Kuzanskiy Nikolay: nefilosofi ngamafuphi kanye biography. Imibono eziyisisekelo njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi Nikolaya Kuzanskogo kafushane

Omunye sefilosofi omkhulu, usosayensi sezombusazwe Nikolay Kuzansky owazalelwa eningizimu ye-eJalimane, e-Cuza edolobhaneni 1401. Ngesikhathi ngiba ibhungu, uNicholas wabaleka ekhaya ngemuva Ukuzula yakhe Ukubala uvikelekile Theodoric von Manderscheid, ngubani axhasa nayo ukuphila. Kucatshangwa umnakekeli wathumela kuye ukufunda eHolland. Lapho, ngo-isikole "abafowethu ofanayo wokuphila", wafundiswa zesiGreki nesiLatin, eyingoduso ekhulumela futhi ukukopisha izincwadi ku Ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo. Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, wabuyela eJalimane futhi ngaqhubeka nezifundo zakhe e-University of Heidelberg.

Nikolay Kuzansky nefilosofi, biography beba

Fika Padua e 1417, Nikolay Kuzansky waqala ukufunda izincwadi ezisohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli umthetho. Kodwa umthetho omunye osemusha abanamakhono kwakunganele, waqala ukutadisha imithi nezibalo ezingamaGreki, imfundo geography ukufunda izinkanyezi, umlando wemvelo kanye nesayensi. Padua wahlangana nabangani bakhe ikusasa Paolo Toscanelli futhi Yulianom Tsezarini, bagxilisa Nicholas ukuqalekela nefilosofi nezincwadi.

Wathola iziqu zakhe isihloko uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli umthetho, e 1423 Nikolay Kuzansky waya e-Italy, lapho ahlangana ne Shansela waseRoma Podzho Brachcholini, abanentshisekelo wagxila yayo yenkolo. Ngemva kokubuyela e-Germany, waqala ukutadisha imisebenzi imfundiso yenkolo e Cologne. Ngo 1426, njengoba umpristi, wamiswa unobhala inxusa sobupapa, Cardinal Orsini, futhi kamuva waba li yebandla Koblenz.

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-15, igunya iSonto LamaKatolika iye basibukela phansi feuds eziningi phakathi Cathedral kanye uPapa, izinduna nabefundisi kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise kuqhekeka ibandla lezwe. Ukubuyisela ithonya kabusha iSonto kudingeka, okhadinali eziningi liphakanyiswe kukhawulwe ithonya lesonto lamaKatolika futhi baqinise amandla naleli thempeli. Leli thempeli e 1433 wafika Nikolay Kuzansky, wakhuluma noMose bokuhlukaniswa upapa eliphakeme.

Izinguquko Nikolaya Kuzanskogo esontweni kanye nesimo

imibono Reformative asebenzelana ngayo zombili neSonto noMbuso wonkana. Kuzanskiy Nikolay, ogama nefilosofi kubonakala emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala "Ngo kwemvume zamaKatolika," ngemibuzo dokhumenti, okubizwa ngokuthi Donation of Constantine, eyasho okulandelayo ukudluliswa yebandla, hhayi ezingokomoya kuphela kodwa futhi ngamandla yesikhashana ngu uMbusi uConstantine. Nikolay Kuzansky simenyezelwa futhi umbono ezihlongozwayo ngaphambili Ockham, entandweni abantu, ilingana Uhulumeni nesonto. Futhi noma yimuphi umbusi - isithwali entandweni yabantu. Wabuye ezihlongozwayo ukuhlukanisa amandla izikhulu zesonto kanye nesimo.

Ngaphansi Usongo lokuhlasela amabutho Turkish nakumaGreki baseByzantium babambe izingxoxo kuyo yonke inhlangano bamabandla esempumalanga nengxenye esentshonalanga, esahlanganisa futhi uNikolay Kuzansky. Elapho, wahlangana Vissarion futhi Plethon eyaziwa ngesikhathi Neoplatonists, baba nendima enkulu ekulolongeni isimo esizayo wesazi sefilosofi.

Imibono mayelana nekuhlelwa kabusha ukuthi kuhlongozwa ukuba Nikolay Kuzansky, ifilosofi, wemiqondo eyisisekelo bachazwa kafushane Yiqiniso, kunzima - laphefumulelwa ithonya kwenkathi, ukuphikisana yayo, umzabalazo ukuthambekela ezahlukene. abasafufusa sengqondo izinduna ukuba ukuphila kuphela, namanje engaphansi ngempela imibono ephakathi yokuphila. Ukudlondlobala ukholo, austerity ngokweqile, okuthanda bulalani enyameni, it is ngokuphelele ngeke kuhlangene ngokwenama inkathi. isithakazelo ezicacile ngokwazi imithetho yemvelo, ukuhlolwa kokufaneleka wezibalo kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi ngqo, ithonya zasendulo izinganekwane - lokhu kwaba ifilosofi Yempucuko. Nikolay Kuzansky wahileleka kakhulu esontweni futhi ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo isikhathi esiningi izifundo zesayensi.

Ifilosofi Yenguquko, pantheism. Nikolay Kuzansky, Bruno

Ujwayele Ambrogio Traversari, Lorenzo Valla, Silvio Piccolomini (Ngokuzayo uPapa Pius II) eyaziwa abaphika langaleso sikhathi abathintekayo bezibona emhlabeni Nikolaya Kuzanskogo. Ebhekisela imibhalo yefilosofi lasendulo, asifunda Proclus yasekuqaleni futhi uPlato.

Ukujula umsebenzi ukufunda izinkanyezi, cosmography, izibalo, izithakazelo ezivamile babeyihlobanisa abaphika, ezifana umngane wakhe Toskanelli. Philosophy infinity Nikolaya Kuzanskogo, uhambisane isikhathi. izimiso Scientific zidinga ukutadisha ngendlela ehlelekile wezibalo, nokubala, ukulinganisa, enesisindo. indatshana yakhe "On isipiliyoni yokukukala" isinyathelo sokuqala maqondana enkathini entsha intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe. Ngo umsebenzi Nikolay Kuzansky kuthinta physics zokuhlola, Dynamics, statics, nguye ophethe tie ndawonye theory kanye umkhuba. Waqale wadala ibalazwe ezindawo ka-Europe, kanye sokutjhugulula likaJulius, okuyinto namanje ukulungiswa kamuva, kodwa kuphela emva kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu.

Ifilosofi Nikolaya Kuzanskogo futhi Giordano Bruno e ehlelwe into ethi ayifane. Imibono ku Cosmology, babe imibono entsha ye okuningi uCopernicus futhi wacaba indlela yokuba uhlobo izimfundiso Bruno. Zayishiya eziningi imisebenzi yesayensi ngemibono yenkolo, ifilosofi, izingqikithi zenkolo nezombusazwe, bahlanganiswe umqondo efanayo yonke elingapheli. Inguquko kusuka isiko medieval ubonisa ifilosofi Yempucuko. Nikolay Kuzansky ithuthukisa umqondo kwemingcele, wasebenzisa zona ukuze ukuchaza uNkulunkulu futhi izibalo geometry.

UNkulunkulu emhlabeni, futhi izwe unguNkulunkulu. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ubuhlobo

Inkinga eyinhloko kule ukucabanga Nikolaya Kuzanskogo kwaba isilinganiso emhlabeni futhi uNkulunkulu, Theocentricism ifilosofi yakhe wawuyinqaba ngokuphelele yenkolo ephakathi. ulwazi esikoleni kaNkulunkulu waseCusa kuqhathaniswa umbono 'ukungazi safunda le ", okuyinto awunika igama lokuthi umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wefilosofi.

ukungazi Academic akusho ukwenqaba uNkulunkulu futhi ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba, lena akuyona ayenqaba kugxeka, lokutshengisela konke okuhilelekile ulwazi esebenzisa logic esikoleni. Philosophy kumelwe uqhubeke ezindabeni uNkulunkulu nezwe, kuvela ukungazi imiqondo incommensurable nemibono mayelana into. Pantheism ku ifilosofi Renaissance Nikolay Kuzansky uchaza hhayi kuphela iphuzu zenkolo umbono, kodwa kunalokho kusuka zefilosofi. Ukuhlonza Nkulunkulu sisonke nezwe futhi ngokuyisisekelo zonke, kwakheka isisekelo ifilosofi yakhe. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukuthutha kude inkolo futhi ubuwena uNkulunkulu, imibono lula ngengokomoya futhi Sublimity wazo zonke izinto.

Lapho Iogann Venk osolwa Nikolaya Kuzanskogo e eretizm, ezivikela, waveza isidingo ukuhlukanisa uNkulunkulu - yokukhulekela mayelana nale ndaba, kusekelwe embonweni yokukhulekela ehlelweni elithile kuNkulunkulu - into cwaningo. Ngakho, Nikolay Kuzansky, bamlinga uNkulunkulu njengoba bezibona sakhe zefilosofi, hhayi njengoba inkinga zenkolo. Kulokhu, ibhekisela isilinganiso izinto eqeda zomhlaba emhlabeni we okungenamkhawulo, yasekuqaleni.

Ngokusobala eyayembuleka esiphezulu eliphelele, kwaze kwaba seqophelweni kokuqala inkomba

Nkulunkulu, ngubani akubona kulowo renunciation ephelele izinto zomhlaba - ekuqaleni nenhlalakahle enkulu, esiphezulu ngokuphelele. Lona ekuqaleni konke futhi iyonke nazo zonke ngakho-amangalelwe Kuzanskiy Nikolay. Philosophy livela ekugcizeleleni iqiniso lokuthi uNkulunkulu iqukethe konke okunye. Futhi eliphakeme phezu zonke.

Kuyinto umqondo omubi kaNkulunkulu ukuthi baletha Nikolay Kuzansky, ogama maqondana nefilosofi uyayilahla kwezazi yayo, ihlanganisa nomhlaba. Nkulunkulu kwakubonakala kwande kangaka emhlabeni, futhi izwe ikuNkulunkulu. Lesi sikhundla eduze pantheism ngokungathi uNkulunkulu abaziwa nemvelo, ukuthula kanye nature ngaphakathi kuye, njengokuba yena mathupha.

Ukuze inqubo kwebalingisi Kuzanskiy Nikolay, ifilosofi elisemandleni aphuma waphezulu zezwe, lisebenzisa igama elithi "ukuthunyelwa". Wona kusho ukwembuleka the eliphelele, lokhu kuholela ngokujulile ubunye emhlabeni, ukubhujiswa imiqondo phezulu.

Indlela ukuchaza usosayensi onjalo njengoba Nikolay Kuzansky, ifilosofi, imibono eziyisisekelo zazo ebiyelwe nomqondo okushiwo okuyinto ngesimo a pheceza ukuthula kaNkulunkulu eyambulekayo futhi kukhona ukunyakaza, isikhathi - ngomzuzwana, futhi ukuthunyelwa emgqeni - iphuzu. Ngo imfundiso ngesisekelo ukuqondana kwezinto dialectical eziphikisanako emhlabeni noNkulunkulu. Creation, esichazwa njengesono ukuthunyelwa kungase kungabi yesikhashana, ngoba ukudalwa - iyona ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, futhi umi phakade. Ngakho, indalo ngokwayo, hhayi wawubonakalisa okwesikhashana isidingo uthole hhayi uhlelo saphezulu, njengoba kufundiswa inkolo.

Cosmology e imibono waseCusa. Umqondo infinity wendawo yonke futhi ngokuyisisekelo saphezulu

Umkhathi khona njengoba unomphela ukuthunyelwa unkulunkulu, ngoba kukhona kuphela, esiphezulu ngokuphelele, kungenzeka akhona esimweni esiphelele kunazo ku isethi, elinye igama, kuyinto yonke unkulunkulu kungaba kuphela ngendlela elinganiselwe. Lena komkhawulo - inkomba eyinhloko Otherness kaNkulunkulu yonke. Njengoba emelelwa Nikolay Kuzansky, ifilosofi uchaza kafushane le nkinga futhi udinga ukuba kulungiswe. isithombe esikoleni zomhlaba, lapho izwe wadala, esibethelwe isikhathi kunomkhawulo baxhashazwe kwezindikimba zasezulwini, futhi wazihlanganisa uNkulunkulu wamaKristu asishayisani ne imfundiso, okuyinto wethulwe yi Nikolay Kuzansky. Philosophy, imibono eziyisisekelo zazo ebiyelwe a ekuhlaleni kwesisu pantheistic we yaphezulu zezwe, uchaza umqondo kaNkulunkulu nezwe njengoba umbuthano igxile ngaphakathi futhi ndawo ngesikhathi esifanayo yonke indawo.

Isikhala phakathi umuntu, futhi umuntu kuNkulunkulu

Kususelwa lo mbono lifanisa uNkulunkulu isikhala yemvelo, umhlaba umbuthano ayo, kodwa isikhungo salo yonke indawo. Kepha izwe akuyona elingapheli, ngaphandle kwalokho wayeyobe likaNkulunkulu lilingana naye, futhi kulokhu kuyoba umbuthano isikhungo, kuyoba ukuphela futhi, ngokufanelekile, ekuqaleni, kungaba eduze. Lena ukubonakaliswa emhlabeni ngokuvumelana Nathi esivela kuNkulunkulu, uchaza Nikolay Kuzansky. Philosophy, wemiqondo eyisisekelo okuyinto ungakwazi ukuchaza engapheli kafushane, kuye saphezulu zezwe waqala ukoma esenzeka ukuba khona ngokomzimba futhi ngekwendzawo. Kulesi sisekelo, singaphetha ngokuthi mayelana Cosmology. It kuvela, Earth akuyona maphakathi nezwe, futhi selilonke yayo ayikwazi zasemkhathini fixed, ngokuvumelana Kuzanskiy Nikolay.

Ifilosofi Cosmology ilungelo phuca ezweni elalikade sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi maphakathi yonke, futhi uNkulunkulu uba maphakathi konke, ngesikhathi esifanayo sichaza ezinyakazayo Zomhlaba. Ukwenqaba indawo emaphakathi kanye baxhashazwe zomhlaba, akusho ukwethula isikimu ukunyakazisa imizimba esibhakabhakeni isivele ukugedlisa ukucabangela of kwezwe, abethe kwavula indlela sokuthuthukiswa Cosmology futhi geocentricism bancishwa ukulungisiswa okunengqondo.

I kuvisisa essence yaphezulu, ukungazi yesayensi

Ukubhubhisa umbono benkolo yonke, okuyinto sici Neoplatonists, Nikolay Kuzansky awavezanga ukwehla unkulunkulu, zehlela ezingeni umuntu wenyama, kodwa njengoba kubonisa essence yaphezulu eliphakeme. Ngakho, umhlaba ubonakala njengomuntu Indalo ephelele saphezulu, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba ubone ubukhulu uNkulunkulu nemisebenzi yobuciko. Nokushabalala kwazo zonke izinto awukwazi ukufihla izikhulu kwenjongo kaNkulunkulu. Ubuhle zezwe, ezihlala isikhashana kwachazwa Nikolay Kuzansky, ifilosofi uxhumano jikelele nokuzwana sokudalwa kuyafaneleka. Ngesikhathi kwasekelwa izwe uNkulunkulu wasebenzisa geometry, izibalo, isayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi, umculo kanye yonke ubuciko baqashwe umuntu.

Harmony zomhlaba okubekwe ngayo ngokucacile okungaphakathi kumuntu - ukudalwa esikhulu sikaNkulunkulu. Lokhu kufakazelwa Nikolay Kuzansky. Philosophy, leli qiniso eliyisisekelo zazo iqukethwe incazelo konke kuyinto enhle, ukuthi wadalwa uNkulunkulu, ke buhlobene eduze ekutadisheni Cosmology futhi ontology pantheistic. Indoda ithathwa njengoba nje indalo okuphakeme kukaNkulunkulu. Ufaka wona ngenhla zonke ngokuzenza ezingeni elithile e sabaphathi, singasho ukuthi kubonakala nonkulunkulu bezinto ezingabonakali. Ngakho-ke, nguye ophakeme, engena ezindlini ngezindlu ezweni lonke.

Kuyini nobuntu wonke abalulekile: ukukhangana eziphikisanako futhi liphinyiselwe nokuphila kwabantu. Ukuhambisana esiphezulu iphuma kuNkulunkulu futhi isikhala Infinity Developed kuveziwe embikweni okhuthaza imvelo yomuntu, okubizwa ngokuthi izwe encishisiwe. Lona ukuphelela ephelele luwumgogodla saphezulu, okuyinto engavamile esintwini sisonke, hhayi umuntu. Man, livuselwa ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, eba ngomunye nalo, kungaba unkulunkulu efanayo, waqonda Nkulunkulu-indoda.

Ubuhlobo obunjalo womuntu kanye isimo saphezulu kungenzeka kuphela iNdodana kaNkulunkulu, uJesu. Ngakho, imfundiso yokuziphendukela umuntu ahlobene eduze Christology, nokuthi - ne ukuthunyelwa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela ukubeka phambili Nikolay Kuzansky. Philosophy kafushane futhi engagwegwesi, uchazela ukuthi imvelo ngokuphelele nepheleleyo iNdodana kwamakhaya zokuthambekela kobuntu, ezifana isikhala esimweni kubhidlika, eziqukethwe Nkulunkulu. Ehlanganiswe Kristu ubunjalo babantu akupheli, kodwa elinganiselwe ku ngabanye, kube ezilinganiselwe. Ngakho, umuntu unamandla - ezilinganiselwe ekubeni. Ukuhlonza ukudlula umuntu uKristu futhi Nikolaem Kuzanskim wamsiza ukuhambisa abanye abantu babhekwe njengabezinye ukudalwa komuntu esivela ezimfundisweni zesonto. Sicabanga ngalokho ntu hhayi njengoba indalo, kodwa njengoba umdali, yilokhu lifanisa essence saso esivela kuNkulunkulu. Lokhu kufakazelwa ikhono kwengqondo yomuntu ukuba baqonde izwe akupheli, ukufunda izinto ezintsha.

Ifilosofi pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo nabalandeli bakhe

Nge ifilosofi pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo umqondo ezihlobene budlelwane emkhatsini ulwazi nokholo. Ngesisekelo imfundiso ezabekwa umbono isikhala njengoba incwadi ivela kuZimu, lapho uNkulunkulu wembula indlela olwazini lwabantu ngezinga. Ngakho-ke nokukholwa kuvisisa ngu essence yaphezulu incishisiwe, elise indoda. Kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nokuqaphela uhlobo zandiswa ukuqaphela kaNkulunkulu - kunjalo yingqondo yomuntu, okungakwazi kuthathelwe indawo olokuthatheka. Ukuntuleka kolwazi ka Nikolay Kuzansky waqhathanisa ukucatshangelwa we bokusungula, okuyinto kunikeza umbono walokho Luhambo eziphikisanako. Ulwazi olunjalo ubiza lo umbono bokusungula noma umuzwa, nokuqaphela equlekile, noma enganakile, ngamanye amazwi, ukungazi ngokwesayensi.

Isifiso ukuqonda incazelo kweqiniso, ukungakwazi ukuba siqonde ubukhulu batjengise izinto sidle. Futhi iqiniso uvezwa njengoMahluleli into inhloso, kodwa engenakufinyeleleka, njengoba cognition, yokufunda ngeke siyeke, kodwa iqiniso akunakulinganiswa. WaseCusa wacabanga ukuthi ulwazi lomuntu lulinganiselwe isihlobo, futhi asakaze ulwazi zenkolo. Ngakho, noma iyiphi inkolo kuphela ukude eduze iqiniso, ngakho kufanele unamathele ukubekezelelana enkolweni nasezindabeni ukwenqaba abashisekela inkolo.

A sefilosofi letihloniphekile, sazi, noma imbuka?

Imibono eziyisisekelo Nikolaya Kuzanskogo wazibonakalisa yathela impela ngoba ukuqhubeka ifilosofi ezithuthukayo. Umthelela ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwanoma yiliphi isayensi yemvelo, nobuntu, uye wakwenza sefilosofi eliqavile Renaissance. Imfundiso kaZiqu-dialectic, ukukhangana eziphikisanako wanikeza baqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa ukukhohliseka German ifilosofi ka 18-19 eminyaka.

nethonya elinamandla bezibona emhlabeni futhi waba Cosmology, la umqondo wezwe elingaphansi yonke elingapheli, ukuntula kwayo kumbuthano futhi isikhungo. Kamuva yaphinde yaqhubeka umsebenzi umlandeli waseCusa, Giordano Bruno.

Eqaphela umuntu njengoNkulunkulu, umdali, yasiza ekwandiseni ukubaluleka waseCusa womuntu. Wancoma amakhono engqondo lomuntu olungenamkhawulo, nakuba, eqinisweni, kwaba ayihambisani ke isethulo ibandla indoda futhi wazibona njengoba eretizm. Abaningi imibono Nikolaya Kuzanskogo kuphambene uhlelo amakhosi asendulo futhi kubukela phansi kwegunya leSonto. Kodwa nguye owakha isisekelo njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi Renaissance futhi isibe omele ezivelele isiko isikhathi sakhe.