Iziphi izenzo kungenziwa ngokuthi inkulumo? Ukwahlukanisa izenzo zenkulumo

Lapho umuntu ehilelekile Kunoma ikuphi, ngaphambi kokuba kuhlale umgomo othile. Yena ngokungazi noma uyaqaphela ufuna ukuyifinyelela, ukuze ufinyelele izifiso zabo. Cishe njalo ingafika eqophelweni lapho idinga usizo ngempela, yena uzama ukukholisa, ukuthi ohilelekile nesenzakalo esithile inkulumo, ngakho - isenzo ukuthi isebenza. Word - uhlale uhlobo oluthile ibhizinisi, nakhu kufika ekubonakaleni esiphethweni sokuthi yisiphi isenzo kungenziwa ngokuthi izwi. Konke amagama injongo okuhloswe ngazo yi.

inkulumo isenzo

Ngokusho zezilimi yesimanje H. Grice, Searle J. noJ Austin, izenzo zenkulumo - .. A ingxoxo nabanye, futhi abantu othi imisebenzi yabo, kakade wenza isenzo esithile, uma ithunyelwa umamukeli. Inhloso yalesi isipika ngokuthi inkulumo isenzo, isenzo inkulumo noma umsebenzi izwi.

Okunhlobonhlobo inkulumo izenzo ngokusobala eliningi yabo enkulu e-arsenal lesintu. Ososayensi baye benza ngezigaba lapho isisekelo Yileso inhloso kwenkulumo. Iziphi izenzo kungenziwa ngokuthi inkulumo? Yebo, bonke abafisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu nemiklamo sidalule zinezinhloso ezithile. Ngokuvamile, umgomo akayedwa, futhi ingxoxo iyakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana inkulumo bese ukulandelela izenzo eziningana inkulumo.

Dmitry Likhachev

Ngiqinisile izimangaliso ungenza lulwimi lolukhulunywako. Izibonelo ingatholakala yonke indawo. Umkhuzi enkulumweni yakhe e isimo ukukuphoqa ukuba ibutho zibe migilingwane ezehlukile ubuqhawe. Eulogy umufi noma isihlobo kamufi ungase ube sonke isixuku imbangela ukukhala, futhi kwezinye izimo, impindiselo. What do amalungu Duma State? Kube ebusa lulwimi lolukhulunywako. Izibonelo phambi kwakhe njalo kwelitshe, njengoba umsebenzi bakahulumeni. Ngesikhathi engqungqutheleni, okuyinto wawenziwa agony zase-USSR, ukuze zamaphini isinyathelo academician Dmitry Likhachev.

Ungakwazi ahlaziye inkulumo yakhe ukuba sikuqonde ngokucacile ngani izenzo kungenziwa ngokuthi izwi. Uthi ekuqaleni isimo isiko Soviet, ngoba ingxenye yayo yobuntu, nezimangaliso. ukuthi ayikho ukukhetha abantu endaweni yesikhulumi Ukhetho ngisho wahlangana ngisho nakanye igama - "isiko". Kodwa ngaphandle zokuziphatha eziyisisekelo kakhulu kwayo kunikeza, imithetho yezenhlalakahle angeke afake imithetho kwezomnotho - kulapho, isayensi yesimanje Ofayo, ngoba ucwaningo nibaluleke imali, amaphrojekthi ezinkulu ukwakhiwa eziyisisekelo ayifakiwe ngenxa yokuntuleka short-term ukubuyiselwa - nokunye. okuxoxwe Likhachev ukuthi ngokuningiliziwe esidabukisayo cishe yonke kwamasiko izikhumbuzo, zomlando, imitapo, iminyuziyamu. Kubandakanya ezikhahlanyezwe futhi isiko yokukhuluma nokuziphatha, izici nokucekelwa yayo. Ikakhulukazi okuningi ayekhuluma ngokuqondene nemfundo, ngoba kulapho lapho kutholakala khona isiko kuyinto wenziwe. Lokhu kwalandelwa iziphakamiso ukhonkolo ngokuthuthukisa isimo kuleli zwe kule ndawo.

Ukuxhumana kanye nolimi

Ukuhlaziya inkulumo academician, hhayi nje baxhumanisa lokho uhlobo oluthile yokukhuluma, kwembule izinhloso. Yiqiniso, uma kuba sobala ukuthi uzama Likhachev, ugcine zonke imithetho yokuziphatha ngamazwi, ukuze zidonse ukunaka kwanoma amalungu ePhalamende ukuthi isimo sasiyini ngempela kubakholise ingxenye encomekayo izinhloso zayo esibekiwe. Kuyacaca futhi ngokushesha ukuthi academician, ngaphezu ukwazisa izilaleli wazama ubakhuthaze ukuthi izenzo ezithile. Xoxa - inkulumo isenzo, njengoba kuvela. Ithi khetha izethameli eziqondiwe, ukukhuluma ngezinkinga. Uhlobo yokukhuluma inquma inhloso inkulumo.

Kulokhu Academician Likhachev kungokwalabo agitational uhlobo kushukumisele esenzweni, kodwa izakhi futhi kwaziswe, futhi uthi izinhlobo. Isakhiwo isenzo inkulumo kulesi sitatimende wukuthi akukho, mhlawumbe, uhlobo kuphela epideyktichesky - doxology grand, okuyinto kuvame ukugcwala inkulumo esiyisikhumbuzo yenkampani hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi congresses lamaphini zabantu. Kungani lokhu kwakwenzeka? Yebo, ngoba academician Dmitry Likhachev, ngokungafani nozakwethu abaningi, wakhetha elungile yokuziphatha ngamazwi, ekusizeni ukufeza umgomo.

uhlobo Diatribichesky

Kungakhathaliseki njalo - senzo? Futhi lokho izenzo kungenziwa ngokuthi inkulumo? Umuntu ngamunye noma wajabulela diatribicheskim isitayela, owake wabhekana nazo nale mkhuba at zonke sinyathelo. Kunalokho, akusona isenzo, kodwa imiphumela izwi, lapho umngane ezimbili esifubeni amahora bekhuluma ocingweni. Yithi laba kakhulu oludonsa kanye nokuzinyeza njengoba okuhloswe ngazo ukuthola injabulo mutual. Akukho sizathu le ngxoxo, akukho njongo, ngisho noma yini entsha ngokuvamile ayikho okwaxoxwa nabo ungazi, ngoba zonke kokuhlolwa kakade embukisweni.

Kodwa kukhona ngemuva luyingxenye ngokomzwelo, uhlobo injabulo nezimnandi ukukhuluma nami futhi Ukwahlukaniswa izenzo zenkulumo ziqukethe lolu hlobo inkulumo njengomugqa oseceleni. uhlobo Diatribichesky yokukhuluma (zefilosofi lo mqondo cishe okuhlukumezayo) ihlanganisa "mezhdusoboychikovye" cute jokes kancane kuyaqondakala abangeyona ingxenye yebandla lobuKristu, abanye Amacebo funny izimo, imininingwane ezithakazelisayo eyaziwa kuphela lezi zintokazi adventure. Konke lokhu kudala isibonelo, lapho inkulumo izenzo - akusona isenzo, kodwa ukudalwa ingemuva ezithile izinkanuko, umthelela okuletha injabulo. wengxoxo Real bukhoma ligcwele izinhlobo eziningi izenzo zenkulumo, kuye ngezidingo: ukwenza ububele, ukuze uthole usizo, ukujezisa othile, noma ngisho ukuyibulala igama ... Inkulumo nokuziphatha iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi izimo.

General nezinhlobo yokukhuluma

1. Inkulumo zezemfundo. Kuhlanganisa baseyunivesithi esikoleni izinkulumo, amaphepha ocwaningo, imibiko kanye nokubuyekezwa, ethandwa isayensi izinkulumo.

2. Inkulumo zokwahlulela. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili: umthetho - ukuzivikela futhi Icala - amasamanisi.

3. inkulumo Socio-zezombusazwe. Ubika, izinkulumo ezihlukahlukene emihlanganweni congresses, izinkomfa, imihlangano, imihlangano, leli zwi ePhalamende, emihlanganweni, izinkulumo samasosha yokushisekela izwe futhi agitatorial nakwezombusazwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa Ukubuyekeza zezombusazwe.

4. Socio-ikhaya inkulumo. Kukhona eziningi ongakhetha: inkulumo edilini lomshado, ukubingelela encane, toast ehlukahlukene inkhulumo. Lolu ulimi ngokukhulunywa kakhulu, izibonelo lapho wonke umuntu ubukele usuku ngalunye.

5. Inkulumo ezingokomoya noma zenkolo zenkolo. inkulumo-ukushumayela esontweni olusemthethweni: Kukhona izinketho ezimbili kukhona.

Isimo ngokuvamile kufuna isikhulumi izwi nokuziphatha okuhambisanayo. izingxenye isimo ngempela linamathele kuwo futhi uhambisane orientation yayo, ukwakha ubunye obunobunye.

Umcabango

Ukukhuluma, izibonelo zalo ezingenakususwa letinikwe lapha ngenhla, kuyasiza ukwakha umqondo womsebenzi inkulumo ngemindeni ngokwayo: siyixazulule okuqukethwe ngokwengqondo (izinto ezithile futhi isici, izindlela, izindlela, imikhiqizo kanye nemiphumela) izidingo ukuphathiswa, okuyisigaba sokuqala nganoma yisiphi isenzo ngamazwi. Plus ukuhlaziya inqubo, okungukuthi esigabeni, futhi isisusa izinhlelo. Kulokhu singaphetha kwencazelo ukuthi izenzo zenkulumo - izinsalela we ezivamile ezenziwa abantu esikhathini esinikeziwe isikhathi.

Futhi, ngakho-ke, umqondo womsebenzi inkulumo futhi kulandela kusukela ngenhla: kuba okunenjongo, esebenzayo, okunenjongo nokushukunyiswa inqubo ukwamukela Ukukhishwa ulimi zavela futhi khuphela imibono ethile yokukhuluma, noma umane inkulumo omkhulu wokudlulisa imizwelo. Futhi le nqubo kuhloswe zokuxhumana, okungase nezidingo kuchumana yobuchopho. Amayunithi womsebenzi - inkulumo nezenzo ezingase eyenziwa nezinye izinhlobo noma bebodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umgomo jikelele. Kunoma ikuphi, ukhuluma ngani izenzo nemisebenzi engavumelekile itholakala kuphela uma kukhona umthelela them uma we be uphathe ukushintsha ulwazi emkhakheni ngenxa zokuxhumana.

Mayelana nokuziphatha inkulumo

Lena ibanda futhi esingaphansi umqondo othile, ngoba ukuziphatha umuntu ngamunye ngqo, nge kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi ukunyakaza, izenzo nokuziphatha. Kuyinto nenhlalakahle nomphakathi nge isebenze emphakathini ngandlela-thile. Setha yokukhuluma nezenzo nemisebenzi lubonakala ikakhulu ukuziphatha inkulumo: ngale ndlela, ubunjalo ukuqaliswa umsebenzi wayo ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo nokuqukethwe yokuziphatha ngamazwi ngokuphelele ezanele imiphumela yomsebenzi inkulumo.

Iyunithi lapha isenzo inkulumo (isenzo), okuyinto has uhlobo umthelela (the etshengiswa) kanye nokubukeka, okungukuthi ingxenye executive (okusho). Ngakho, asinakuqiniseka njengesifenqo ukhulume "lwetakhi telulwimi" noma "yokubiza," noma yiyiphi enye indlela yokuziphatha njengoba inkulumo ngempela kuhlanganisa ingxenye ethile ngokomzwelo, uzingela ngezici ezithile ubuntu. It ngokwako sitolikwa nezincazelo: kusukela phonation nekukhuluma ngokusebenzisa umbhalo - ukuxhumana. Kunoma ikuphi, kuba isenzo inqubo ngabanye yokukhuluma kanye nokusebenzisa ulimi yokuzibeka.

inqubo yokukhuluma

umsebenzi Independent womuntu, injalo ethize - lena incazelo izenzo zenkulumo. Bethula inqubo okunenjongo, esebenzayo, ngenxa isimo futhi ulimi ongaqondile zokuxhumana, ukuthi ngokukhipha noma ukwamukela imilayezo ngezwi nokuxhumana yomuntu nabanye abantu. Lokhu iqoqo izenzo iyingxenye umsebenzi ebanzi - engqondweni yethu, usebenza, isibonelo, kodwa kube khona ngokuzimela. Nokho, inqubo yokukhuluma kanye umsebenzi inkulumo ayilona. Imisebenzi - njalo inqubo, kodwa inqubo - ngaso sonke isikhathi emsebenzini. "Sawubona Uzizwa unjani?", Inkondlo, isibonelo, Lermontov, hlabelela, Ukukhishwa uthisha noma umfundi bezibona umsebenzi wesikole futhi okuningi - inkulumo nezenzo, kodwa hhayi umsebenzi hhayi inqubo. Ukuze ahlukanise phakathi imiqondo le kudingeka ucabangele uhla ongakhetha ahlolwe.

1. Inhlangano Bezakhiwe (zangaphakathi nezangaphandle).

2. Into noma okuqukethwe ngokwengqondo.

Sibheka ekuhlobaneni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwazo zonke lezi izingxenye umsebenzi inkulumo njengoba ukusebenza okuqonda, ukunakwa, inkumbulo, ukucabanga. Lokhu kuzodinga ukuhlaziya zingxenye ezilandelayo futhi izici inqubo eqhubekayo.

3. Obschefunktsionalnye izindlela emisebenzini-aspect ngokwengqondo.

4. Umbala kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle ekugcwaleni inkhulumomphendvulwano amaqembu abahilelekile.

5. Ukuhlolwa ukuqaliswa ubunye ifomu kanye nokuqukethwe.

I yangaphakathi enhlanganweni kwesakhiwo

Izinto ezenziwa abantu futhi inkulumo futhi ingxenye yayo zinqunywa ngendlela efanayo - ngezigaba ezintathu:

• ugqozi causative-isigaba;
• ucwaningo esigabeni;
• esigabeni esiphezulu.

Kukhona waqalisa ekuhlobaneni okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kuvezwe umphumela othile imisebenzi: isidingo - isisusa - mgomo. ngamandla Main umsebenzi umuntu - kungcono isidingo, isidingo, isidingo. Zona kudingeka Yiqiniso, asichazi ua isenzo, kodwa ngenhloso ekutholeni ngokuqiniseka ukuthola bona i-focus. Ngakho isihloko iba imbangela yalokhu umsebenzi inkulumo, sabakhuthaza isici.

Cognition kanye Ukuxhumana - kudingeka siqhubeke futhi umthombo enkulu izenzo zenkulumo. Isisusa futhi inquma nemvelo kanye namandla okubakhona yokuxhuma zonke noma eziningi izinhlobo umsebenzi yokukhuluma. Ubunjalo inqubo yokukhuluma ayikwazi ukuqeda umcabango, lena okokuqala ngoba donsa eside, azalwe emkhakheni zishukumise ukwazi nazo zonke ngemoto izidingo, izisusa, kuthinta nemizwelo. Ukulandela mkhuba umcabango ziqala ukuba abashukumise futhi sizothinta, ephendula umbuzo okuphakade: "Kungani?" Motivation njengoba umoya, okuholela ifu yokucabanga kunyakaza ukujikijela amagama imvula ophilisayo.

Isigaba sesibili nesesithathu

Eyesibili isigaba - the ahlaziye-zokwenziwa noma cishe ucwaningo - ukutadisha izimo, isihloko kanye ukuvezwa izakhiwo isihloko, kukhetsa nekutsatsa udonsa izibhamu arsenal izindlela (agumenti, imidwebo) umsebenzi inkomba inkulumo. Lapha akhethiwe izindlela ukufeza umgomo, ifomu bese bahlanganise zabo noma ezibolekiwe (inikezwe) wacabanga ukusekela inqubo tekuchumana. Esigabeni lesi, uhlelo, uhlelo kanye ngaphakathi uhlele izindlela ulimi kunemishini nezindlela yokukhuluma.

Isigaba sesithathu - kwetfula, esiphezulu - asikwazanga echaziwe, ezifana ngokufeza umuntu umane ulalela nobe afundze oda. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni sesithathu sehlukaniswe tincenye letimbili: esigabeni sabaphathi isilaleli kanye esiphezulu isigaba motor. Ukukhuluma nabantu (belinganisa esebenzayo) uhlale licace kakhulu isilaleli: ukuhambisana, buviyoviyo yokukhuluma nokunye. Ukuhlukanisa phakathi lezo zakhi, incazelo ecacile kunzima ukuthola. Ngakho, isenzo umsebenzi inkulumo ngayinye iqala motif liyaqhubeka ukwakha ipulani kanye nemisebenzi ethize futhi ukukhiqiza kuphela nge umphumela - emihle noma emibi. Man, kahle yingcweti lesi simiso zokuxhumana ezakhiwe onkhe emakhono elulwimi, umphumela omubi etholwe kakhulu kancane.

okuqukethwe isihloko

Ngokomqondo, okungukuthi, okuqukethwe neziqinile nakanjani, noma yimuphi umsebenzi inkulumo, futhi okulingana ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo ngakho. Lapha zihlanganisa izakhi eziningi, ezifana ukuxoxa ngendaba ngokwayo, izimali ezidingekayo, amathuluzi ezikhethwe ngokucophelela njalo njalo. Isihloko umsebenzi inkulumo kubhekwa njengento eyisisekelo, ngoba inquma ubunjalo ikusasa zokuxhumana nokuthi kunesidingo thina. Kungaba yini - eziphathekayo, yangempela, ngisho ephelele (futhi okuyisihloko - njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla: kucatshangwa njengoba oluthile ibonisa izenzakalo of ngokoqobo ngayo yonke ukuxhumana nobudlelwano).

Inkulumo Unjengomahluleli imfundo ezintathu-level, lapho ngokwesilinganiso - ugqozi, kudingeka futhi injongo, phansi - uhlelo isihloko sokufundisa, kanye ezingeni eliphezulu - the tekusebenta. Okuqukethwe isihloko lungekho ezingabalulekile futhi umkhiqizo - exhumanisa umsebenzi komculo materializes into. Lapha umkhiqizo, kunokusebenza imibono (into) Kungase kungabi ephelele, njalo imizimba. Umbhalo noma isitatimende - umkhiqizo oluhlanzekile umsebenzi yokukhuluma, objectified isethi izici ezingokwengqondo tesifundvo.