Lapho ama-bacterium angaphila? amagciwane olwenzeka endaweni

eziphilayo ngesibonakhulu, encane kakhulu kule planethi, izakhamuzi eziningi kakhulu zomhlaba - amagciwane. Lokhu nenhlalakahle, okungenani, emangalisayo, okubangela isithakazelo isayensi selokhu kokusungulwa amaningi khulisa izinto (microscope), base ekugcineni kubonakala yisintu. Ngaphambi kwalokhu kwenzeka kwemvelo kwegciwane abantu, kungashiwo, "ngaphansi ekhaleni", kodwa lapho kungekho muntu onaka. Futhi luyize!

I endulo Lokudabuka

Ziyakwazi abakhileyo iplanethi yethu eminingi yasendulo. ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo ahlala isikhathi eside-bacterium - Earth. Ama-bacterium babe lapha kuqala kusuka eziphilayo, ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, mayelana emithathu yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane nengxenye edlule (ukuqhathanisa: the age Zomhlaba kuyinto ecishe ibe izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine). Okungukuthi, ukukhuluma cishe, engu-bacterium ifaniswe engu-ubunjalo ezizungezile. By the way, umlando owaziwa lesintu has ambalwa kuphela amashumi ezinkulungwane eminyaka. Bheka, silapha 'abasha "kuqhathaniswa alawa magciwane.

Iningi amancane eminingi

Amagciwane angabasizi futhi emincane kunayo yonke abameleli eyaziwayo izilwane zasendle. Iqiniso lokuthi amangqamuzana cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo zinezici cishe izilinganiso zobukhulu efanayo. Kodwa hhayi amaseli virus. amaseli Isilinganiso webhaktheriya imayelana kayishumi lincane cell Ngokwesilinganiso, njengomuntu. Ngenxa yalokhu amancane, kunjalo futhi abakhileyo eziningi kakhulu. It is ukuthi lokubolekwa inhlabathi, uhlalwe namagciwane ingaba inani elifanayo abakhileyo eyaziwa ngokuthi, isibonelo, abantu kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu.

ukukhuthazela

Imvelo, ukudala ama-bacterium okulondolozwe kubo nesilinganiso omkhulu, siphezulu kunamanye nezilwane ukukhuthazela. Njengoba "endulo ezijulile" Emhlabeni kwenzeka izinhlekelele eziningi, namagciwane baye bafunda ukuba sikhuthazele. Ngisho nanamuhla, ama-bacterium ophilayo imvelo wehlukile kunjalo, kuba nesithakazelo esijulile microbiology. Nezilwanyana ezincane ngezinye izikhathi kungatholakala ezindaweni lapho ngokuqinisekile namunye izidalwa akakwazi bahlale.

Lapho ama-bacterium bangaphila

Ngokwesibonelo, e amanzi abilayo iziphethu, lapho izinga lokushisa kwamanzi kungaba cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi degrees ngenhla zero. Noma - e namachibi komhlaba uwoyela, kanye langakufanelekela ukuphila amachibi esidi, lapho izinhlanzi noma yimuphi omunye Lesilwane sasibulawa ngokushesha ziyoncibilika, - lokho lapho leli gciwane ukuphila.

Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zama-bacterium angaba khona ngisho isikhala! By the way, esekelwe lezi idatha eyodwa nguqulo ye labantu emhlabeni kwezinto eziphilayo, imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka wokuphila emhlabeni.

izingxabano

Ukuze sikhuthazele kwezimo ezingezinhle ezinjalo, abanye amagciwane yakha ezinhlamvu. Singasho ukuthi lena ekhethekile, ilele, amafomu kokuphumula. Ngaphambi kokuba azakhele ezinhlamvu, ama-bacterium iqala ukuze ome, nokususa uketshezi uqobo. Kuyehla ngobukhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphakathi egobolondweni, embozwe i eyengeziwe eyodwa igobolondo - imvelo zokuzivikela. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi silwanyana kungaba isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngendlela efana uma "ukulinda aphume" izikhathi ezinzima. Khona-ke, kuye ngokuthi imvelo abahlala kuwo amagciwane - friendly noma cha - bangakwazi ukuvuselela ikhono lazo ukuze baphile ngokugcwele. Leli khono esiyingqayizivele siqhubeke siphila ezimweni ezingezinhle uzifunde ngokucophelela ososayensi, microbiologists.

ikuyo yonke indawo

Ephendula umbuzo othi "lapho amagciwane bukhoma" zingaphendulwa kakhulu ukumane: "Cishe yonke indawo," Okungukuthi, phakathi kwethu futhi kithi, emkhathini, inhlabathi, amanzi. Futhi umuntu ngamunye nsuku zonke mbeni inqwaba izidalwa, bengaboni. Phakathi kwabo kukhona namagciwane abangela izifo futhi ezingena ngentuba. Kukhona ngempela ephephile umzimba womuntu.

emhlabathini

Emhlabathini, lapho amagciwane bahlalaphi, equkethwe abaningi kakhulu. Lapha kukhona izakhi ezidingekile ekuphileni, kanye nenani kahle amanzi, akukho elangeni. Iningi la magciwane - saprophytes. Ababandakanyeka kumiswa ingxenye evundile inhlabathi (humus). Lapha Nokho, kukhona Amagciwane: Amagciwane ngqi, botulism, igesi esibhibhayo kanye nezinye izifo. Base bazokwethulelwa umoya namanzi, kamuva zokuthelela womuntu lezi zifo.

Ngakho, lapho i-ejenti ngqi imbewu eletha kunalokho enkulu, engena emzimbeni umhlabathi ezihlukahlukene Izilonda futhi replicates e anaerobic (i-oksijini-free) izimo.

Ngo amanzi

Ngisho nalapho ama-bacterium angaphila, ngakho-ke kuba endaweni aqueous. Lapha beza, lapho basuse inhlabathi ukwehla nokugeleza kwawo ugcina emanzini. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngasendleleni, emanzini Artesian kuyinto amagciwane kakhulu esingaphansi-phansi. A amanzi ethafeni ovela echibini noma emfuleni bangaba konemimoya lapho amagciwane siphile, beka ukusabalala kwezifo eziningi ezingenangqondo neziyingozi: ithayifodi, ikholera, uhudo, kanye nabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, uhudo kubangelwa Shigella amagciwane kwezinhlobo futhi umzimba kuhambisana ukudakwa ezinzima, izilonda emathunjini.

Esimweni,

Emoyeni, lapho bangakwazi ukuphila bacterium, benza ngisho emhlabathini. Isibhakabhaka kuyisinyathelo Lesisemkhatsini yokufuduka ezincane, ngakho ngeke kube - ngenxa yokuntuleka izakhi kanye nokuntuleka umswakama - engokwemvelo unomphela ngoba amagciwane. I-bacterium ufake emoyeni ngothuli, amaconsi ezincane yamanzi, kodwa ke - axazulule ukuphela, emhlabathini. Nokho, ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi - izindawo amakhulu, isibonelo - isibalo nezilwanyana ezincane eziqukethwe emoyeni zingaba zinkulu, ikakhulukazi ehlobo. Futhi umoya ngokwawo singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela naphakathi lapho uhlala amagciwane, zonke izinhlobo izifo. Ezinye zazo yilezi: idiphtheria, ukukhwehlela whooping. Kanye sofuba kubangelwa tubercle imbewu eletha.

lengenako

On isikhumba womuntu eziningi ezihlukahlukene nezilwanyana ezincane. Kodwa Ukuboshelwa basakaza yonkana indiza. Kukhona ama-bacterium "intandokazi" izindawo, kodwa kunezindawo sifana ehlane eyihlane. Futhi, ngokuvumelana ososayensi, iningi amagciwane ezihlala esikhumbeni abantu abangekho enonya. Kunalokho, enza uhlobo imisebenzi lokuvikela abantu kusuka emagciwaneni ezibhekwa enobungozi. It is ngokwesayensi kungase kutholakale ukuthi inzalo ngokweqile nobumsulwa - alilihle (Yiqiniso, elula imithetho kwenhlanzeko engakaze kukhanselwe). Okungenani yawo wonke amabhaktheriya ungumuntu ngemuva auricles. Uhlelo oluyisisekelo oluthi lemali - kwi ngemilenze (lapho bekuya 45 zinhlobo). Kuningi-bacterium ahlala ngaphakathi olwelesini olusemlonyeni, okuthiwa izindawo ezimanzi lapho uzizwa ukhululekile kakhulu. Esikhathini eyomile (izintende, izibunu) - nemibandela khona aluyona efanelekayo kwezilwanyana ezincane.

ngaphakathi kithi

Ngokusho odokotela, microbiologists, e esiswini womuntu iyikhaya cishe ezintathu khilogremu amagciwane! Kodwa ngokuya izinombolo - ibutho elikhulu, ngawo ukuba esinamandla. Nokho, ama-bacterium - omakhelwane smart. Kwenqwaba yokuhlala emzimbeni womuntu (, elezinye izilwane ezincelisayo) - ewusizo nokuqalisa endaweni obunokuthula "amakhosi". Ezinye - ukusiza ukugaya. Abanye - imisebenzi yezokuphepha: ngenxa yezenzo zabo Amagciwane lapho bezama ukufinyelela ngokushesha wabhubhisa endaweni abamangalelwa. 99% abantu bakuleli batholakale - Bifidobacterium futhi Bacteroides. A enterococci, E. coli (okuyinto kunemibandela pathogenic) lactobacillus - kusuka 1 kuya ku-10%. Ziyakwazi ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle kungabangela ezihlukahlukene izifo, kodwa abantu enempilo imisebenzi ewusizo. Usekhona siphile isikhunta ehlukahlukene staphylococci, okuyinto kungaba futhi pathogenic. Kodwa ngokuyinhloko pheshana emathunjini kukhona ibhalansi bacteriological, efana uhlobo okuhloswe esekela empilweni yomuntu ezingeni elifanele. A Amagciwane e-amasosha omzimba kahle eliphezulu abakwazi ukungena kanye nokulimala.