Kuyini naturalism zobuciko?

Umbuzo "kuyini naturalism" - omunye isayensi kunzima kakhulu, ngoba kaningi lesi siqondiso kudidaniswe okwangempela e art ngokuvamile nezithombe ngokukhethekile. Ngakho-ke, kufanele ukuthi sicacise ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwalezi imisinga ezimbili futhi ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile phakathi kwabo, ngoba kuthinta ukuqonda ukuthuthukiswa isiko engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili. Into yokuqala okumele ukukhumbule izimo Umongo ukuvelela imibono emisha mayelana nezinkinga umculi, Umbhali kanye nomqondisi.

Imigomo nesenzakalo

Ukuqonda lokho naturalism akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kucatshangelwa isimo nezenhlalakahle ingxenye yalo nekhulu lesibili leminyaka. Ngesikhathi impahla kuye kwaba nezinguquko ayisisekelo isayensi, okuyinto owaba nethonya elikhulu nezazi okudala eYurophu nase Melika. Ngalesi sikhathi, lo mkhuba evelele kwaba ezinhle, okubandakanya cwaningo bemvelo umphakathi awusekelwe ezakhiwe engqondo abstract, kodwa amaqiniso ukhonkolo. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi abaningi benqaba izifundo theory bathuthela analysis eningiliziwe imihlola ezithile. Lomgomo yasheshe wacosha ngenombolo abaculi, ikakhulukazi, ayenziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe, umlobi odumile Emile Zola. Ngaphansi umqondo omusha, umculi manje kwadingeka wokuveza ngokoqobo njengoba kuba, ngaphandle embellishment neyesigodi, kulandela imithetho emsulwa, omuhle, isayensi zokuhlola.

izikhonzi

Lolu cwaningo senkinga "Kuyini naturalism" ukuragela phambili ukuhlaziywa imibono emisha, okuyinto Kwakuseshwa yilabo abamele Umkhuba omusha. Baqala ukuchaza futhi sichaze uhlobo Psychology womuntu kanye izici of izitho zomzimba walo, uhlanga, futhi izimo sangaphandle khona. Ukudalulwa emhlabeni engokomoya yomuntu, ubuntu bakhe eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi iphikisana, imfuno zokuziphatha ayisekho nesithakazelo kule abalandeli abasha mkhuba. Okuningi babenesithakazelo zokugula kwabantu, tembangave, umzabalazo anolaka ukusinda. Okwesikhathi esithile, lezi imibono wathatha indima yokuhola imidwebo nezincwadi. Naturalism kuyinto bokuthi ukwaneliseka ekuphileni futhi ukwenqena ukushintsha into. Uma romanticism sifuna amakhambi ezinkinga babalekela ngokoqobo, okwangempela inikeza kancane izinyathelo eziphathekayo ngaphezulu noma yokuthuthukisa umphakathi wesintu, uhlobo olusha ima okubonisa ukuthi yini kusimo yayo. Noma kunjalo, abalobi olwenziwa zemvelo nomuzwa wokuthi ukungapheleli kwabo, izwe nakakhulu noma okuncane, ngakho-ke, yonke into likufanele, ngisho nemininingwane amabi.

Izici

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi yini engcono yini naturalism, kumelwe sikhumbule izimo ezingaqinisekile zezikhathi lapho kuphakama. Romanticism Nokubhekana Namaqiniso awasenaso isithakazelo e nezazi lokusungula, okungenza wayebheke amafomu amasha yokukhuluma zemicabango yabo. Revolution, izinxushunxushu kwezenhlalo, impi, zihlukaniswa onesihluku ikakhulukazi ukuthi kwasho isigamu kwekhulu le-19 yesibili, ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinta ukuphila yomoya womphakathi. Abameleli mkhuba omusha ukuba bangayeki yonke imihlangano, ngokuvamile ukuboniswa izigcawu kusukela ukuphila anolaka. Isici nobuntu isiqondiso baba deestetizatsiya art. Abadwebi nabalobi baye bachaza futhi yakhiqizwa izici ezingezinhle okuba khona komuntu, bekholelwa ukuthi ngale ndlela khombisa ngokoqobo umgomo. Ngeshwa, lokhu kuthambekela kwakuvame ukuba ukubukeka imikhiqizo, okuyinto okunzima ukuba kuthiwe emkhakheni wezobuciko, njengoba zihlukaniswa scene luhlaza ikakhulukazi futhi ebukekayo nomumo. ukubaluleka Omkhulu unamathisele isithombe indoda emhlabeni wangempela. Abaculi sinake indlela abukeka ngayo, futhi abalobi - kwi zomzimba kanye nemizwelo.

isisekelo ngemibono

A mkhuba omusha zobuciko namasiko akazange ukuphuma ndawo. Wayefanele ifilosofi yakhe siqu, okuyinto waphefumulela nabasekeli bakhe. Indlela yokuthi zako lokuqala esukela emuva ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho abanye ongqondongqondo ukuchaza zonke izenzakalo of ngokoqobo, kuhlanganise ubuntu kakhulu, ezizungezile yemvelo (esingumGreki, abameleli Stoicism). Ezikhathini zanamuhla, lesi amafilosofi yasungulwa umsebenzi zefilosofi eziningana futhi zemfundo nezincwadi abalobi. Baveza ukuthi okushiwo naturalism kuyehla kube ukususwa kwazo zonke izehlakalo amaqiniso athile emvelo. Abanye ababhali Uzame ngisho nokucabangela ukuthi imiqondo lisezingeni ukukhanya emzabalazweni komuntu khona. Lezi izazi zefilosofi ziye awaqaphelise ongokwemvelo zabantu usebenze kanzima ukuze uphile.

Ngo temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba

Naturalism ubeka into izincwadi womuntu uhlamvu image ngokuqondene incazelo abendlu futhi impahla nemibandela khona. Abalobi ayethambekele ukuchaza ukuziphatha ubuntu ufuzo yayo futhi izici bokuphila. lokusungula litshwayo abanye abalobi khona belingisa indlela yesayensi,, ngeshwa, kwaholela ekutheni kube phansi izakhiwo art namathuba. Enye Ububi lolu hlobo kwaba ukuntuleka emibonweni yabantu nasendleleni yabo sengqondo sokugxeka maqondana yiluphi uhlobo nemibono kunoma yiluphi uhlobo ukuthi ukwakha umgogodla romanticism Nokubhekana Namaqiniso ezaziwayo.

Naturalism ezincwadini lihlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko igama umbhali French eZola. Isihloko incwadi yakhe yabangela inguquko isithombe wesiyaluyalu zokuphila ongaswele lutho. Wagxila ohlangothini umthengi bokuba khona amaqhawe abo. Nokho, imisebenzi yakhe, naphezu maholoholo okusobala izithombe kanye izindaba, kukhona nefilosofi, okuyinto eveza umahluko phakathi omlobi phakathi ozakwethu.

Izibonelo izincwadi

Abamele naturalism negalelo elikhulu ukuba izincwadi emhlabeni. Gi De Mopassan kwaba omele elivelele laleli mkhuba. Yena wayeyingcweti nephrozi esifushane futhi umdali uchungechunge amanoveli abadumile. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi umbhali yasenqaba lesi naturalism okumsulwa, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayefuna ukufinyelela ukunemba cishe obubhalwe ngomfanekiso izenzakalo. Wadela ukuhlaziywa kwengqondo yomuntu futhi yavalelwa yena wonke la maqiniso ekuphileni izinhlamvu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, naye kwahluka elungele ukwamukela okufundayo kakhulu konke simngungile, okuyinto bukaJehova kubonakala emisebenzini yakhe, lapho yokugcina atholwe udumo pan-European.

Ngo imidwebo

Ngo-1870 kwathatha ukuma ku ezibukwayo ubuciko Naturalism. Photography kwaba sengathi ezinye imodeli yabaculi ngubani izuzwe isithombe esinembile kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bazama konke okusemandleni abo ukuba indiva into ukuboniswa futhi wazama ukugwema inkinga yokudlulisela imizwa, okuyinto Yiqiniso, akusebenzi njalo. Landscape abadwebi kanye portraitists wazama njengoba elibanzi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuwudlulisela umbukeli isimangaliso esithile ngaphandle embellishment neyesigodi yobuhle. Omunye abameleli abavelele yokudweba ohlangothini olusha kwaba French umdwebi Manet.

It ubhekwa umsunguli Impressionism, okuyinto ngokushesha wathatha isikhundla isiqondiso ngaphansi sicatshangelwe njengoba kulindelwe isiko, kodwa waqala nge, ngokunemba enezithombe yakhiqizwa isithombe into. Omunye imidwebo yakhe edume kunazo zonke, oluveza umsebenzi kwebha, is abatelekile imininingwane yayo nemininingwane.

Kwaba njengoba lokho wafuna naturalism. Photography isibe abalandeli bakhe lo msebenzi ejwayelekile.

nabanye abameleli

Omunye nemiphumela ethile engathandeki isiqondiso olucutshungulwayo kwaba ukuntuleka ngokuvamile kwezobuciko futhi kusekelwe endleleni ethile yokucabanga. Iziza kungukuthi ngaphansi kuveza zefilosofi kokuhlaziywa ezibucayi kanye nokwelashwa, okuyinto babevamile okwangempela. Nokho, umkhuba omusha bekulokhu eziningi eziwusizo: kabusha ezithembekile ngokoqobo, ukunemba nokuthola imininingwane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho lo mculi e isitayela Degas wasebenza. imidwebo yakhe igcwele lula nobunye ehlukanisa zabalingiswa nombhali umsebenzi walabo ayethanda wokuveza izigcawu kusuka emangelengele ukuphila okulula. Degas ayethanda ukusebenza pastels, yini wama phandle phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe. Izici naturalism kubonakala ngokukhethekile endleleni imisebenzi Lautrec.

amaphosta yakhe futhi imidwebo ezinye ome njengeqanda ngisho ukushaya isikhathi sakhe inkululeko.

Ngesikhathi cinema

I naturalism kwekhulu le-19 kwaba nomthelela ukudalwa amafilimu. Kakade abaqondisi lokuqala cinema umsuka kuphela waqala ukusebenzisa izindlela zakhe umkhuba wakhe. Enye yalezi ukudwetshwa lithathelwe lokuqala Romana Zolya "indoda-isilo". Ngo amafilimu zanamuhla ngokuvamile ukuhlangabezana izingxenye lesi sitayela, ikakhulukazi ama-movie ne-horror amafilimu. Njengoba isibonelo, i-movie "Fight Club", lapho eziningi izigcawu ezinobudlova nonya. premieres zamuva ezibonisa ukuthi lo mkhuba namanje abaqondisi nesithakazelo.

Ngokwesibonelo, esanda kukhululwa yeshashalazi impi ifilimu "ngenxa kanembeza", egcwele izigcawu ezinobudlova. Ngakho, le ndaba nethonya elikhulu cinema emhlabeni.

Ukuqhathanisa nesiqondiso odlule

Umbuzo lokho luwumgogodla umehluko phakathi naturalism okwangempela ngokuvamile kubangela izinkinga ezingathi sína e izingane esikoleni, njengoba bobabili ageleze Uma unganakile, kuningi ezifana ngakho. Umgomo wabo - nokuzala imiphumela yokuphila ngokuqiniseka umgomo nokunemba. Amalungu izinkomba sazama ukunikeza isithombe kweqiniso sokungokoqobo ezizungezile, kodwa umgomo walo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Namaqiniso khonga ngaphakathi the izinto ukuboniswa kukhona izici ejwayelekile ukuthi ukubuqonda, aqoqelwe ndawonye futhi ngendlela ngezifiso. Abathandi bemvelo futhi ekuqaleni ebuzwa ngenjongo yokukopisha lomkhuba waphawula futhi benqaba ngamabomu nefilosofi. Mhlawumbe, lokhu umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi naturalism okwangempela.

Umehluko kuncike

Bobabili izinkomba abafuna nokuzala ngokwethembeka izenzakalo of ngokoqobo nomphakathi. Kulesi sici, bona kungenzeka ziqhathaniswa romanticism, okuyinto ngokuphambene uthatha umfundi ezweni elihle amaphupho asemini. Nokho, abasekeli kokubili Amathrendi ku isiko isaha ezahlukene leli qiniso efanayo. Namaqiniso esithombeni zokuphila kwansuku zonke baye bagcizelela kakhulu emhlabeni engokomoya, babenesithakazelo emzabalazweni ubuntu nge ongaswele indlela yokuphila. Bagxila indlela abantu ezimweni ezinzima iqhubeka ingokomoya. Abathandi bemvelo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanesifiso kuphela izitho zomzimba nezimo zezenhlalo, okuyinto, ngokombono wabo, wayezimisele ukuba khona indoda. Ngenxa mehluko, okwangempela futhi naturalism zisebenzisa ezahlukene izindlela kwezobuciko futhi ingcaca. Labo ababambelele inkambo lokuqala, wasebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene lokwakha izinto ezingase zithakazelise, kuyilapho abameleli Umkhuba omusha ukuba zingagcina ngezilimi, ukugwema izingathekiso, epithets, ngoba babekholelwa ukuthi ukuphazamisa abafundi kusukela amaqiniso athile.

nezici ezintsha

Uma kuziwa yini naturalism ezibucayi engqondweni ngokuvamile iza Isifaniso nge okwangempela. Lo mkhuba akukhona nje wafuna evumelana zibonisa ngokoqobo, kodwa futhi ukugxeka amaphutha ayo. Ababhali ngokuvamile kwaphakamisa izimpikiswano acute zenhlalo ezithinta themes wesimanje zamanje. Kulokhu, avame chwaneka izenzo ezimbi emphakathini, besebenzisa amasu ka ukubhinqa. I Kungashiwo okufanayo ka naturalism. Nokho, uma abalobi-namaqiniso uzamile siqonde umnyombo wezinkinga yezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye nezixazululo waze, abalobi okuyinto yayiba sibhale ukuboniswa into nemiphumela ethile engathandeki azisho Ukubhekisisa amaqiniso athile, okuyinto Yiqiniso, alanele isithombe esiphelele futhi inhloso ye icebo njalo . Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi naturalism - isiqondiso ukuthi akasho kuveza zefilosofi nje okungaqondile. Yena enezithombe kuphela, cishe ngokunemba obubhalwe eveza into yayo kwezinhloso zenzuzo. Mhlawumbe yilesi sizathu esenza le ndawo ingenye impikiswano kunawo isiko lokho akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside kakhulu.

Esikhathini ubuciko yasekhaya

Ezweni lethu thina badabula izigaba efanayo ukuthuthukiswa romanticism, okwangempela. Naturalism, kunalokho, akuzange wathola ukusakazwa eRussia. Abanye abalobi bathi lokhu kubangwa izici isiko Russian yokucabanga, ekhomba ngamadoda kanye ngezinga eliphezulu ingokomoya. Nokho, ezinye izici ukugeleza kubhekwe namanje kubonakala ngezindlela eziningi njengezinkinga imisebenzi izincwadi abanye amafilimu. Ngakho, umlobi ncwadi D. N. Mamina-Sibiryak eyabhalwa obusobala ngaloluhla isitayela. Umbhali kuchazwa ukuphila labantu Urals, echaza indlela kwenkathi kabusha kuye kwaholela ushintsho ukwazi komphakathi, breaking izimiso evamile nokuziphatha.

Omunye umbhali - PD Bobrykin - lalisobala copycat lokusungula eZola. Kwelinye imisebenzi yakhe edume kunazo zonke, yena ukucacisa cishe yesayensi nokuzala imininingwane yokuphila yomthengisi, ukuphila kwama gentry, echazwe izindlu zabo. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, naturalism kwakubhekwa njengesiqalo okuphambene okwangempela, ngakho abagxeki abaningi banesimo sengqondo esingaqondile ukuze amasu nezindlela nabameleli bayo. Ngokombono wabo, ababhali igcile obubi yokuba khona komuntu, ngenkathi inkulumo-ze-Soviet kutshalwa umbono yizenzo zabantu elibonakalayo ukwakhiwa wobukhomanisi.

Kodwa, naphezu kwezinkinga elalibhekene Umbono ophambene naturalism, isiqondiso kubhekwe kubonakala cinema Soviet. Ngokwesibonelo, A. isithombe yeqhawe Konchalovsky "Sibiriada" wathwebula ngaphansi kwethonya elinamandla naturalism. Leteyipu ubelokhu eqashelwa eNtshonalanga. Kulesi ifilimu, umqondisi luye lwabonisa hhayi priglyadnye izici zokuphila kude kude emzaneni laseSiberia ekuqa- kwenkathi.

Inani

Naturalism zobuciko esadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isiko engxenyeni yesibili we-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Nenshisekelo abalobi nabaculi ukuhambisa kude ezinye netimiso esisemthethweni neziqondiso, kuhambisana sokucinga asebenzayo amafomu amasha yokukhuluma imibono kanye nesifiso sakhe kabusha ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka lo mkhuba ngokoqobo, okwaholela izixazululo ezintsha wakuqala ukuba nekhono lokukhuluma kanye engokomfanekiso. Abanye abameleli zamanje namanje ukugcina nefilosofi abanye emisebenzini yakhe, okuyinto, kuhlangene incazelo ethakazelisayo ngokuphila kwabantu abavamile uye wabavumela ukuba badale imisebenzi sikhunjulwe izincwadi, imidwebo kanye cinema.