Kusho ukuthini ubufakazi amasosha omzimba? Umqondo nezinhlobo zayo

Ubufakazi amasosha omzimba kusho ilungelo isakhamuzi ngaphansi komthetho ukuba anikeze ubufakazi ngokumelene eqenjini elithile labantu futhi izimo eyaziwa kuye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthwalo lobugebengu kule ingekho. Leli lungiselelo ngqo kuMthethosisekelo futhi Criminal Code. Izakhamizi abanelungelo ezinjalo, njengoba amasosha omzimba ubufakazi, ungakwazi ngasiphi isikhathi ukunikeza ubufakazi kukhambelana nomlandu ethile.

definition

Izakhamizi abanelungelo ezinjalo, njengoba amasosha omzimba ubufakazi, kufanele kube sokukhetha umthetho kusukela efakaza. Noma kunjalo, laba bantu ungazisa iziphathimandla lonke ulwazi bazazi endabeni ethile, kodwa kuphela sabo siqu. Ngokuhambisana noMthethosisekelo, unelungelo ukwethula ubufakazi emelene laye ngokwakhe noma izihlobo zakhe eduze. Ngakho-ke, ngokuya nge-Athikili 308 we Criminal Code, lezi abantu kukhona sokuthola isithiyo.

Nokho, uma lezi izakhamuzi ngesikhathi uzoqala ukuba afakaze ecaleni, kanjalo balahlekelwa ubufakazi babo amasosha omzimba. Futhi ngakho bangase aphethwe nesibopho sokukhokhela izitatimende ezingamanga.

vimbela

Ubufakazi amasosha omzimba e zobulelesi ube izigaba ezilandelayo abantu:

1. zabaHluleli nasekubuseni jurors. Kabayikungena ukudalula noma iluphi ulwazi mayelana naleli cala, njengoba ulwazi waziwa kubo ekusebenziseni imisebenzi okhokhelwayo.

2. Iseluleko nezinye iseluleko sokuthi umsolwa nabanye (ngoba yokugcina waphendukela kuye ukunikezwa usizo olufanelekile ezisemthethweni).

3. Umpristi, owaba ukuqaphela izimo okwenzeka ngemva izono.

4. Amalungu Federation Council kanye State Duma ngaphandle kwemvume yabo.

Imithetho efanayo mayelana nezigaba idatha zezakhamizi, livikeleke Ikhodi of Civil Inqubo. I Emacaleni angakajayeleki, okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, njengoba kuphawulwe Athikili 56 Ikhodi-Criminal Procedure, othi lezi bantfu banelilungelo okufakaza amasosha omzimba eenkambisweni zobulelesi futhi ayikwazi ngemibuzo.

inqubo civil

Art. 69 Ikhodi of Civil Inqubo uthi Emacaleni angakajayeleki lapho abantu abaphethe izikhundla futhi ube nesimo esithile, akufanele ababebizwa ukuba bazofakaza. Libanike Unelungelo lokugqoka ofanele igama - Ufakazi amasosha omzimba - kutinchubo civil. Kule ndaba, kulezi izakhamuzi ayikwazi imibuzo njengofakazi abantu possess yiluphi ulwazi mayelana naleli cala. Lezi zihlanganisa:

- abamele bameli, balamuli;

- walala amajaji nabahluleli ngokuyikho;

- ngabapristi;

- balamule (balamule).

Lezi zakhamuzi kungukuthi ukufakaza Kunoma ikuphi eyodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it is kunqatshelwe ngokomthetho. Ubufakazi amasosha omzimba kutinchubo civil ngabantu abaye, ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo, unelungelo ukwethula ubufakazi emelene ngokwabo noma yabo nezihlobo. Lezi zihlanganisa:

- owakwakhe nezingane, ngisho nalabo okuyinto zenziwa;

- abafowethu nodadewethu emelene nomunye, kanye nogogo nomkhulu ngokumelene abazukulu;

- amalungu emizimbeni zomthetho;

- ogunyaziwe amalungelo abantu kanye namabhizinisi.

Non-ukudalulwa kolwazi

Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo wasemuva ongenela isivumelwano iklayenti, it has a lungelo, njengoba ummeli ubufakazi amasosha omzimba. It ayikuvumeli ukuba udalule kwabezomthetho futhi ulwazi inkantolo ukuthi waziwa kuye yiklayenti. Leli lungiselelo itholakala Athikili 56 Ikhodi Criminal Procedure. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu ecela usizo kusukela iseluleko ofanelekayo futhi uphathiswe izimfihlo zabo kuye, yayiqiniseka ukuthi, ngaphandle elokugcina, akekho umuntu uyezwa icala lakhe futhi ngezimo sigameko. Lo muzwa sibekwa Ikhodi Criminal Procedure. Ngoba uthi ukuthi ummeli umsolwa noma ummangalelwa angeke ngifakaza kunjalo, njengoba waziwa kuye ngokuqondene nokunikezwa usizo lwezomthetho ukuze lakamuva. Lithi efanayo futhi GIC. Article 69 yale dokhumenti uthi umuntu omele noma wasemuva hhayi ungabika ngezimo kunjalo, okuyinto waziwa kubo ngokuqondene ukuhlinzekwa kosizo lomthetho. Iphinde kuqinisekisa ukuthi ummeli - umuntu kuletha amasosha omzimba ubufakazi.

obalulekile

Isigaba 51 yomthetho eziyisisekelo isimo uthi akekho liyakuba ngufakazi emelane laye ngokwakhe, kanye nabangane babo nezihlobo zabo. Lokhu kusebenza kungakhathalekile it has kanjani isimo zenqubo. Ngakho isimiso ububonisa ubufakazi amasosha omzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Art. 56 Ikhodi Criminal Procedure unqabela ububanzi ezithile abantu ukunikeza ubufakazi ngesikhathi ngemibuzo. Lezi zihlanganisa amajaji, abameli, abapristi. Labo selimazi kunjalo, lapho liye laziwa kubo ekusebenziseni imisebenzi okhokhelwayo. Ngakho-ke, ephendula umbuzo othi obani has ubufakazi amasosha omzimba, kuphephile ucacise uhlu abantu (ngoba ebekiwe Criminal Procedure Code), kanye nezihlobo kwabasolwa futhi abamangalelwa.

Uma wayefisa, isakhamuzi ukubika ulwazi oluthile mayelana naleli cala, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi kuyoba kuncike yonke imithetho olunikezwa Ikhodi Criminal Procedure. Futhi endabeni komthetho, yena kuzodlondlobalisa isijeziso esifanele. Lokhu kusebenza futhi nakulabo abantu abaphinde babophezeleke ngaphansi ilungelo ubufakazi amasosha omzimba. Ngakho uma ufuna umfazi zifakaza umyeni wakhe, ngokuzenzakalelayo iba isakhamuzi isimo zenqubo. Futhi isimiso yobufakazi amasosha omzimba ngeke besakwazi injongo. Ngoba wathola ngesikhathi kokuphenywa phezu uma izosetshenziswa abomthetho njengoba ubufakazi.

Emazweni angaphandle

E-US, izimpikiswano ezihlobene isicelo yobufakazi amasosha omzimba, unaka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayehumusha isahluko sonke ku Ukuqoqwa Imithetho. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuwona wodwa owumthombo wenjabulo, othi ilungelo lesi sizwe. Kushaywa kwemtsetfo kwencazelo ubufakazi amasosha omzimba emazweni ukuthi abambisane Russia, it is hhayi ecacile, kodwa kabanzi lisetshenziswe umkhuba. Ngokwesibonelo, lo mthetho ivunyelwe izinkantolo e-United States kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana:

- Ufakazi amasosha omzimba;

- ilungelo athule (eziye zasetshenziselwa ukulwa self-incrimination);

- lungelo.

Futhi uthole incazelo ephelele kubo kungaba imithetho Uniform yenqubo lobugebengu, ezisebenza e-United States.

ubulungiswa ilungu

Ufakazi uyisihluthulelo eziphawuleka kakhulu uphenyo we icala lobugebengu. It ihlose ukusiza uphenyo, futhi inkantolo ekubhekaneni izimpikiswano ezibalulekile zendawo ethile kokuthethwa kwecala. Izinkomba lomuntu ubhekwa ukuqoqa ulwazi olumayelana zonke izimo icala futhi kunesidingo sokuba esheshayo ukuxazulula ubugebengu. Ngakho-ke, CPC kuye ukunakekelwa okukhethekile.

Ufakazi umuntu ophethe ulwazi olufanele ecaleni lobugebengu bakubika inkambo kokuphenywa ukuba iziphathimandla komthetho. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu, ngaphambi interview uyasichazela amalungelo nezibopho zenqubo. Futhi, isakhamuzi liyakushunyayelwa waxwayisa mayelana necala lobugebengu ukuze izitatimende ezingamanga.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthethosisekelo kanye Ikhodi Criminal Procedure ubeke eceleni inombolo ethile abantu abanale ubufakazi amasosha omzimba, ilungelo, nejoka okuyinto ukwenqaba ukufakaza hhayi ukuxhumana komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umyeni, unkosikazi, bazalwane, izingane zabazali babo abakwazi ukubika uphenyo kanye nokwaziswa Isivivinyo mayelana abathandekayo babo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ummeli umpristi asivunyelwe ukudalula imininingwane egcwele aziwayo kubo ngokuqondene nemisebenzi yabo. Ngakho, ubufakazi amasosha omzimba eenkambisweni zobulelesi okuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela ulwazi walabo imikhakha bayizakhamuzi, ngenxa siqu naseduze, ubuhlobo obufudumele nge abasolwa nomsolwa ayikwazi ukudalula lonke ulwazi kubo iqiniso anomlandu wokwenza ubulelesi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abakwazi umuzi onotshwala.

Ayisebenzi

Inombolo abantu elicacisiwe Ikhodi Criminal Procedure kanye Ikhodi of Civil Inqubo akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho ukudalula imininingwane eyaziwa kubo kuleli cala. Nokho, lokhu sokunene abanalo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Ubufakazi amasosha omzimba asisebenzi abantu abangesiwona eziseduze abasolwa futhi abantu abamangalelwe, abamangalelwa, kwabamangali. Ngakho ukuthi umuntu omjwayele ufihlile noma umngane kungase kube kuhle ezifanele elinikeziwe indima zenqubo. Ikakhulukazi uma wayezazi zonke izimo ngalesi sigameko. Futhi, ubufakazi amasosha omzimba ngeke zisebenze abamangalelwa abaye banikela ubufakazi obungamanga omunye umuntu ecaleni ezahlukene zobugebengu. Kulokhu, umthetho sisetshenziswa art. 307 we Criminal Code.

izinhlobo

Ubufakazi amasosha omzimba Kuyilungelo kwabantu abathile, okuyinto unganikezi ukuze isibopho ukunikeza ubufakazi kuleli cala. Ukuyikhulula okulandelayo:

- eliphelele - has ubunjalo ukuvinjelwa zomthetho esenziwa Art. 69 Ikhodi ku Civil Inqubo kanye Nekhodi Criminal Procedure;

- isihlobo - inikezwa labo abangakwazi azise iziphathimandla amaqiniso aziwayo, naphezu zokuchithwa ilungelo lokusebenzisa ngokuhambisana noMthethosisekelo;

- ezihlobene (ngokuzithandela), enikeza ilungelo lokukhetha;

- isevisi - ivumela nga lungo of isikhundla sakhe, ukwethula ubufakazi (umuntu noma amalungelo ibhizinisi uKhomishana);

- obuncane - uchithe izidumbu umyalezo Imininingwane abathile kuphela;

- ephelele - kuyinto kuchithwa zomthetho, okungadingi kuhilelani nabashushisi (abantu osondelene nabo bomdabu ummangalelwa).

Lapha-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akusiyo kuncike ngemibuzo abavikeli kanye nabamele zemibango kanye nezokuphatha. Ngoba, ngomthetho, bayizithunywa abantu ngolwazi mayelana naleli cala, okuyinto liye laziwa kubo ekusebenziseni imisebenzi okhokhelwayo. Izinhlobo ubufakazi amasosha omzimba is hhayi ngokusemthethweni livikeleke umthetho, + ngakho abameli bakhe abakholwa heterogeneous futhi wabelane bebodwa, uholwe nemithetho Art. 69 Ikhodi of Civil Inqubo nezobuciko. 56 seCriminal Procedure Code.

amalungelo

Uma umuntu babebone izenzo, kungenzeka ukuthi kuyothiwa e amaphoyisa ukuthi akhiphe ubufakazi kuleli cala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu uzoba nayo nale isimo lapho nendlela yokuxhumana namaphoyisa bebodwa, befuna ukubika ulwazi olufanele, ozokusiza uphenyo. Kulokhu-ke kuyodingeka uhlole ukuthi ubufakazi amasosha omzimba. Ikhodi-Criminal Procedure Art. 56 lokho kubonelelwa nezigaba ezithile abantu. Kulokhu, isakhamuzi, ebambe isikhundla ummeli noma umahluleli, akukwazi ubufakazi. Kusebenza umthetho ofanayo kubapristi. Uma lo fakazi Isihlobo esisondelene nalowo muntu athi umonile, uyena onelungelo lokusho ukuthi anikeze ubufakazi kuleli cala, okuyinto kamuva lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi ubufakazi. Kuyadingeka ukukhumbula ukuthi umuntu inkululeko isimo esinjalo, kungcono eze ngemibuzo, kanye wasemuva.

Isakhamuzi okuthiwa ukuba ingxoxo zenqubo iziphathimandla okuphenya noma inkantolo, unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa:

- ukuxhumana ulwazi ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko;

- senqabe ukufakaza esenziwa umthetho eyisisekelo isimo;

- ukusebenzisa usizo umhumushi (uma kunesidingo);

- ukuhambisa izicelo izikhalazo;

- ukucela isicelo kuso ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha, uma ukuphila kwakhe kusongelwa;

- beveza ummeli.

ukuphepha

Esimweni lapho umuntu obizwe njengofakazi ecaleni lobugebengu, uthi noma amalungu omkhaya wakubo asengozini bokuhlukaniswa ukuphila noma udlame, ukulinyazwa kwempahla, umphenyi liyoba nelungelo ukusebenzisa amagadango athileko. Ukuphepha ungakwazi kuqinisekiswe kuye ukuthi idatha yakhe ungubani izofakwa ohlwini ngaphansi mbumbulu. Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka leli cala, igama lalo negama uzophinde labizwa. Lapho kokuphenywa ubufakazi ummeli angase abe khona.

izici Jikelele

Umqondo ecacile ubufakazi amasosha omzimba alikho emthethweni lwamanje. Ngakho-ke, abameli professional ulichaze ngezindlela ezahlukene, njengoba ehlonipha imithetho amiswa ngumthetho civil kanye nomthetho wezobugebengu. Ubufakazi amasosha omzimba ilungelo kushiwo umuntu akukho kwesibopho ngifakaza icala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokomthetho umuntu unelungelo hhayi ukudalula imininingwane ephathelene nabangane bakhe nezihlobo.

Art. 56 Ikhodi-Criminal Procedure uthi amajaji, abameli, abapristi ayikwazi ababebizwa ukuba bazofakaza. Ngakho, umthetho uvikela izintshisekelo kwezindiza ezashiywa isikhathi abamangalelwe okusolwayo. Ngenxa umahluleli ehola inqubo, wazi yonke imininingwane zonya endabeni, futhi ngaleyondlela nalo kungashiwo yini ukudalula imininingwane etholwe ngokuhamba umsebenzi okhokhelwayo, kwabanye abantu.

Umthetho ofanayo kusebenza futhi abameli. Lesi sakamuva, lapho besebenza njengabahluleli ummeli wommangalelwa, noma kunjalo, akufanele badalule ulwazi etholakele uthishanhloko, nabanye abantu. Kuyinto kuphambene nomthetho. Abapristi, ukulalela Ukuvunywa kokuthi umhlaseli nezinsolo, futhi akufanele badalule ulwazi etholakala kuye futhi banikezwe kwabanye abantu, ngisho iziphathimandla komthetho. Lokhu kuvinjelwa yinkulumo avelele ubufakazi babo amasosha omzimba.

isijeziso

Kuleso simo, uma umuntu okuthiwa ku ingxoxo zenqubo noma enkantolo njengoba ecaleni, wathi amaphoyisa aqapha olungamanga, kungashiwo labetibambile nobulelesi akhokhe ngaphansi Art. 307 Ikhodi Crime. Kusebenza umthetho ofanayo kuya ochwepheshe notolika. Uma isakhamuzi kuze ngokuqiniseka, bevumile ukuthi ubufakazi eyanikezwa kubo zaziyiphutha, bese-ke iyanqamuka ukushajwa.

ucingo

Ngokuhambisana nemithetho Criminal Procedure Code, ufakazi angamenywa ingxoxo zenqubo noma enkantolo kuphela kwi-ajenda. Kulokhu, idokhumenti kumele aqukethe ulwazi mayelana ukuthi ungubani lona ngokuthi ukubhekana imibuzo, kanye kubonise isimo salo zenqubo.

I-ajenda ithunyelwa ubufakazi ngesandla, ngeposi elirejistiwe noma nge nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana. Futhi, le dokhumenti angadluliselwa umuntu ngokusebenzisa amalungu omkhaya amadala yakhe, uma umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibangelwa yini, engekho. Kulokhu, ilungu lomndeni, sathola amasamanisi, sithembisa ukuze uthumele izakhamuzi zawo abazakuba wazise uphenyo noma inkantolo ulwazi olufanele mayelana naleli cala.

I-ajenda angadluliselwa ngokusebenzisa sokuqondisa esikhundleni cwaningo noma indawo yomsebenzi wokufakaza.

idrayivu

Kuleso simo, uma ufakazi akezi at Ngosuku lwalo mhlangano nesikhathi ukuba afakaze futhi akazange ukudalula izizathu ze-non-ukubukeka kwakhe, kungaba zithunyelwe inkantolo noma amaphoyisa, ephelezelwa amaphoyisa aqapha. Kulesi inqubo umuntu kumele enze isiphakamiso esiyisipesheli. Ukuhamba akumelwe kwenziwe ebusuku. Okuhlukile amacala angekho esiphuthumayo.

indaba

I Charter, kubhekwe zonke izindaba eziphathelene kokuthethwa kwecala e-1864, kuthiwa abanye abantu bamane nje emthwalweni enikeza ubufakazi ngoba babengakwazi ukuba ufakazi kuleli cala. Phakathi kwazo kunabafundi izakhamuzi ababengakwazi ngqo nokuba nengqondo ukuchaza ukuthi kwenzekani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abanjalo zihlanganisa izihlobo futhi babekwa icala lokuphula ubugebengu. Ngalezo zinsuku inkantolo ukuthi ukunganakwa eceleni laba bantu ukuthi akhiphe ubufakazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke umuntu wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba ngifakaze ngokumelene nomunye ayephuli izimfihlo isimo. Ngokwe-Charter ngaleso sikhathi, isakhamuzi sasingase umane ususe efakaza uma wanted bhekana ummangalelwa. ERussia yesimanje, lolu daba kubhekwa kusukela nombono ohlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha omzimba ubufakazi wathi umthetho eyisisekelo isimo, kanye Nekhodi Criminal Procedure.

Ilungelo isisulu

Kwakungenzeka kanjani ukuba kube njalo uma umuntu elimele ixhunyiwe nabamangalelwa zomkhaya? Iphinde iza ukusiza yobuciko. 51 yomthetho eziyisisekelo, othi wonke umuntu unelungelo ukuba bokusola bona nabathandekayo babo. Kodwa izinto kungaba ziyaphuma lapha ngamanye amazwi, uma isisulu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubuhlobo umsolwa, enquma ukupha ubufakazi ngokumelene naye. I degree of ukusondelana kuyaphazamiseka futhi uthole amaqembu alwayo.

isivivinyo ilungelo

Umuntu liyoba nelungelo, okuyinto livikeleke umthetho eziyisisekelo isimo nokuthi angakwazi njalo ukusizakala. Inkantolo likhulula ummangalelwa ukuba afakaze, uma yokugcina ngakho izifiso. Ngenxa yokuthi umuntu unelungelo hhayi ukudalula imininingwane ephathelene yobugebengu obenziwa futhi ngaleyo ndlela bazivikele nokunyundela. This kuyinsakavukela soMthethosisekelo kufanele wachazela ummangalelwa nomkhaya wakhe at the stage of uphenyo. Uma loku kungentiwa, ubufakazi ngesimo ngabanye ukufundwa datha ayikwazi kumelwe ibe isisekelo sokukholelwa sinqumo ngoba kuphambene nomthetho aqine.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ummangalelwa naye unegunya lokuthola senqabe ukufakaza ukuthi baphiwa ngaphambili. Ngakho, izinga ubufakazi amasosha omzimba uMthetho-sisekelo, eziyokhishwa ngokugcwele.

Highlights

Ubufakazi amasosha omzimba is ecacile Basic Law isimo, kanye Ikhodi of Civil Inqubo kanye Criminal Procedure Code. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi siyixazulule isimo, namalungelo nezibopho abantu abakwaziyo anikeze ubufakazi kuleli cala. Ngakho, i-athikili 56 kweKhodi ku Criminal Procedure kuchazwe emjikelezweni lwabantu ekwenzeni imisebenzi okhokhelwayo akuvunyelwe ukuba babe ofakazi. Umthetho ofanayo livikeleke Ikhodi of Civil Inqubo. Leli lungelo kusebenza futhi State Duma futhi uMkhandlu ukuthi ukusebenza abathweswe wona ungenqaba ngifakaza icala. Ubufakazi amasosha omzimba ingenye izimiso zobulungiswa obanika ilungelo hhayi ukwazisa uphenyo nokuqulwa kwecala ulwazi oluthinta ukuphenywa kokuphulwa kunjalo, lapho labammangalelwe umuntu eduze. Liphinde lunikeze Criminal Procedure Code. -CPC, esikhundleni salokho, uthi ukuvinjelwa imibuzo njengofakazi walabo bantu abenza imisebenzi esemthethweni.