Kuyini ukuthambekela zefilosofi? imisinga Modern zefilosofi

Ifilosofi - isayensi ngeke abashiye ubani nandaba. Akumangazi, ngoba ithinta umuntu ngamunye ucosha izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu yasekhaya. Sonke singaya sinokwazisa imicabango zefilosofi, kungakhathaliseki ubulili, ubuhlanga ekilasini. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka abantu bakhathazekile imibuzo efanayo eyisisekelo, izimpendulo lapho ungazange esatholakele. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, zikhona izikole eziningi umcabango kanye izitayela ukuthi akayikhohliwe imizamo yabo ukuze wambule izimfihlo yonke.

Matter nengqondo

Kuyini eyinhloko - ndaba noma umoya? Sekuyisikhathi eside Loludaba ihlukaniswe ongqondongqondo emakamu imbangi. Umphumela waba ezinkulu zefilosofi Amathrendi - izinto ezibonakalayo, ukukhohliseka kwenza. Adepts ngamunye esikoleni ukuthuthukisa imibono yabo, silahle konke okuphikisana kubo. Nokho, ngalinye kulawa Amathrendi kuye kwavula amagatsha ezingenakubalwa, okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku ezikhona ezinhliziyweni zabantu.

Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo - the zefilosofi ngoba egomela ukuthi into ekhona primary, futhi kuphela ke inenani. XVII-XVIII веков, а также в социалистических государствах нового времени. Lesi sikole yayibuswa naseFrance XVII-XVIII eminyaka, kanye emazweni sezenhlalo ezikhathini zanamuhla. Materialists ezisekelwe emaqinisweni ezomile efakazelwe. Bathanda natural sciences, ezifana nechemistry, i-physics, mathematics kanye biology, ukuzisebenzisa iqhaza ezingxoxweni kanye idealists. Iningi izitatimende zabo ingaqinisekisa logic izinto futhi namaqiniso esayensi, okuyinto eyenza lokhu ifilosofi ekhangayo. Nokho-ke, bephikisana ngokuphelele kungenzeka ukwazi ukuthonya ndaba, bakubheka njengobuthakathaka self iyunithi ezimele.

idealists

I idealists zefilosofi ngoba ngokuphelele okuphambene lokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo. Njengoba-ke inamathela kakhulu emhlabeni imibono, sihluke ezweni sezinto nomphumela waso kuphela. Idealists ukholelwa ukuthi le ndaba ngeke kube khona kungekho umbono ukuthi yakha ke. Zonke izwe elisizungezile, ubeqhakambisa imibono nemicabango, hhayi okuphambene nalokho. Lokhu kuthambekela, esikhundleni salokho, ihlukaniswe izikole ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukukhohliseka inhloso kanye subjective. Abasekeli esikoleni of ukukhohliseka umgomo baphikisa ngokuthi izwe imibono khona ngokuzimela lethu.

ukukhohliseka subjective izitshela ukuthi umkhathi kuphela ingqondo yomuntu. Ngaphandle nokuqaphela inqubo ngempela lutho, ngoba ndaba imicondvo engatholwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa umqondo ephilayo. Ukukhohliseka iyaduma ngaphezulu kulezi zinsuku. impucuko yaseNtshonalanga elambele ingokomoya. Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, waba ngukumkani amakhulu eminyaka e-Europe naseMelika, ukuze abantu fed up nge imibono yakhe. Manje bafuna induduzo ukukhohliseka, egcwele them umoya oqabulayo emhlabeni static imibono aqine.

kwenza

Abalandeli kwenza anizange niphendule yombuzo okuphakade. Kubo, akuzange kube njengokungathi lo mkhuba zefilosofi ugomela ngokuthi umoya futhi ndaba ibilokhu. Dualists Unganameki ukubaluleka okukhulu kunoma nezinto ezingokomoya noma ezingokwenyama, osho ukuthi ukuba khona yonke kubaluleke ngezinga elifanayo zombili lezi zingxenye. Man kubhekwe amalungu aleli isikole kwenza njengenhlangano Fusion indivisible ngezinto umoya. Zonke izinto zihambe kahle endaweni yonke ingumkhiqizo engcondvweni noma ndaba. Ngokwesibonelo, imibono ukuza sibonga ukukhanya ukwazi, kodwa izinto Uyi esuselwe ndaba. Kwenza isibe uhlobo Fusion eziphikisanako ezimbili, iyavuleka imibono nezinto ezicatshangwayo lokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo futhi ukukhohliseka. Kodwa akuzange kuye ukwanda okukhulu, njengoba abantu lula kakhulu ukuba seqise, kunokuba ufune umhlabathi ophakathi.

Empiricism futhi rationalism

Akukona nje kuphela yombuzo wayo wakudala othi we igunya ngezinto umoya uhlukanise ongqondongqondo ku imisinga ehlukahlukene yefilosofi. Iziqondiso kwale sayensi ethakazelisayo futhi sekukhona ngenxa izingxabano ngendlela umuntu efunda emhlabeni. Kukhona izikole ezimbili kuvele ukuthi banamathele amaphuzu okuphambene ngokuphelele umbono, kodwa awukwazi ngokuqondile ukufakazela isikhundla sabo. Abasekeli indlela enokwehla yolwazi bathi nokuthula okubangelwa ukwazi indoda, nakanjani inobufakazi ubuntu bakhe futhi zonke isipiliyoni ke.

Rationalism - mkhuba yamafilosofi, wabeka isisekelo Descartes. Abalandeli bakhe bakholelwa ukuthi isizathu okumsulwa kuphela, imizwa turbid kanye nesipiliyoni yokuzibandakanya inqubo yokufunda esidlule. Rationalists ayakholelwa ukuba khona eziningi axioms ukuthi zisobala ngakho kubo ukuthi akudingeki ubufakazi.

Amathrendi zefilosofi, imisinga, izikole, imfundiso Chinese

China kudingeka siyinake ngokukhethekile, enemisinga yayo ezithakazelisayo zefilosofi osekuyisikhathi eside ethandwa hhayi kuphela e-China kodwa futhi phesheya. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - nobuBuddha. Yena uvela India futhi ngokushesha lasakazekela inhlabathi evundile. Izimfundiso Buddha lifundisa ukuthi okunamathiselwe ku zezwe ekuzijabuliseni impahla inhlalakahle kuholela lingcole komphefumulo wethu. Kunalokho, ubuBuddha inikeza ukuba bakhethe indlela phakathi futhi ukusebenzisa ithuluzi ezifana mncane ezifana nokuzindla. Le ndlela ungakwazi ukulawula ingqondo ziwushiye izifiso, edonsa phansi umphefumulo. Umphumela we-umkhuba lesifanele iyona wenkululeko ephelele umphefumulo - Nirvana.

UbuTao kuyafana ubuBuddha, kusukela zombili lezi mfundiso kuyahambisana, njalo nomthelela nomunye. kayisemkhulu Lao Tzu wethula into ezifana Dao. Ngu leligama iDemo ubalekela lonke okuningi imiqondo. Tao kokubili umthetho jikelele nokuzwana jikelele, futhi uqobo yonke - sibumbane, okuyindawo safika futhi lapho ukubuya ngemva kokufa. NamaTao nendlela abazama ngayo ukuphila ngokuvumelana nemvelo, balandela inkambo yezinto engokwemvelo. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ukuphila okunjalo - ikhambi eliphelele ku Dao.

ubuConfucius

Kuvele isiqondiso ezithakazelisayo wefilosofi Chinese - ubuConfucius. Igama lakhe ubophekile ukuba Confucius. V-IV веках до нашей эры и служил чиновником при императоре. Wayehlala V-IV ekhulwini BC futhi wakhonza lapho iphoyisa nombusi. Naphezu kwesikhundla sakhe esiphakeme, le sazi Chinese ngenhla zonke wayezazisa umusa nokusebenzela ukusiza abanye. Wagomela ukuthi nokuphathwa isimo kuyadingeka ukuba bavume abantu ephakeme kakhulu zokuziphatha kuphela, ngubani ngesibonelo sabo ugqozi abantu. Confucius sasimelene uhlelo esiqinile esekelwe ubudlova futhi ukuphoqwa.

Nokho, ingxenye ebalulekile ubuConfucius ngukuthobeka futhi inkonzo bungobokuzithoba nomuntu ephakeme isitebhisi nomphakathi. Confucius kwaba umsekeli oda, imigidi namasiko. imibono yakhe iwukuthi namanje ethandwa kakhulu eChina, kanti sekuyisikhathi eside ezinye zazo ayebadlula ilinganiselwe.

imisinga Modern zefilosofi

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, isayensi iye yenza isinyathelo elikhulu lentuthuko. izinganekwane eziningi nokwatholakala izimisele ziye ziyadalulwa, okuyinto kwakushintsha ngokuphelele isithombe esidala zomhlaba. Lokhu ngokuqinisekile sibonakala ngokwanda ukuqonda yesimanje universe. Izitayela ethandwa kakhulu ifilosofi yesimanje - existentialism kanye nefilosofi zezibalo. Existentialism igxile kakhulu isenzo khona, ehlukile yayo futhi okwakhe. Lokhu kuthambekela ugcizelela umbono enembile engokoqobo, ukuze ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo. omele Bright lokhu ifilosofi - UJean-Pol Sartr.

nefilosofi Analytical igxile Ukusetshenziswa kolwazi. Kubalulekile ukuthi iqiniso ngalinye angahlolwa empirically. Baleli esikoleni yokukhulekela yikuphi ukuhlakanipha ukunemba, adikile imibono eminingi classical zefilosofi.

Philosophy ekuphileni kwansuku zonke

Isintu siye wadala abaningi Amathrendi zefilosofi, izikole kanye izinkomba. They are gcwele of amazwi obuhlakani imigomo yinkimbinkimbi kwako okwesabisa abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile. Scholarship qwembe yinqwaba yamagama engacabangeki amagama big benza nefilosofi eziningi eyala zesayensi, atholakale kuphela abayithandayo eziphikelelayo iningi le art. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi ngamunye wethu - sefilosofi. Ungesabi ukuthi ujoyine kwale sayensi ethakazelisayo. Uma uthanda ukucabanga, iqiniso nakanjani kuwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungubani, uprofesa wefilosofi, umdlali webhola lezinyawo lase noma umakhenikha.