzane neonicotinoid zihlobene kakhulu likwazi ukuhlalisa inani elandayo izimo, lesi sifo nolokubhujiswa amakoloni.

Enye ezibalulekile imbangela ukushabalala honeybees izimuncagazi nezinye Amagciwane. Kulethe kusukela e-Indiya Varroa olwenziwa Varroa futhi kuyingozi, hhayi nje ngoba kubangela disorientation lezinyosi, kodwa futhi yokuthi kube lula kakhulu ukuzivumelanisa noma yimiphi imizamo ukulichitha. Lezi izibungu musa bayazibulala izinyosi ukusebenza, kodwa izibungu zabo kukhona yisinanakazana ku, okuholela yokuthi inzalo iphele. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yalokhu, ikoloni bee futhi ushiye.

imiphumela

Ubuthi ngenxa nekuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye isitshalo amakhemikhali, kanye nokuthuthukiswa entsha, isifo ezinzile, ezinye izinhlobo izinyosi engezwe ku-ohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala.

Izifo, ukuziphatha ezaneleyo ukushabalala izinyosi eziyizisebenzi - kunalokho ngumkhuba wemhlaba wonkhe, futhi ngezinga yayo nesivinini ophoqelelwe hhayi kuphela ososayensi kodwa izikhulu zikahulumeni emhlabeni wonke ukuba sicabangisise ngalokho kungaba nokusongela kwezolimo kanye nemvelo. Iqiniso lokuthi hhayi kuphela izinyosi kungukuthi ezisengozini yokushabalala, kodwa izinhlobo ezithile zezimvemvane, kuhlanganise uvemvane okuthiwa.

zokugwema

Uhulumeni wase-US ikhiphe kwesu likazwelonke ukuze kuvikeleke ezithutha impova, owawuthi sihlelwe ngo-2025 ukuze athole imiphumela elandelayo:

• ukubuyisela impilo honey bee amakoloni;
• ukwandisa isibalo izimvemvane-Eastern mithi ukuze abantu abayizigidi ezingu-225;
• ngcono futhi msulwa amakhemikhali amahektha abayizigidi ezintathu komhlaba ukunikeza izindawo eziphephile ezithutha impova.

Nokho, ngokusekelwe isipiliyoni esiFundazweni Ontario, eCanada nokuhlanzwa umhlaba kusukela neonicotinoids kungenzeka akuwona neze umsebenzi olula, futhi 2025 kungase kungabi impova esanele kudume ndawo.

ukuvinjelwa neonicotinoids

Ngo Ontario, uhulumeni usenqume ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa zinambuzane eziyingozi ngu-80% ngo-2017, ngoba babangele ukuba kakade ekufeni kwezigidigidi lezinyosi.

Uma watshala emhlabathini imbewu ziphathwe zinambuzane neonicotinoid, Zikhiphela yingozi izinyosi nezinye bempova amakhemikhali kulo yonke inkathi ekukhuleni kwayo. Lokhu kuphambene nomkhiqizi indlela ukucubungula, owayephikisa ngokuthi amakhemikhali sokudiliza ungawoni semvelo.

Izingxenye zinambuzane ezifana zitholiwe enhlabathini bese izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iminonjana lezi amakhemikhali atholakala ngisho emasimini, ungayisebenzisi zinambuzane. Into ukuthi izinyosi ngesikhathi impova athwale lezi zinto izinto komunye isitshalo kwenye, ngaleyo ndlela ekusakazeni amakhemikhali. Kodwa lokhu akulona babi. Lezi izinto eziyingozi sekuthunyelwa ukuba yezinyosi, okuyinto zilimaze lonke ikoloni.

zobuchwepheshe

Nakuba ohulumeni ozama amasu asebenzayo futhi ngempumelelo, abacwaningi futhi akazange ahlale sibukela. Basuke ngenkuthalo ngifuna ukuthi ukulifunda ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene yokuxazulula le nkinga iyabheda.

Abacwaningi eHarvard University baye wadala irobhothi encane, nenkundla bee, elikwaziyo suka futhi hambisa ibangana ngaphezu komhlabathi.

imininingwane Umklamo omusha eziye zanyatheliswa komagazini i-Science nokujamela irobhothi entsha njengoba eyodwa ngaphezulu isinyathelo endleleni eya ukutholakala, ikhono ukusindisa semvelo kanye wezolimo. irobhothi okusha angeke nje suka futhi hambisa ngaphezu komhlabathi, kodwa futhi baphathe isisindo enkulu kunemicebo design ngaphambili.

Ososayensi abasebenze izinguqulo ezandulele robo-bee, wanqwamana nezinto eziningi ezaba nobunzima, njengoba kunzima kakhulu ukwakha irobhothi ukuthi kungaba ukukhanya okwanele ukuba untante emoyeni futhi ngeke kuyilimaze isakhiwo obucayi imbali. Nokho, uma kubhekwa intuthuko yamuva, ososayensi bayaqiniseka ukuthi, banikezwe uxhaso bazokwazi kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo ukudala amarobhothi nezobuchwepheshe-eziphambili ezingaba impova izitshalo esikhundleni izinyosi.

Amathuba impova amarobhothi

Sikhishwe yokuthi ohulumeni emazweni amaningi bakhathazeke kakhulu ngezifo usongo wezolimo kuka bona izinyosi kakhulu, amathuba ngezimali i ezifana namaphrojekthi ubuchwepheshe kwandisa kakhulu.

Nokho, robo-bee uze ikhambi ekahle. Basaqhubeka abakwazi ukusebenza njengoba kwenza ikoloni yezinyosi noma lonke. Ukuze ngempela ukuthatha indawo izinyosi, amarobhothi kumele akwazi ukwenza umsebenzi ngokuzimela hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuxhumana nezinye amarobhothi, okuyinto kumele amakhulu okungenani ezinkulungwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la marobhothi kumele kube kuqondile ziqinile futhi bakwazi ukujwayela kwezimo ezihlukahlukene, noma ukwehluleka noma ukulahleka amarobhothi amaningi kuyobonakala umsebenzi licembu lonkhe.

Konke lokhu kunzima kakhulu ucabange ngazo futhi ngcono, yingakho ososayensi siphikelele ngokuthi akuyona ingozi robo-izinyosi kufanele kube kuphela sokugcina futhi uhulumeni kumele kube akhathalela ngokuyinhloko kulondolozwe impilo uju izinyosi baphile khona futhi kudingeke zilwe sifo nolokubhujiswa amakoloni.

Indlela ukusindisa izinyosi?

Okunengi lwamuva izimbangela ukushabalala izinyosi mkhuba uxhuma ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane namanye amakhemikhali ayingozi.

Yanyatheliswa kuyi-Juni Ucwaningo olwenziwa Harvard ososayensi neonicotinoids ixhuma ngokuqondile sifo nolokubhujiswa amakoloni futhi uthi lesi sifo hhayi kuphela imbangela ukungasebenzi kwekhono bee amakoloni, kodwa futhi abangele ukufa lezinyosi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi neonicotinoids kukhona isithako ethandwa kakhulu-zinambuzane.

Zinambuzane, nesikhunta wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane kubangele umonakalo ongalungiseki amakoloni bee nomaphi asetshenziswa amakhemikhali zanamuhla. Lolu cwaningo, esanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Nature, uthi izinyosi ngaphansi kwethonya amakhemikhali asetshenziswe umkhakha wezolimo, ephindwe kabili yokubhidlika kunalapho ulahleke futhi ungakwazi ukuthola indlela esidlekeni, ngokungafani kuya izinyosi ezihlala ezindaweni enempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, labo bantu abangakwazi ukubuyela kuleli koloni, walahlekelwa umkhiqizo e ukuhlangana impova.

Enye ubufakazi yokuthi amakhemikhali abangela ukushabalala izinyosi, iphrofayela kwendawo syndrome ekubhujisweni amakoloni. Lesi sifo sivame uma izifunda lapho ukusetshenziswa zinambuzane wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane.

Izinyosi batholakale beshonile emasimini, iveza izimpawu ubuthi zamakhemikhali. Ngezinye izikhathi kungcono ushevu is yakhe sinamandla kakhulu kangangokuba bee ungayitholi amandla ukubuyela esidlekeni futhi afele khona.