Kuyini intando yeningi: Kuhle ukwazi

Kuyini intando yeningi? It lumayelana kwencazelo lonke kwezombusazwe esikhathini sanamuhla futhi kwamaZwe. Ziningi amaqembu aphikisayo njalo ukugxekana nomunye yokuntula intando yeningi. Umhlaba uthi nge nezinye izimiso ukulawula kuthiwa ematfuba. I apogee kwazo zonke lokhu kunqoba intando yeningi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XX kwaba umqondo owaziwa sefilosofi wepolitiki waseMelika uFrancis Fukuyama mayelana ekupheleni kwesikhathi. Ngokusho ongqondongqondo enethonya besikhathi sethu, ngemva kokuwa lamazwe eziphambili kwekamu sezenhlalo kanye Ukuhamba kusuka Orthodox isikhundla Maoist China kucaca ukuthi amagugu ovulekile (okungukuthi, basuke ngokuvamile likhonjwa intando yeningi) kuyinto iphuzu esiphezulu ukuthuthukiswa impucuko womuntu. Democracy eRussia yesimanje, owathatha ngemva ubudala uhlelo umyalo-zokuphatha, okungukuthi, ngokombono wakhe, ubufakazi best of ukuthi. okunye asebenzayo ayengakwazi ukunikela imibuso noma monarchical noma undlovukayiphikiswa, umzamo ingasakhulunywa abaholi benkolo empumalanga ekusungulweni umthetho Islamic.

Uyini uhulumeni wentando yeningi. yizimbaxa

Ukuzalwa lokhu kuthiwa kubangelwa isimiso sezombusazwe LamaGreki yedolobha izinqubomgomo, ohulumeni ukuthi abangu okhethwe ivoti eliyimfihlo phakathi izakhamuzi zalo muzi. Iziphathimandla (isib, e-Areyophagu, Boule, amathiphu archons, njll) bavame ukhethelwa isikhathi esilinganiselwe we neyaziwayo amalungu uyakwazi emphakathini. Kwaba eGreece ezithakazelisayo izinqubo lasendulo eklanyelwe ukuvimbela usurpation kwamandla. Lapho umuntu kusukela nezakhamuzi ezicebile noma izikhulu nje esiphakeme ungabi namandla kakhulu futhi ezisongela izimiso sikahulumeni wentando yeningi, kwenziwe inqubo okuthiwa inyumbazane - "cherepkovaniya" lapho by ivoti eliyimfihlo, usebenzisa shards ezinamathuba engumashiqela ngabe uyaxoshwa edolobheni iminyaka eyishumi. Lapho kuwa impucuko lwesiGreki sakuqala, impumelelo yayo abaningi abelethwe Latins, ukudala isimo esinamandla wamaRoma. Zasungula umqondo yelinyenti. Kwaba kukhona ukuthi wazalwa eduze yesimanje umqondo lobuzwe, kanye esikhathini weRiphabhulikhi, ukuhlukana kwamandla. Futhi-ke, okhethweni.

Uyini uhulumeni wentando yeningi. isikhathi esisha

Ukuwa eRoma futhi ukwamukelwa izizwe ngowezizwe kulo lonke elaseYurophu impumelelo eziningi, kuhlanganise nalezo bemvelo netembusave, ilahlekile izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ihlelo lika-omdala zamabutho empi nabo izinduna zabo kusukela namaqaba washintsha amalungelo lezinceku amakhosi wasebukhosini kanye nemindeni ezihloniphekayo, owayeyinzalo ka ukuthi elite efanayo lempi. I esintwini esanda wakhumbula ukuthi intando yeningi, kodwa Renaissance ongqondongqondo ezikhathini zanamuhla: Hobbes, Locke, Lakho, uRousseau nabanye abaningi. Omunye izikhathi ukhiye ekuthuthukiseni ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla kwaba Elikhulu French Yenguquko 1789 lapho untouchable ngaphambilini eyaqala kunoma yiliphi izwe yenkosi futhi abantu Wathi yena ophakeme kuhlala amandla. Yiqiniso, akekho kukusindisile clover ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho. Inqubekela namanje kwadingeka usebenze kanzima ukusabela emhlabeni wonke, kodwa lokhu okulandelayo leminyaka, nesishiyagalolunye lwamashumi amabili, kwaba isikhathi ukugomela njalo amalungelo abantu nenkululeko womuntu futhi.

Democracy: ngobuhle nangobubi bawo

Umgomo we umthetho kanye bangasephula umuntu wesintu ekugcineni ukuqinisekisile umcabango ezombusazwe nezenhlalo wesimanje. Nokho, ngaphandle impumelelo omkhulu, intando yeningi usenayo abagxeki abaningi, kufanele uqokomisa eziningi amaphutha ayo. Ububi eyinhloko kule divayisi ubangelwa kakade kwabavelela. Ilungelo jikelele ukukhetha uhulumeni, Yiqiniso, ngemcondvo isiqinisekiso sokuthi abantu bangakhetha indlela yabo nentuthuko. Nokho, kufanele siqaphele ukuthi akuwona wonke isibalo sabantu ezweni lonke namanje imfundo yayo nokuqaphela ukunyakaza nje kuphela sezombusazwe wonkana, isimo sezomnotho ezweni, kwamaZwe nokunye. Kulesi simo, kungasho ekukhetheni okubi kusukela inqwaba izakhamuzi.