Monopoly: izibonelo emhlabeni kanti eRussia

kunemibandela eziningi ezahlukene ngemcondvo kwezomnotho. Nokho, iningi efinyelela kude lezi umqondo esinakho. Umbuto kutsi indlela efanele yokusetshenziswa leli gama futhi siyini incazelo yalo semantic endabeni ethile kuncike ngqo umongo. Lokhu kungenxa ngokuhumusha ezahlukene lo mqondo.

Ingqikithi yalo eside

Igama elithi "okunguye yedwa" kusho YesiGreki "mono" - omunye, futhi "uvendle" - ethengisa. Le nkulumo ibhekisela esimweni emakethe lapho esebenza ngokuqinile eyodwa kuphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuphelele akukho umncintiswano noma ngaphezulu akekho ekhiqizwa izimpahla noma amasevisi afanayo.

I ayitholwa kuqala emlandweni wesintu adaliwe sibonga unswinyo isimo. Uhulumeni liphasisa umthetho onikeza ilungelo elibusisekile iyiphi inkampani lokudayisa ezinye izimpahla. Nokho, igama elithi "okunguye yedwa" has a lot of izincazelo. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, lokhu emakethe ikakhulukazi lapho isimo noma inhlangano kunikezwa ilungelo elehlukile ukuba afeze imisebenzi yayo ibhizinisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo esinakho, ngokungabi bikho kokuncintisana, uyena onquma ukubaluleka izimpahla noma nomthelela kakhulu kunqubomgomo zamanani. Incazelo enjalo kuwuphawu qualitative wemakethe.

Izici eziyinhloko esinakho

Ochwepheshe ukukhomba kwalezi zimo, okuyinto ibonisa epulazini kuphela inkampani:

• khona oyedwa noma umdayisi esikhulu kakhulu;
• ukutholakala kwemikhiqizo, esingeyena analogue yokuncintisana;
• ukuba khona ephezulu embundwini nendlela ukungena izinkampani ezintsha e emakethe ingxenye efanayo.

Kukhona ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ukuthi zisetshenziswa igama elithi "okunguye yedwa". Ngokwesibonelo, lo mqondo kungasho inkampani ehlukile, okuyinto libhekene kuqala ekuphathweni emakethe a ingxenye ethize.

ongakhetha ukutolika

Igama elithi "okunguye yedwa" Kuyaqondakala njengoba:

• isimo noma emakethe, noma omunye izingxenye zayo, lapho kukhona umdlali oyedwa kuphela;
• inkampani kuphela silwenza udayisa imikhiqizo adalwe wakhe;
• Market izilaleli kulo kuphela ibhizinisi-umholi.

Ohlukile inkampani kunqunywa sokunquma esiningi. Nokho, nemithetho eyisisekelo lezi lisezingeni elinjani mncintiswano. Kumelwe noma kube ngokwanele ongaphakeme, noma ngingekho ngokuphelele.

ngezigaba

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene monopolies. Nokho, ngezigaba zabo kunemibandela kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ezinye izinhlobo monopolies kungaba kanyekanye basonta eziningana yohlobo lwazo. Ngakho, ukukhululwa:

• okunguye yedwa zemvelo, lapho ibhizinisi has a kuma kwabo okuyilungelo emakethe;
• okunguye yedwa okumsulwa, uma kukhona kuphela umphakeli omunye ezithile izinhlobo zamasevisi noma impahla;
• nhlanganisela - izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezahlukahlukene izifundo, kodwa Okusizayo ngokwezimali okuhlangene (isibonelo, eRussia zingakhiqiza CJSC "Gazmetall");
• okunguye yedwa avaliwe, okuyinto has a ukuvikelwa mncintiswano ngesimo imikhawulo zomthetho, patent and copyright;
• okunguye yedwa evulekile, esibonakala kuleyo emakethe kukhona eyodwa kuphela umhlinzeki we umkhiqizo, okuyinto ayinakho ukuvikelwa ngokukhethekile kusukela mncintiswano.

Ngaphezu kwalezi, kunezinye izinhlobo monopolies. Cabangela ezinye izinhlobo zalesi simo.

okunguye yedwa yemvelo

Ngokuvamile, emakethe kukhona isimo lapho isidingo umkhiqizo othize wenelisekile izinkampani eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Kulokhu kukhona esinakho zemvelo. nezimbangela zayo baqamekela izici kwamakhasimende kanye nenqubo.

Kunoma isimo iplanethi yethu, kukhona monopolies zemvelo. Izibonelo zalokhu - amasevisi ngocingo, amandla, ezokuthutha, njll

monopolies Yemvelo abasebenza emkhakheni:

• uwoyela, igesi kanye amafutha ahamba isiqu value;
• amasevisi ukunikeza sabantu zokuxhumana leposi kanye kagesi yomphakathi.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, ugesi. Nalapha futhi kukhona esinakho zemvelo. Izibonelo eRussia - kungcono 700 TPP ezikhona, TPP futhi HPP, eyayibonakala benziwe inkampani isitokwe ngokuhlanganyela Rao "UES Russia". Inkampani kwamiswa ngo-1992, lapho ukubunjwa okuyizinto kwakuwukuthi indawo yabangamashumi amahlanu izitshalo energos lesifunda 'amandla eziphambili kakhulu zathathwa. Kuze kube manje, Rao "UES Russia" ophethe wonke amandla umugqa inethiwekhi kuleli zwe.

Imboni gas futhi abasindi ayitholwa zemvelo. Izibonelo eRussia - ukuzihlanganisa eziyisishiyagalombili ukukhiqizwa igesi, kanye nantathu izinkampani yezokuthutha yesifunda ukuthutha, sibambene Rao "Gazprom". I share yama-akhawunti yenkampani ingxenye yesine yazo zonke izimali zikahulumeni.

OAO "Gazprom 'uyifeza 56% ukudiliva eMpumalanga no-21% - eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Anakho amafa phesheya, okuyizinto amasheya ezinkampanini ukuthi ungumnikazi igesi ukusatshalaliswa negesi zokuhamba izinhlelo.

A ayitholwa zemvelo eRussia embonini ujantshi. I share insiza ojikelezayo OAO Russian Railways, kanye inzuzo kuyinto 80% konke okuhamba kuleli zwe. isisindo Omkhulu, futhi abagibeli traffic. Kuyinto 41%.

Kunezinye monopolies yemvelo eRussia. Izibonelo zalokhu - of "Rosneft", OJSC "Rostelecom", njll

Izibonelo esinakho emhlabeni look yemvelo uhlukile Russian. Umthetho lamazwe entshonalanga wasebenzisa amagama anjengokuthi:

• bemisebenzi yomphakathi;
• inkonzo oludingekayo kuwo wonke;
• isevisi yenethiwekhi, njll

Ngokwesibonelo, e-UK kukhona ukuhlanganisa esemthethweni elithi "monopolies zemvelo". Izibonelo izinkampani ukuthi kukhona "kudingeka kubo bonke" izakhiwo wesitimela, kutfunyelwa nekusatjalaliswa kukagesi, amanzi kanye nezindlu zangasese. E-Fulansi, elithi "okunguye yedwa yemvelo" kulungisiwe elithi "yezimboni nezinkonzo zomphakathi kwezohwebo." Lezi zinhlangano abasebenza emkhakheni kwezokuxhumana, wesitimela zokuthutha nokuhlinzeka ngogesi.

okunguye yedwa Yemvelo eJalimane isimo lapho omunye inkampani uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana emakethe ukufuna ngokunikeza umkhiqizo noma isevisi nge ongaphakeme, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuqinisekisa izinga evamile at izindleko nenzuzo. Lokhu kusebenza iphayiphi futhi ujantshi ezokuthutha.

okunguye yedwa yokufakelwa

Lo mqondo capacious kakhulu. Ngokusho kodokotela abathile, okunguye yedwa yemvelo, njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, ungomunye izinhlobo ayitholwa kwezomnotho (yokufakelwa). Kulokhu sikhuluma izinkampani ukuthi bayakwazi ukuthola isikhundla okuholela emakethe.

Indlela kukhona ayitholwa wokufakelwa? Izibonelo ukubukeka evelele wamabhizinisi ukhombise Amathuba ngezindlela ezimbili ukufeza umgomo. Eyokuqala yalezi amanga ekukhuleni kahle ekukhiqizeni, kanye ukuqoqelana kwezimali, kanye, ngenxa yalokho, ukwandisa izinga imisebenzi. Indlela yesibili ngokushesha. isisekelo yaso yinye capital, okungukuthi, abahlangene ngokuzithandela noma kombuso izinkampani ungeke uzithole usuwile. Ungqimba kwamabhizinisi amancane kanye naphakathi iba lidlondlobala. Kukhona ayitholwa yokufakelwa. Ihlanganisa ezithile ingxenye lezimpahla emakethe futhi ayinaso izimbangi.

Njengamanje, kusetshenziswa kakhulu esinakho yokufakelwa. Izibonelo izinhlangano ezinjalo - lokhu ukukhathazeka, trust, imikhonyovu futhi nombimbi. Njalo usomabhizinisi izama ukunqoba isikhundla esinakho. It iqeda eziningana izingozi kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene izimbangi, kanye ukuthatha emakethe ithuba elihle. Kulokhu, lo monopolist uyakwazi ukuthonya abanye abahlanganyeli emakethe futhi ephoqelela izimo zabo.

Ukudala ayitholwa yokufakelwa singenzeka ngezinye izindlela. Yisho izenzo zakho zomthetho uyakwazi ukuhlinzeka okukhiphayo noma amasevisi ilungelo inkampani eyodwa kuphela. Ngakho kukhona ayitholwa yokufakelwa. Izibonelo zalokhu zitholakala emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke. Le nhlangano, ngokwalokho okuthandwa umphakathi. Isibonelo eRussia - inkampani "Mosgortrans". Linikeza inhlokodolobha ngomgwaqo. Kulokhu, amandla ayivumeli ukusebenza kwemakethe ezinye yezinkampani, izimbangi zayo.

okunguye yedwa isimo

Ukudalwa kwawo wenziwa ngosizo izithiyo zomthetho. Ngo amadokhumenti omthetho ichaze imingcele monopolies kuncike ngempahla kanye phezu izinhlobo control. Kulokhu, omunye inkampani inikeza ilungelo elehlukile bafeze lo noma ngalolo hlobo lo msebenzi. Lezi zinhlangano zomphakathi. Ziyakwazi ilawulwe amabhodi emaphakathi, zezinkonzo, njll Amaqembu isimo ayitholwa ibhizinisi elilodwa umkhakha. Lokhu kuholela nokungabikhona kokuncintisana emakethe.

Kukhona monopolies embuso eRussia. Izibonelo imisebenzi kulawulwa umthetho kukhonjisiwe ngezansi. Zifaka:

• umsebenzi ihlobene ukushushumbiswa psychotropic nezidakamizwa kwelashwa;
• Sebenza emkhakheni lempi isiqondiso lobuchwepheshe ;
• Ukukhishwa kwemali, futhi inhlangano ekujikelezeni kwazo endaweni Russia;
• futhi ephenya ngokuthengwa Ukumaka ngendlela eyenziwe amatshe ayigugu;
• ukukhiqizwa futhi inzuzo ETHYL utshwala;
• ukuthekelisa kanye ukungenisa kwezimpahla ezithile.

Uphi ikakhulukazi liphinyiselwe ku ayitholwa isimo? Izibonelo ukusetshenziswa kwamandla zokuphatha kungabonwa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Lona Bank of Russia. Anakho esinakho inhlangano, kwegazi futhi udaba lwemali. ilungelo esinjalo sinikezwa kuye izenzo zomthetho.

Emkhakheni wezempilo kukhona esinakho isimo. Izibonelo ezihlobana ngayo ukukhiqizwa nemithi. Ngakho, ke unamalungelo ayitholwa ka FSUE "eMoscow endocrine Isitshalo". Uveza izidakamizwa ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukene zempilo. It wezifo zengqondo ukusebenza kwayo nezifo zabesifazane, Endocrinology kanye zamehlo.

Imboni isikhala futhi okunguye yedwa isimo. ERussia, izibonelo ezihlobene bezinto ezihlukeneko kulo mkhakha, bhá wabo - iyona cosmodrome "Baikonur".

okunguye yedwa eliphelele

Ngezinye izikhathi emakethe isimo lapho emkhakheni umthengi, inkampani entsha ukunikela umkhiqizo okudalwe ongenawo analogue. Lena ayitholwa okumsulwa. Izibonelo zezimo enjalo manje ayindlala. Namuhla-ke iyisici ezingavamile. Ngokuvamile bancintisane amafemu eziningana. Okwamanje, njengoba umthetho, kuphela ngokusekelwa isimo kungenzeka esinakho okumsulwa. Izibonelo uma lokhu kungenziwa enikeziwe kuphela izinhlangano ngemikhiqizo yabo ezimakethe zendawo. Indlela elula wabo, lapho le nkampani abizele kubathengi ngentengo. Nokho, izindleko izimpahla noma amasevisi kungenzeka ayitholwa okumsulwa kulawulwa isimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinkampani ibhizinisi bavikelekile engena Ububanzi bemisebenzi yabo yezinye nabathengisi ngumthetho isimo.

Isibonelo esingokoqobo ayitholwa okumsulwa zingakhiqiza imisebenzi "Aluminium Inkampani" yenkampani (USA). Ngo-1945, le nkampani fully zibamba izimayini bauxite eMelika. Lokhu ingxenye enkulu yemithombo yemvelo main impahla eluhlaza for zokukhiqiza aluminium.

Isibonelo esimangalisayo ayitholwa okumsulwa eRussia - ugesi, igesi ukunikezela nemizana inkampani wendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu inkampani equkethe amanethiwekhi amanzi. Izinsiza kukhona izibonelo ngempumelelo kakhulu izinhlangano bhizinisi emhlabeni wonke.

okunguye yedwa evulekile

Isimo emakethe ezingase ziphakame uma noma iyiphi inkampani isungula umkhiqizo omusha ngokuphelele. Kodwa ngokungafani esinakho okumsulwa, isimo akusho awuvikele izimbangi ezingaba khona. Kulokhu, kukhona ayitholwa ezivulekileyo ezingenaso akunakubangelwa omunye zezintaka ayitholwa okumsulwa. Ezinye nkathi yesikhathi inkampani umphakeli ematheni umkhiqizo omusha. Izimbangi zinkampani avele emakethe kamuva.

Uma unikeza izibonelo monopolies yomphakathi, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula inkampani Apple, okuyinto waba ngowokuqala ukunikeza abathengi ubuchwepheshe touch.

okunguye yedwa zamazwe amabili

Ngezinye izikhathi, emakethe kukhona isimo lapho umkhiqizo inikeza umdayisi kuphela, futhi kukhona isidingo kusuka ikhasimende single. Lena ayitholwa zamazwe amabili. Kulesi simo, umthengi kanye nomdayisi sazana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo zifeza ukuthengwa nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo eseqedile ngaphansi esiqinile Izilawuli ngentengo. Izibonelo zamazwe amabili okunguye yedwa idili nezimo ezinjalo lapho ifemu ethengisa izimpahla zayo ukuba isimo. Lokhu kuthenga izikhali i-Ministry of Defence, futhi kokuphikisa a inyunyana eyodwa noma yimuphi umqashi oyedwa.

isiphetho

Ukwahlukanisa monopolies kunemibandela. Ezinye izinkampani zinzima kakhulu ukuba kuthiwe uhlobo oluthile izinhlangano ibhizinisi. Abaningi babo zingezikaJehova ngezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukahlukene monopolies. Izibonelo zibandakanya izinhlangano ibhizinisi ukukhonza amanethiwekhi yocingo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa igesi nogesi izinkampani. Bonke ukubonisa izimpawu hhayi zemvelo kuphela kodwa futhi okunguye yedwa avaliwe. Izibonelo Ungase futhi ukumboza ezinye izindawo umsebenzi.

Nokho, ngokuvamile, isikhundla lebhizinisi siyashintsha kakhulu. Ngakho, izinzuzo akhona monopolies zemvelo akuzona ebalulekile ohlangothini lwabo. Isimo emakethe yalemitimba zingashintsha kusungulwa izidingo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe esincintisana. Akukhona esimeme futhi isikhundla avaliwe esinakho. Yonke idatha bona kuzuzisa futhi amalungelo singacinywa umthetho omusha osanda kwethulwa.