Kuyini umthetho civil? Umqondo amalungelo ezakhamuzi

Ngalezo zinsuku, lapho ilungelo kuphakama kuphela ngesimo lapho thina sonke abajwayele ukukubona, abantu namanje babengakuqondi ukusetshenziswa kwalesi "Ukuzivumelanisa". Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi kwezinkambiso zokuziphatha kugunyazwe isimo, ukuthi kungaba ekhethekile? Empeleni, imithetho evamile yokuziphatha, kodwa lilinganise ephakeme. Noma kunjalo, ngisho nangemva eziningana iminyaka eyikhulu, ilungelo bekulokhu indlela enamandla kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo ukuhlela ukuphathwa ukugudluka zomphakathi ezahlukene Ukwakheka yobuhlanga namasiko. Kancane kancane, lo mthetho waqala ukungena hhayi kuphela phakathi gosudarstvostroeniya sphere, kodwa futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kweningi labantu. Amazinga ukulawula ukuthengwa nokudayiswa, ifa kanye simo esibucayi, ngamanye amazwi, inqubo ukuphila okuvamile. Ekuqaleni mithetho owawukhona ngaleso amasiko ezingeni. Nokho, wonke igatsha umthetho sekukhona ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, okungukuthi civil.

Umlando amalungelo abantu

Abaningi abameli lanamuhla umbuza, lokho luwumgogodla komthetho we-civil? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbono lo umkhakha kunikeza impendulo oluphelele ngalokho Kuzoxoxwa nabanye - kunezinkinga eziningi-theory, ngokuvamile kakhulu impikiswano. Leli qiniso incike umlando kumiswa igatsha civil yomthetho. Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe indima eyinhloko eRoma lasendulo, ngoba komthetho we-civil kanye nenqubo yamaqembu esizwe esisodwa, eqinisweni, baye baklama ososayensi koMbuso. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ekuqaleni kule mboni "bukhoma" kuphela amasiko nemikhuba. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali, i-Peninsula Apennine waqala ukuthuthukiswa yayo komthetho we-civil, ikakhulukazi, umthetho wangasese. Kodwa umkhakha azenzekanga ngokushesha. Ngalezo zinsuku, iRoma yavuleka ngokumelene isizinda kuyimpi ye plebs (abantu) kanye patricians (ekhethelo).

omunye zasendulo esidala kakhulu nebaluleke kunazo zonke esingasebenzisa yomthetho (imithetho XII amatafula) ngaphansi ukucindezela patricians lokuqala limiswa owanikhipha ndawonye imithetho elawula ubumfihlo izakhamuzi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, komthetho we-civil iqala nomlando wayo ngokushesha.

Imithetho XII amathebula

Lokhu isethi ziqondiso ingenye izibonelo lokuqala nokuqoshwa amalungelo abantu isimo. ikomiti ekhethekile zabantu 10 ngasondelana up ukudala imithetho. Inhloso yomsebenzi wabo kwaba "imithetho ukuhlunga." zomthetho ephelelwe yisikhathi nje ayifakiwe. Ngakho, imithetho kuhlanganisa ethandwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwezinkambiso zomthetho. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi nokuqoshwa kuqukethe okuningi ulwazi mayelana nemisebenzi zenqubo komthetho we-civil, njengoba imithetho zenqubo ulifake ngokukhethekile kwamanye amathebula. Yiqiniso, ukudalwa umzimba okunjalo umthetho ibilokhu intuthuko yangempela. Nokho, kube nenkinga enkulu. Labo ubudlelwane zomthetho ezingenziwanga kulawulwa umthetho, akakholelwa zikhona. Ngakho-ke, iminyaka embalwa engamakhulu ezayo, izikhala ilungelo ugcwalise izenzo ezikhethekile iziphathimandla zomphakathi. Ngqo komthetho we-civil ngesimo esiphila bajwayele ukubona kuye, lenzeka ngesisekelo i-Corpus Juris Civilis (lwemithetho uJustinian sika). Lo mthombo umbuzo ngezindlela eziningi ukuthi luwumgogodla komthetho we-civil, ngoba iyingqayizivele ngempela ngesikhathi sawo.

Umlando alandelayo komthetho we-civil iyakhiwa nge ukuvela isintu. Ngenkathi feudalism kwezinkambiso yomthetho waseRoma yangasese kwakufanele nokuqalisa kukaningi isebenzelana ibhizinisi. Ukuthuthukiswa enkulu senzeke Renaissance, lapho umthetho ngokuvamile baye baba ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni umphakathi kanye nesimo. In parallel ukuthuthukiswa wezangaPhandle kwaba ukubunjwa ifomu eyingqayizivele komthetho we-civil, okuyinto waziwa ngokuthi umthetho civil ngamazwe.

Umqondo yesimanje amalungelo abantu

umthetho Civil of eRussia nakwamanye amazwe cishe njalo ngokobudlelwano nabanye ngokomthetho. Yiqiniso, lo mshini ilungelo ngokwalo wehlukile ngempela, kodwa lokho akumvimbi ukwaba umqondo owodwa. Ngakho, umthetho civil - iqoqo kwezinkambiso zomthetho esilawula impahla kanye non-impahla ubudlelwane, esekelwe ukulingana langempela amaqembu ukuze kuzuzwe izimo ezikahle kakhulu abantu. Nokho, ukuqonda ukuthi yini luwumgogodla komthetho we-civil, imboni kumele kucatshangwe ikhumbula izici zemindeni ehlukene zomthetho, kwakhiwa kuze kube manje. Futhi kungenzeka komthetho we-civil ithathwa njengendlela isiyalo ngokwesayensi. Ngalo, izikole eziningi ziba ukulungiselela nabezomthetho. Izihloko emthethweni civil ukusiza ochwepheshe amasha emkhakheni komthetho ukufunda nature kwezomthetho futhi okushiwo umkhakha. Njengomthetho, ukulungiswa Kwenziwa ezingeni theory kanye nama-practical. zombango umthetho umsebenzi kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ulwazi ithembekile emkhakheni wangasese imithetho pravorealizatsii.

Kunezici ezihlukahlukene nomthelela imindeni zomthetho

Njengasekhulwini zomthetho umndeni kuncike Roman-zamaJalimane kanye-Anglo-Saxon wesi, evezwa umkhakha sihloko, okufanayo. Nokho, umthetho we-civil kanye inqubo civil zihluke kakhulu emazweni lapho akukho uhlobo olufanayo umbuso kwezomthetho. Inkinga eyinhloko kuhlehlela emuva ngezinga ezahlukene ukuqaliswa izimiso wemboni civil. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni Romano-gremanskoy legatsha zomthetho umndeni ukhona ngesisekelo ukulingana langempela amaqembu, bangasephula zonke izinhlobo ubunikazi, inkululeko yesivumelwano. Nokho, lezi zimiso asetshenziswa okuningi ngempumelelo emazweni-Anglo-Saxon umthetho. Kunesimo esifanayo futhi kuphakama kusukela mahluko, okhona ngempela kohulumeni bezombangazwe, kodwa lena subject ehluke ngokuphelele.

Izinto amalungelo abantu

Ngaphambili, sathola ukuthi isihloko amalungelo ezakhamuzi kukhona ubudlelwane zomthetho emkhakheni izithakazelo zokuziphatha kanye nezomnotho abantu. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, into kungenziwa ngokuthi zonke izinzuzo (ezingokoqobo futhi angaphatheki), ngenxa okuyilokho, eqinisweni, kukhona kakade okukhulunywa ubuhlobo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi komthetho we-civil eRussia namuhla ibhekene inqubo yentuthuko engakaze ibonwe. Lokhu kuholela ukubukeka izinto ezintsha lapho imisebenzi emkhakheni civil. Ngokusho sihloko 128 Code Civil, into amalungelo abantu baziwa: impahla (izinto), imali, izibambiso and impahla kanye non-amalungelo, izinzuzo angaphatheki. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi zonke izinto ziwela ngaphansi ukulawulwa wemboni civil kwenzeka ukuthi kube nomthelela izikhonzi umthetho wangasese. Kungenjalo, ku ukulawulwa civil-umthetho angeke kubhekwe.

ngezigaba lezinto

Ngesisekelo umthetho civil ekhona ososayensi letigcogcwe ngaphambilini ukubeka phambili esigabeni zindlela ezahlukene ngokuphelele, isibonelo:

1. Ngokusho imali emphakathini:

- athathiwe,

- ekujikelezeni,

- angenamkhawulo ejikelezayo.

2. Ngokwenkolelo uhlobo impahla:

- ezithathekayo,

- ezingagudluki.

3. yemizi ihlukaniswe yaba:

- umhlaba, kugcwele endaweni

- imizimba amanzi,

- atehlukaniseki ukuba izinto ezweni.

Kukhona ngezigaba jikelele zonke izinto zezwe ezibonakalayo, ezingashabalala azungeze umuntu:

- okudlekayo,

- eyinkimbinkimbi,

- akusho kudle,

- ngamunye kuchazwe,

- izinto izici ejwayelekile,

- sihlukaniswe,

- indivisible.

ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa Ukwahlukaniswa izibambiso.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi emakethe yezezimali kuyinto onqenqemeni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo. Lokhu kuholela ukubukeka izigaba elisha, cela ukuhlonza zomthetho. Ngakho, kukhona izibambiso ezilandelayo:

- bhalisiwe,

- imvume yokusesha,

- sengqondo izimpahla,

- ukheshe,

- yenkampani,

- documentary,

- uncertified.

Futhi e izinto komthetho we-civil zibekwa nje kuphela izinto yokukhuluma izinto, isibonelo, non-nokuphathelene (kwezomnotho) amalungelo, umsebenzi kanye nezinsizakalo, nokunye. N. zithengiswe noma zisetshenziswe ngoba ithatha niche ahlukene indlela yokulawulwa zomthetho, elibonisa ukubaluleka kwayo ezehlukile.

Ukusebenzisa amalungelo ezakhamuzi ngokuvamile sincike izici ukulawulwa into. Ngokwesibonelo, ingcebo has a isici ethize zomthetho futhi indlela yokulawulwa, okungukuthi yokubhalisa ayimpoqo sayo yonke imisebenzi ngokuphelele kule nto. Kulokhu, khona imikhondo kuphoqelelwa indlela yokulawulwa kwezimboni ubudlelwane, ukuthi ngokuphelele hhayi ejwayelekile womkhakha civil.

Izindlela ukulawulwa ubudlelwane zomthetho komthetho we-civil

Njengakwezinye izindawo amagatsha yesayensi, indlela emthethweni civil - iqoqo izindlela, amathuluzi kanye namasu ngayo nefunda ngayo kukhona nethonya umthetho ebuhlotsheni ezithile emphakathini. It is isekelwe ezimisweni eziyisisekelo (optionality, yokulingana amaqembu kanye nenkululeko inkontileka). Ngakho, ukubaluleka evelele indlela dispositive isiqondiso sezomthetho, ogxile intando amaqembu langempela. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu babe ikhono lokusebenzisa noma cha ukusebenzisa umthetho. Imithetho emthethweni civil - a "engeza" zomthetho, esetshenziswa uma, isibonelo, awusho ukuthi sizoba yini ubuhlobo e inkontileka. Indima indlela kuphoqelekile emthethweni civil lincishisiwe. Lokhu kungabonakala inombolo encane enqabelo ezikhona imithetho neziqondiso le mboni. isilinganiso esinjalo izisekelo ezimbili methodological imiswe phakathi nesikhathi ukuba khona komthetho wamaRoma. Abameli wesikhathi bekumnyama tshu yoke indawo.Wahlukanisa sphere izintshisekelo zomphakathi kanye nezizimele. Lesi sakamuva awukwazi igcwaliseke lapho omunye amaqembu kuqala. It kulandela ukuthi ukulingana izikhali - kuba isisekelo oqondile indlela discretionary.

Ngokuhambisana isimiso inkululeko civil wemboni abadlali unelungelo ukuphetha izinkontileka enikeziwe futhi alinikezelwanga umthetho civil. Nokho, lona wamuva akukwazi ephambene nezimiso jikelele umthetho futhi ibhizinisi inzuzo. Ngokuvamile, kuba khona kwetincwadzi indlela discretionary kwenza kube nokwenzeka ezimweni zomthetho ikakhulukazi ukusebenzisa imizila eziningana ophumayo. It kungabonakala ngokucacile, uma ufunda umsebenzi komthetho we-civil, abameli wafunda emayunivesithi.

isakhiwo Isihloko umkhakha

Ukusebenzisa amalungelo abantu, futhi ikakhulukazi indlela yale nqubo kuxhomeke ngqo izifundo. Ngisho kungakhathaliseki ukulingana langempela zabo, abantu nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho kakhulu ihluke nomunye. Isihloko komthetho we-civil kungaba indlela vusa ubuso hhayi (ngabanye kanye inkampani, ibhizinisi, liqinile, inhlangano). Lona omunye izici umkhakha. Kuyadingeka ukuba uqaphele ezinye izimfuno ezenziwe yibo bonke abantu, ngaphandle kokukhetha: ukutholakala umthamo kanye umthamo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, incazelo wezomthetho ezinye izifundo likubeka ngokucacile, isibonelo, uthi. Lokhu kuphakamisa izinkinga ezinkulu amalungelo abantu Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukulingana amaqembu zibhaliswe amathuluzi imikhakha, ngakolunye - abanye abadlali afakwa isimo ezingokomthetho ezihlukile.

Izimpawu ngabanye

Ukuze kube agcwele isihloko ubudlelwane zomthetho civil, kumele ube amandla angokomthetho, loko lokushiwo nakwetfulwa ngaphambili.

1. amandla angokomthetho - eqinisweni kungenzeka ubambe amalungelo futhi bathele yemfanelo ethile. It sinikezwe naleso sakhamuzi kusukela ekuzalweni, ngakho amandla kuyafana ngokuphelele wonke umuntu. Concept nezinhlobo kwamalungelo akhe nezimiselo civil zingatholakala kuMthethosisekelo, izenzo civil kanye zomthetho, nokunye. N.

2. Lizinga - yikhono zisebenzisa amalungelo azo nokuthi baqikelele kubo. Kungaba ka ezintathu izinhlobo: egcwele, ngokwengxenye futhi kulinganiselwe. Futhi, kukhona imibuso zomthetho ngabanye, kuyilapho empeleni ehlatshwa. Ngokuvamile, ivolumu yalo mkhakha kunqunywa ubudala bomuntu. Nge iminyaka engu-18 ngamunye has umthamo elisemthethweni. Kodwa, ngokusho kwe-isinqumo senkantolo, omunye kungakhawulela umthamo wayo ukwenza ngokuvumelana nezimo ezithile ekuphileni.

izinhlangano ezingokomthetho futhi isimo

Tinkinga komthetho civil ezihlobene kwencazelo lezi ezimbili zabantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimo - ncamashi inhlangano engokomthetho esifanayo, ezifana nezinkampani. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba khona ubukhosi isihloko ke inezici ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo ongathwali kuhilele ecaleni elimayelana nezakhamuzi ngezizathu jikelele. Noma kunjalo, ubudlelwane nezibopho noma ezinye isihloko livela, eqinisweni, inhlangano engokomthetho efanayo. Ngakho, indima isimo kuyinto impikiswano ngempela kuze kube manje. Ngokuphathelene abantu zomthetho, banayo zimpawu ezilandelayo:

- ubunye enhlanganweni,

- Property ngabodwa,

- sezimali ezikweletwayo,

- ezindabeni civil njalo enze izinto egameni lawo.

komthetho we-civil International

komthetho we-civil International iqoqo izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe nemithetho yasekhaya elawula sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu komthetho we-civil emkhakheni esingenakuqhathaniswa sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba. Lo legatsha kusukela ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ezivumelwano, commercial, nobuhlobo bomkhaya nobunye ubuhlobo komthetho we-civil kwinqubomgomo ngamazwe. Lokhu iqoqo imithetho evumela izikhonzi komthetho we-civil nihlanganyele ngisho noma zingekho izakhamuzi zombuso eyodwa. Esinye isibonelo izenzo civil-wezomthetho uhlamvu international "Isivumelwano TRIPS", esifushanisiwe ngokuthi "TRIPS".

Ngakho, kulesi sihloko siphendula lo mbuzo, lokho luwumgogodla komthetho we-civil kanye wazama ukubona izici kule mboni. Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi emthethweni civil - iyona sphere evelele umsebenzi wezomthetho, ngoba ehlobene kakhulu impilo yezakhamuzi. Ngokuphathelene umkhakha wonke, uya nokufaka umthetho civil yamazwe amaningi, ngoba indima amalungelo banda zonke izinsuku emhlabeni.