Karamzin. Zomlando indaba isifinyezo: "Umfazi noMarta-likahulumeni, noma I-Conquest Novagoroda"

Lezi kwakuyizikhathi eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi nzima eRussia, okuyinto oye wahlushwa wahlushwa ukumelana ijoka Mongol-Tatar. Cishe kwakungalesi sikhathi futhi bathi abhalelwa isifinyezo umkhiqizo. "Umfazi noMarta-likahulumeni, noma I-Conquest Novagoroda" - inoveli zomlando echaza bangaki igazi yabantu abangenacala ezichithekile ezweni lonke Russian. Ukuze uvimbele lokhu, Grand Prince of eMoscow Ivan III baba ukuhlanganisa principalities Russian futhi abuthele zibuswe yayo yonke labo akakwazanga ukubekezelela ejokeni elibuhlungu Golden zidlamlilo. Nokho, le ndoda yenqaba ukulalela uyaziqhenya Novgorod State imemezele ukuzimela kwayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho ngeke uchaze kabanzi isifinyezo. "Umfazi noMarta-likahulumeni" endzabeni yakhe iqukethe amaqiniso ethakazelisayo ukuthi ngesikhathi Novgorod wabalwela nemigomo yazo lasendulo kanye namalungelo, okuyinto ngokwengxenye wabanika izikhulu okukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, igama Prince Yaroslav kwaba ngoyebo kwenkululeko yabo.

Karamzin: "Marta-likahulumeni Umfazi", indaba okuqukethwe okufutshane

Novgorod wabona kusengaphambili ukuthi udweshu okunjalo kuyoletha kubo okuningi nosizi, kodwa ayikwazanga umhlatshelo ukuqhosha. Futhi ezisemadolobheni Veche insimbi ubiza zonke izakhamuzi ukubuthana Square Omkhulu ngokushesha.

Abantu abavela kulo lonke elase waphuthuma khona, bethuswa indumo peal yakhe ingezwakali. Abantu bahlangana anxenxa ukuqala Chamber.

Abobulili kwezindlu zamatshe amhlophe bahlangana Yaroslav posadniki izindondo esifubeni sakhe, lo boyars nge izibhengezo, abadala ngezimbazo esiliva kanye nabanye abantu abaningi.

Kungazelelwe, eKalvari, noma, uma kungenjalo, ku Vadimova, lapho ezinde zemabula isithombe Vityazya Vadima uvele gijimi - inkosi omethembayo John Prince.

inxusa

Kwaba Prince Holm, wamhambisela obekumele ukumemezela izakhamuzi Novgorod ukuthi kufanele ngokuthula bazithobe okufunwa Grand Prince of eMoscow hhayi ukuletha ingxabano ukuchitha igazi. Wabatshela ukuthi abantu kuphela uthando ukuzimela zasendle, kodwa umuntu ohlakaniphileyo - umyalo ukuthi akukho autocracy kuleli zwe awutholakali.

Waqhubeka ukuthi izindonga Novgorod wazalelwa futhi yathi lo autocracy bezwe Russian. Magnanimous Rurik waqala lapha ukwenza ubulungisa nokulunga, ngoba lokhu iqhawe Varangian ka Novgorod baqala ukwesaba abanye abantu.

Inkulumo ka inxusa kwaba abanothando kakhulu futhi wafutheka, wafaka isikhalazo unembeza wabantu wabakhuza ukuthi they juba abazalwane Russian at isihe zidlamlilo, futhi bona ngalesi sikhathi, uphumelele futhi sizungezwe okunethezeka. Moscow, Kiev, uVladimir abachitha igazi abavikeli babo. IsiRashiya, ehlome ngenkemba, ukuhlangabezana abezinye izizwe, futhi Novgorod avaricious uzithatha izingalo zami, sazifisa izimpahla enkulu yabo, igolide nesiliva.

umphumela onamandla kakhulu abantu ngomdlalo wabo protagonists ukusebenza "Umfazi noMarta-likahulumeni, noma I-Conquest of Novgorod." Amazwibela eminye iya ukuthi Prince John wafunda ngokusebenzelana Uzungu wababusi Novgorod nge Duchy isitha yaseLithuania nasePoland, waxwayisa ngokuthi laba bezizwe ukugqilaza kubo, ngoba ngaso sonke isikhathi okwenzeka kulabo budedengu abafuna ngenkani ekubusweni zakini. Yena okholwa ukuthi awusenakuqhubeka ugweme nokwehlukaniswa isimo isiRashiya, ngemva kwazo zonke izinkinga efika lapha. Emva kokuphothula inkulumo yakhe, Holm usephendukele frontal zabuzwa impendulo abantu kunalokho bakhethe ukuthula noma impi.

ke Marfa

Ngaphezu kwalokho mnandi buchitha uzungu lwakhe isifinyezo. Unkosikazi noMarta-likahulumeni yimisindo ebabaza bathule esabekayo engena esiteji yensimbi frontal isikhala. Ebusweni bakhe ukufunda usizi nenkazimulo. Wachaza ezolile waqala inkulumo yakhe ugqozi futhi wathi ngakwesokudla kungaba umvikeli inkululeko, njengoba wayenguyise wakhe nomyeni wakhe yokubeka ikhanda, ulwela kulo muzi omkhulu.

Abantu walalela ngayo umoya bated. Waqhubeka inkulumo yakhe ukuthi akudingekile sisole abantu ukuthi akazange ehilelekile internecine izimpi , futhi walahlekelana nomhlambi Mongol-Tatar banqobi lapho Batu ezinolaka wafuna likhiphe umuzi wabo. It eliyisikhumbuzo nobaba abathatha ukwazi ukuthi bayokufa empini, kodwa ningabi makhoboka, futhi ngensimbi izinkemba zabo ngaphandle ukuzinyeza. Manje Veliky Novgorod esichumayo, futhi abathengisi abaningi Outlandish, eza emzini wakhe, bathi idolobha enjalo enobuhle akambonanga ikuphi. Futhi akumangalisi ukuthi manje uJohane ezibonayo zonke ubuhle nobuhle Novgorod, ufuna ukuba ababuse.

Ngakho-ke umkhawulo ngisho sikhanya icebo isifinyezo. Unkosikazi noMarta-likahulumeni uqhubeka athi ukuthi amazulu kufanele, futhi uma ukuhaha ushayela kubo, hhayi zobuhle nenkazimulo, maduze hit ihora abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila zokugcina zazo, kanye nokulahlekelwa inkululeko ngeke abune, futhi umthombo ingcebo, inkazimulo edolobheni luyakuba mnyama, futhi iphenduke amanxiwa edabukisayo. Abantu babethuthumela ngiyobe ngikushayile ekuthukutheleni ngakhala "Impi John! Sizokwenza ukufela Lethu Nenkululeko! "

Ambassador eMoscow wayesafuna ukusho okuthile, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya - isixuku abazange balalele futhi cishe wasihlephula. Wabe ngosizi olukhulu umphefumulo walizwakalisa izwi lakhe zokugcina ezibucayi: "Makube khona impi!" - futhi ngokushesha washiya agcwalise lo muzi ngokudla retinue yakhe.

impi

Kakhulu ezithakazelisayo uchaza Amalungiselelo indaba impi "Marta-likahulumeni Umfazi", indaba okuqukethwe iDemo eminye uthi, lapho ikhalisiwe insimbi alamu, abantu baqala ukuthola uzimisele ukuthatha sempi yokugcina. Futhi uMarta ngokushesha waphuthuma the ngakhethi umdala zenzisa uTheodosius, ngubani, ngemva kweminyaka engu-70 yenkonzo ezweni akhe bahoxa okumatasa umhlaba ehlathini elicinene. Nguye wayeseyitshela ngalezi enkingeni eziphuthumayo, kodwa uMarta wayefuna ulalelwe ngenkani. Weza naye ngisengumfanyana, Miroslav futhi wafuna athole isibusiso abadala ukuba impi. Ngemva kwalokho uMarta wayephuthuma ukuba ngishade naye indodakazi yakhe Xenia. Ngaphambi impi, bashada, futhi njengokulindelekile, umbhishobhi yagcotshwa abasha e St Sophia Cathedral. Ngakho Miroslav abe ngumholi amaqhawe Novgorod.

UMarta wayethemba Pskov ngeke ume eceleni, ziba njengabangane futhi ukunikeza yempi yakhe, kodwa benqaba ukusekela ukuvukela Novgorod. Ngokushesha kwafika izindaba ukuthi uJohane impi engcono sathuthela edolobheni elikhulu. Amashalofu Miroslav wathutha ukuba babahlangabeze.

ukulindela

ukuthula Kubi bazinza edolobheni ilindele, amasonto kuphela nivale iminyango yabo, abantu abasala waguqa kwakuzwakala Ukufundwa moleben. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwakungekho izindaba. Ngosuku impi ewumnqamula-juqu, Marta, ngesikhala okusezingeni eliphezulu frontal wabona ifu uthuli. Ukuvala amehlo akhe, wathi: "Miroslav wafa, uJohane wayeyingxenye winner!"

Ngenqola niye emzini ukuletha umzimba Miroslav kwalimala amasosha zisitshele izimpi ezesabekayo. Russian yayiphambana Russian, amajoni zombili wafuna ukuthi lokho abakusho kuyiqiniso lwamaSlav. Inzondo yabo mutual into embi kakhulu! amadodana kaMarta ezimbili naye wafa.

Kodwa le mpi yaqhubeka, uJohane engozini oqondile eyasehlula Knights of Novgorod, wabe eseqhubeka ekuvinjezelweni eside. City waqala ukulamba abavikeli wenkululeko Isigwebo sokufa saqala ukusebenza.

I uTheodosius umdala, washiya esangweni layo futhi bangena emzini futhi baba Posadnik, kodwa ngemva kokunqoba yena ngokwakhe ezandleni izihluthulelo zedolobha enkosini kuJohane embuza isihe abantu, ezithembisa ukubuya ukuthi laba bantu ngeke simkhonze ngokwethembeka.

ukuxolelwa

Prince of eMoscow enquma uyixolele abantu Novgorod, kodwa akugcini isifinyezo. NoMarta-likahulumeni Umfazi nendodakazi yakhe Xenia namanje aluphumeleli ngu isijeziso sakhe esibi. Kubo, maduze ukwakha izikafula, lapho uMarta ngeqholo liyaphuma futhi umemezela abantu bafa isakhamuzi Novgorod, kuyilapho baye bakhonza John.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le lasendulo isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi isuswe bese uyiswa ukuba eMoscow.

Ngo ucezu yayo eziyingqayizivele "Umfazi noMarta-likahulumeni, noma I-Conquest of Novgorod." Isifinyezo, ngeshwa, awakwazi ukudlulela isitayela elikhanyayo lasendulo futhi ukunambitheka kwesivamile, kangangokuthi kungcono ukufunda ngokuphelele kulo msebenzi.