Man njengoba inkinga zefilosofi Umqondo MS Kagan

UMose Samoylovich Kagan - eyaziwa Petersburg usosayensi, isazi sefilosofi, isazi sesayensi kwamasiko. Ngesisekelo methodological imisebenzi yakhe waqala Marxism futhi ikakhulukazi - uhlelo ukuhlaziywa. Imibono nocwaningo Moiseya Samoylovicha kushiwo ezincwadini zakhe eziningi futhi izihloko, enye yazo - "Indoda njengoba inkinga wefilosofi yesimanje", esakhiwa izingxenye ezinhlanu.

Kulesi sihloko, umbhali evusa emaphakathi zefilosofi inkinga ka "indoda nezwe", okuyinto kwaba efanele ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abantu abaningi bacabanga mayelana nendawo yabo emhlabeni, ngoba imisebenzi yabo kufanele kube inhloso beqonda futhi beqondiswa nguye. Isikhathi esining impela umuntu eqala ukubona ngokuphila kwakhe njengomhlatshelo isimiso, futhi umbuzo: "Kuyini lokho enginakho kuleli zwe? Kuyini imvelo yami, essence, injongo? Yini enquma inshokutsi ukubaluleka kokuphila komuntu? Yiziphi izinkinga eliyisisekelo yokuphila komuntu iyisikhathi esingakanani? Lezi kanye nezinye izinto ezifanayo, ekutholeni okuqukethwe umcabango zefilosofi anthropological, namhlanje focus yososayensi abaningi. [1]

Emsebenzini wami, uMose Samoylovich uzama ukuqonda lezi zinkinga, siqokomisa iqiniso, okuyinto enezici futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi dalwa - indoda. Kagan libhekisela imisebenzi eziningi zefilosofi nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, ezifana Marx, Engels, Umshicilelo Feyrbah, Scheler, Freud, Ananiev nabanye. Umbhali ubhala ukuthi izinkinga emlandweni ziphathwa ngendlela ehlukile. Uveza izinhlobo ezintathu nefilosofi, eyokuqala - theocentric. Ingqikithi Its bezibona umuntu njengoba unkulunkulu. Lolu hlobo nefilosofi inakekelwa kuwo wonke umlando namasiko.

Uhlobo elilandelayo - naturotsentrichesky. UMose Samoylovich ibika ukuthi wazalwa eGreece, futhi ngalesosikhathi dlweza e-European ifilosofi ezikhathini zanamuhla. Ngenxa yalesi hlobo zomlando wefilosofi libhekene ukuqashelwa we igunya bemvelo. Ngokwe anthropocentric uhlobo lomuntu kuyinto uhlobo kuyinkimbinkimbi kunazo nenhlalakahle, a synthesis ubuhlobo bakhe bemvelo, umphakathi, nobunkulunkulu.

Lokhu typology kusivumela ukwethula ngokucacile ukuthi ungawukhipha kanjani ifilosofi athuthukile ukulandela igxathu negxathu ubudlelwane womuntu imvelo, ezenhlalo nakwezamasiko. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umbhali, ebhekisela indaba, aluzifuneli esizayo futhi awusikiseli ukuthi kuyoba uhlobo elilandelayo wefilosofi. Ngisho amaGreki waqonda ukuthi abantu usungaqala philosophize kuphela ulwazi yena. ngokuba umuntu usingayisho afihlekile indoda. Banikezwe nesithakazelo esikhulayo yalowo muntu ukuzazi, omunye awanakuziziba kokuqagela ngohlobo esizayo wefilosofi.

Esikhathini ingxenye elandelayo yalo sihloko, MS Kagan, kuqhakambisa indoda njengoba esiyingqayizivele ngekujula ifomu wakhe wokuba, ke eqhathanisa ngayo ezinye izidalwa yemvelo kanye tikhungo tetenhlalo, okubonisa ubuhlobo babo obuseduze. Isikhathi esining impela umuntu ozibiza ngomuntu "inkosi yakwa-imvelo" demiurge, "super-womuntu". Kodwa ukuze unqobe kwencika ngabanye amabutho angaphandle (nemvelo, nomphakathi, isiko), udinga soberly bona imikhawulo yabo engaba futhi umgomo. Ngenxa yale njongo, ngokuvumelana MS Kagan, kubalulekile ukukhomba zomlando simo esishubile Empeleni, izinhlobo ekubeni abantu. Ngempela, kuwo wonke ukhona, indoda izama ukuze ugqashule, balahle kwencika amabutho angaphandle, okubizwa ngokuthi ebugqilini. Kodwa ingabe ikhona yini imivuzo yokwenza lokho? Umlando ubonisa kithi ukuhlobana okuseduze phakathi indoda, nemvelo, isiko, isayensi, inkolo, konke ke - izixhumanisi elilodwa chain. Futhi ukugcina ukuthula emhlabeni, ngombono wami, umuntu akufanele aziphakamise ngaphezu amabutho bangaphandle samoprovozglashatsya super nenhlalakahle.

Ingxenye yesithathu umsebenzi kuqhakambisa noshintsho indoda nezwe. Uma ekuqaleni komlando wesintu bubonakala ngokucacile kwencika ngabanye amabutho angaphandle ngaye, isimo samanje sibona phambi kwamehlo ethu protivopolozhnoe.Na esikhula ngokushesha kwencika imvelo kusuka izinto ezenziwa abantu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isintu kwafinyelela izinga lokuba ukwazi futhi ukuziqaphela, okuvumela ukuba uyaqaphela alawule nobuhlobo babo tikhungo tetenhlalo izici zemvelo, uyaqaphela ukuqondisa imisebenzi yayo emkhakheni isayensi nobuchwepheshe, zobuchwepheshe kanye nezokuxhumana, imfundo nokuqeqeshwa, soberly eyanikezwa ekhiqizwa ulwazi kwawo kwezesayensi, imikhawulo wangempela amakhono abo ngenxa imithetho umgomo bemvelo, ukuphila, umphakathi kanye namasiko. " Njengoba sekunama-enkulungwaneni yesithathu, abantu abaningi baye baba ezingasho ukubamangaza emhlabeni nge amakhono abo, ezisunguliwe, ithonya amabutho angaphandle. Lokhu futhi ugcizelela ubunjalo ntu.

Ekhulwini lesine okuyingxenye Moisey Samoylovich kubika ukubukeka ingozi self-ukubhujiswa isintu. Kule ndaba, umuntu ngamunye iqaphela endaweni yakhe emhlabeni. Le ndoda uyaqaphela ukuthi kuyinto uhlobo lwe hhayi kuphela begazi, eyilungu lomphakathi, kodwa futhi umphathi amagugu kwamasiko nenkolo. Kodwa amaningi alawo zehlakalo ezimbi ezenzeka ezikhathini komlando, futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi, futhi manje, asenza sicabange ngokuntuleka yamanani abantu. Futhi manje, ngenxa yami, umuntu unomsebenzi omkhulu ukuze wonke umlando umndeni wakhe. Abantu badinga ukugcina izinga zokuziphatha nezingokomoya, baqonde futhi inzuzo ukuchitha umzuzu nomzuzu ezimpilweni zabo.

Futhi engxenyeni yokugcina MS Kagan kwembula inkinga ubuhlobo wefilosofi namasiko. Kuwo wonke umlando wefilosofi badonsekela ubuciko (izinkondlo, umculo, amabhayisikobho, njll), Ukuze kusingathwe labo noma ezinye izinkinga izinkondlo, umculo, cinema kanye nabanye. Umbhali ibheka Into esemqoka ukuthi manje lesi sifiso bati isidingo yenkomba ukuqonda komuntu esinika nakho sefilosofi ipumelelo isayensi, ngolwazi oluqondile, oveza i ukuzilibazisa kwezobuciko yomuntu. Futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlonza umnyombo walokho ukuqonda yomuntu yesimanje.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsunguli libhekisela inkinga yomuntu nemvelo futhi inikeza izindlela ezintathu ekuthuthukiseni lezi ubudlelwano indoda-yinkosi bemvelo, bekhulekela indalo futhi inkhulumomphendvulwano nemvelo. Ngokubona kwami, inketho lesithathu laliphendukela anikeze best ukuthuthukiswa okungenzeka ubudlelwane, lo mbono wabelane ngumlobi. Umuntu kufanele aphathwe njengomuntu umngani nemvelo, ngothando nangenhlonipho, futhi uyoqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa oziphoqelela.

Ngamafuphi, uMose Samoylovich kuphetha wokuthi umuntu wavela futhi aqhubeka aguquka ngokomoya, kuba inqubo waphakade iqanjwe self. Futhi kule nefilosofi isisekelo uyakwazi ukuqhubeka icutshungulwe lwezindaba zayo "ejwayelekile" - emhlabeni womuntu kanye nobudlelwane.

Indoda le isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuyinto njalo elokhu ivela. Ukucabanga umuntu ithumba anhlobonhlobo izinkinga. Lokhu spectrum cishe angenamkhawulo. Ngenxa yalokho, cishe wonke ukucabanga zefilosofi ezihilelekile kule mkhakha wocwaningo yenkinga main zefilosofi - umuntu nezwe. Ngokusekelwe ucwaningo kwalesi sihloko, into esemqoka ukuze umphakathi wanamuhla ekuqondeni ikusasa labo siqu. Umuntu kufanele ukuqaphela ukuthi umthwalo wemfanelo aphi phambi kwakhe - nokugcinwa kanye nokulondolozwa amagugu obuntu namasiko, okuyinto phakathi nawo wonke umlando isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye kwesinye.

[1] Gurevich P. S. umuntu njengento ukuhlaziywa sociophilosophical .// inkinga yomuntu ifilosofi Western. M:. Inqubekela, 1988, c. 504