Carbon steel. Ukwahlukanisa, GOST, isicelo

Steel - umkhiqizo steel, i-main impahla ukwakhiwa. Kusukela ukukhiphele ukwakhiwa rebar, zensimbi ezahlukene amaphrofayli, amashubhu, izingxenye, imishini namathuluzi.

ukukhiqizwa steel

Insimbi steel umkhakha waziphatha ukukhiqizwa yensimbi nensimbi. Iron - kanzima, kodwa impahla okuhlala. Steel - okuhlala, okuthembekile, plastic, uthambekela doping sensimbi elisetshenziswa Foundries, kweqa, ekwakheni futhi wokushaya.

Kunezindlela eziningana ukukhiqizwa steel:

1. Converter. Isisetshenziswa:-mpilo Converter. Icala (eziyisisekelo): ezimhlophe cast iron, steel Scrap, namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe. Ukhicita carbon lezinsimbi kuphela.
2. Vula-kwemizi. Isisetshenziswa: evulekile-kwemizi esithandweni. Charge: ketshezi cast iron, steel Scrap, itshe-nsimbi. Anhlobonhlobo kokubili carbon and ingxubevange lezinsimbi ngoba.
3. Arc. Isisetshenziswa: kagesi arc esithandweni. Charge: steel Scrap, ingulube yensimbi, coke, namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe. Indlela jikelele.
4. Lokungeniswa. Isisetshenziswa: esithandweni Induction. Charge: steel bese waphonsa yensimbi Scrap, ferro-Alloys.

Ingqikithi yalo steel ukukhiqizwa inqubo - ukunciphisa isibalo negative chemical inclusions ukuthola sensimbi, okuyinto Kudume ukubizwa ngokuthi 'nensimbi' - noma kunalokho, ingxubevange yensimbi kokuba okuqukethwe carbon therein akuyona ezingaphezu kuka 2.14%.

deacidification izinqubo

Ukuze steel, esigabeni sokugcina sokuncibilikisa ejwayelekile ukubila inqubo, oluphazanyiswa esingokwemvelo nitrogen therein-hydrogen, i-carbon monoxide. Leyo ingxubevange esimweni lukhuni has a isakhiwo ukungena nakwamanye amazwe, okuyinto isuswa kweqa. Kuyinto soft futhi liminyaniseke, kodwa hhayi ngokwanele isikhathi eside.

inqubo Deacidification ivaliwe ngokufaka ukungcola abilayo ingxubevange ferromanganese ka ferrosilicon, aluminium. Kuye inani amagesi asalile elementi deoxidizing, le steel kungenzeka lathambisa noma ephuma kabili abulawe.

Kokuqendwa steel oyifunayo degree of deoxidation kwabiwa ku isikhunta ukuze crystallization nokusetshenziswa okwalandela inqubo izinyathelo womshini imikhiqizo siphelile steel.

Ukwahlukanisa carbon steel

Zonke steel okukhona emakethe emhlabeni zingahlukaniswa zibe carbon and ingxubevange. Yonke imikhiqizo carbon steel zihlukaniswe amaqembu ehlukene futhi izici notation somhleli.

Ngokusekelwe main izici ngezigaba ahlukanisa

1. Carbon steel kwesakhiwo. Bona-carbon ingaphansi kuka-0.8%. Zisetshenziswa womshini valve, imikhiqizo kanye Castings iphuma.
2. Carbon ithuluzi lensimbi okuyinto sodrezhat carbon e imali kusuka 0.7% kuya 1.3%. Zisetshenziswa ababezithola phansi benze amathuluzi, amadivayisi imishini.

Ngokusho izindlela deoxidation:

• abilayo - izakhi deoxidizing (RE) e ukwakheka lingaphansi kuka 0.05%;
• semikilled - 0.05% ≤RE≤0,15%;
• sokwehlisa - 0.15% ≤RE≤0,3%.

On ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali:

• carbon ongaphakeme (0.3% ≤S);
• sredneuglerodistoj (0,3≤S≤0,65%);
• ephezulu carbon (0,65≤S≤1,3%).

Steel equkethe carbon e isamba ephakeme kunaleyo 1.3%, kungukuthi asetshenziswa umkhakha.

Kuye microstructure:

• hypoeutectoid - in a steel carbon lichaza ekwakheni ingaphansi kuka-0.8%;
• eutectoid - a steel nge okuqukethwe carbon 0.8%;
• amakilasi hypereutectoid - steel nge okuqukethwe carbon esingeqile 0.8%.

On izinga:

1. izinga esijwayelekile. Sulphur liqukethe esingaphansi 0,06% phosphorus - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-0,07%.
2. steel Quality. Awaqukathi sulphur ne phosphorus 0.04% okukhulu.
3. Eliphezulu. Khona-ke inani sulphur lingaphansi kuka 0,025% ne phosphorus - hhayi ngaphezulu kuka 0,018%.

Ngokwe-eziyisisekelo ejwayelekile grade carbon steel ukusabalalisa:

• kwesakhiwo izinga evamile;
• izinga ukwakhiwa;
• amathuluzi izinga;
• izinga wezinsimbi.

Ikakhulukazi akubiza steel isakhi izinga abavamile

Steel zekhwalithi abavamile tifaka: kusuka - kuya 0,6%, S - ukuze 0,06%, P - 0,07%. Ake sibone ukuthi lokhu libhaliwe carbon steel. Standard 380 ichaza notation umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama alandelayo:

• A, B, C - iqembu; A - aluboniswa ku Ukuvuma;
• 0-6 emva izinhlamvu "ST" - inombolo ye-serial, okuyinto ngekhodi lichaza ekwakheni zamakhemikhali (noma) izakhiwo ngemishini;
• T - khona Mangan ka MN (manganese);
• kp, ps, c - degree of deoxidation (abilayo, lulwimi abulawe, ezolile).

I izinombolo kusuka 1 kuya 6 emva ukuqokwa degree of deoxidation ngumuntu dash - kulesi sigaba. Kulokhu, esigabeni sokuqala akufanele kumakwe nganoma iyiphi indlela.

Izinhlamvu M, K ukuqala kungasho Metallurgical yokukhiqiza indlela: Iziko noma umoya-Converter. Phela, lo steel carbon izinga abavamile ethulwa ambalwa Ukwakheka amamaki, izingcezu mayelana 47.

Ukwahlukanisa lezinsimbi isakhi izinga abavamile

Carbon steel zekhwalithi abavamile zihlukaniswe amaqembu.

• Iqembu A: steel, okumele ahambisana ecacisiwe izakhiwo lokukhanda. Abathengi zivame enikeziwe ngesimo ishidi ne-multi-iphuma (amashidi, Tees, H izigaba, nokufakwa, izipikili futhi izindlu). Izitembu: St0 St1 - St6 (kp, ps, sp), izigaba 1-3, kuhlanganise St3Gps, St5Gps.
• Iqembu B: steel, okumele kumele kuhanjiswe ngokwezidingo zomThetho kudingekile amakhemikhali ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo. Ukusakaza Manufactured kanye kweqa, okuyinto ziyobhekana ezengeziwe machining kwengcindezi isimo esishisayo (ekwakheni, nginyathela). Izitembu: BSt0, BSt1 (kN-cn) BSt2 (kp, ps) BSt3 (kN-cn, kuhlanganise BSt3Gps) BSt4 (kp, ps), BLS 6 (ps, cn), izigaba 1 no-2.
• Iqembu B: steel, okumele ihambisane zamakhemikhali, izakhiwo ngokomzimba, mechanical nakwezobuchwepheshe. Leli qembu ukwehluka semvelo sawo izimpawu, elenziwe kwemikhiqizo plastic ishidi, ukuqinisa eliqinile izindawo e eshisa kakhulu, izingxenye ezibucayi (imishudo, ngezikulufo, enama-asi, pistons iminwe). Yonke imikhiqizo ye yenziwe ngohlobo oluhlukile, izakhiwo nezinhlobo leqembu ihlanganisa weldability ezinhle zobuchwepheshe. Izitembu: VSt1-VSt6 (kp, ps, sp), VSt5 (ps, sp), kuhlanganise VSt3Gps, isigaba 1-6.

Insimbi yesakhiwo zekhwalithi abavamile - Alloys kokuba ukusetshenziswa eziningi emaceleni ezibanzi embonini.

Ukumaka izinga carbon steel

Okuqukethwe carbon steel ka wathi izinga kusuka 0.05% kuya 0.6%. Ukuqeda we metal yeqembu ngezigaba kwenzeka kwemizi evulekile noma kagesi arc indlela. A ezahlukene khona i-carbon diversifies izakhiwo mechanical: ongaphakeme-carbon - plastic, medium - eqinile.

Quality carbon steel yakhiwa P no S bengekho ngaphezu kwama-0.04%, ngokulandelana.

Labelling (GOST 1050-88):

• izibalo 05-60 - khona i-carbon zombhalo (imiz - 0.05% max - 0.6%);
• kp, ps, c - degree of deoxidation ( "cn" aluboniswa);
• T, U, F - aqukethe manganese, aluminium, vanadium.

Ukuxolelwa kophawu

Quality carbon ensimbi kophawu kwakhona okuhlukile:

• 15k, 20K, 22k - izinga steel, esebenzayo ukwakhiwa okokubilisa;
• MF-20 - Carbon - 0.2%, i-steel kusebenza womshini amapayipi ngu ugingqe eshisayo ukwakhiwa kubhayela futhi ukufakwa Ukushisa izinhlelo, kantsi sicuketse loku yethusi chromium;
• USAWOTI - Steel womshini imoto enama-asi, iqukethe-nickel, i-chromium, ithusi.

Ukuze bonke brand of eliphezulu steel libhekene isidingo kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ezishisayo (isib normalizing) kanye nokwelashwa thermochemical (isibonelo, cementation).

Ukwahlukanisa carbon izinga steel

Lolu hlobo lwe-carbon steel zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu 4:

1. Ductility impahla efanelekayo zokusebenza abandayo (ugingqe), edonsa eshidini bese tube. Brand - 08ps steel, ngensimbi 08, steel 08kp.
2. I metal elisetshenziswa ugingqe ashisayo kanye nokwakhiwa, okuzokwenza usebenza ezindaweni thermally nolaka. Brand - Steel-10 kuya ku-25 steel.
3. Steel, ithole isicelo enkulu ekwakhekeni izingxenye ezibucayi, kuhlanganise iziphethu, leaf iziphethu, couplings, amabhawodi, imiphini. Brand - Steel 60 kuya 85 steel.
4. Steel ezidinga operation okuthembekile ezindaweni nobutha (isib iketango isibungu). Izitembu steel 30, steel 50, steel 30G, 50g steel.

Kungenzeka futhi kudingeka lihlukaniswe 2 zonke brand adumile carbon steel we ekilasini izinga: manganese abavamile kwesakhiwo kwesakhiwo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-carbon steel kwesakhiwo

ekilasini izinga Steel	uphawu	isicelo
ngekhwalithi evamile	A0	nokufakwa, zamapulangwe
	St1	brand, mina-imishayo, iziteshi
	St3Gsp	isakhiwo sokuqasha
	St5sp	bushings, amantongomane, amabhawodi,
	St6ps	crowbars ukwakhiwa
	VSt4kp	okwenyanga, ishidi, iphuma esigabeni ensimbi for izakhiwo okuhlala isikhathi eside
qualitative	Stal10	amaphayiphi boilers, nginyathela
	Stal15	Yekuchumana okusezingeni eliphezulu ductility, Cams nezihluthulelo, amantongomane
	Stal18kp	weldments
	20ps steel	izimbazo, izimfoloko, iminwe, nokufakwa, amapayipi
	Stal50	amagiya, amvikele
	Stal60	othini lokuphotha, washers, entwasahlobo washers

Carbon ithuluzi lensimbi libhekene amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ubunzima. Bayoba ngaphansi ukwelashwa ukushisa multi-esiteji.

Okuqukethwe carbon ku steel: 0.7 - 1.3%. Ukuze izinga - kuze kufinyelele 0.03% phosphorus - up 0,035%. Ithuluzi for eliphezulu: sulphur - kuze kufinyelele 0.02% phosphorus - kuze kufinyelele 0.03%.

uphawu Vintage (GOST 1435-74):

• U - carbon ithuluzi;
• 7 -13 - carbon okuqukethwe therein 0.7-1.3%, ngaleyo ndlela;
• D - Ukuba khona ngama-manganese;
• A - izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Ukuxolela izimiso eziyisisekelo wokugubha carbon ithuluzi lezinsimbi - indaba for izingxenye A75 jet izindlela ASU10E, AU10E.

Izimfuneko ithuluzi lensimbi

Ngokuhambisana GOST, ithuluzi lezinsimbi kumele bahlangabezane eziningi izici.

physicochemical Kudingekile futhi izakhiwo mechanical: izinkomba izinga ubulukhuni, ubunzima, amandla, ukumelana nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngesikhatsi operation (ngesikhathi ahlabayo, imishini, umthelela imithwalo), ukugqwala ukumelana.

izakhiwo Defined zobuchwepheshe:

• ukumelana ahlabayo ubuchwepheshe negative izinqubo (ababambelela chips, ukuqina);
• machinability ezinhle turning futhi igaya;
• ezifweni ukuze ukwelashwa ukushisa;
• ukumelana okweqile.

Ukwandisa izinga mechanical nezobuchwepheshe imingcele ithuluzi lensimbi ngaphansi ukwelashwa ukushisa multistage:

• annealing indaba kokuqala ngaphambi amathuluzi yokukhiqiza;
• eqeda (lwaluyophola usawoti izixazululo) futhi okwalandela tempering imikhiqizo siphelile (tempering ikakhulu ongaphakeme).

I izakhiwo etholwe kunqunywa Ukwakheka zamakhemikhali microstructure etholwe: cementite futhi martensite ukuze austenite inclusions.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-carbon ithuluzi lensimbi

Isetshenziswa steel achazelwe amathuluzi ahlukahlukene: ahlabayo, eshaywayo, asizayo.

• Steel U7, U7A - izando, amashizolo, izimbazo, amashizolo, sledgehammers, amashizolo, ukudoba izingwegwe.
• U8 steel, U8A, U8G - ngamasaha, isikudilayiva, punches, esiphikisayo bores, bezihlahla, impintshisi.
• Steel U9, U9A - ebhentshini amathuluzi, amathuluzi ukusika izinkuni.
• Steel U10, U10A steel, U11, U11A - rasps, ompompi, twist sokuzivivinya, ithuluzi asizayo isibhakela futhi Samandla.
• Ngezinye 12, U12A - reamers, ompompi, amathuluzi wokulinganisa.
• Y13, U13A - amafayela nail, izinsingo zokushefa ezilahlwayo namathuluzi okuhlinza, nginyathela punches.

Rational ukukhetha ibanga carbon steel, ubuchwepheshe yayo ukwelashwa ukushisa, kuvisisa impahla yayo futhi izici - isibambiso zokuphila eside kukhiqizwa, izakhiwo kusetshenzwe noma okusetshenzisiwe noma amathuluzi.