Izinhlobo izinhlelo yasebhange. Central Bank. Inethiwekhi ngamabhange

Ukuthuthukiswa ngempumelelo umnotho isimo kuleli zwe kazwelonke idinga i isimiso esiphumelela yasebhange. Ziningi izindlela alakhe. Kodwa okokuqala, ubuholi ezweni eyonquma oda uhlobo ohlelweni Banking kulindeleke ukuthuthukisa. Yini ingqopha Kulokhu, kungase kudonse uHulumeni?

Uyini uhlelo yasebhange

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole izizathu kungenziwa labizwa yasebhange uhlelo (izinhlobo, isakhiwo ngemodeli ngayinye), ukuchaza inhlangano kubhekwe eside. Yiziphi izindlela ezivamile kuya ukuvezwa amatemu alukhuni ocwaningo ngokusebenzisa efanele?

I-Russian uchwepheshe umphakathi ngaphansi kohlelo yasebhange uvame aqondwe njengokufaka ngoLwesithathu ukuxhumana phakathi kukahulumeni, izinhlangano eziningi nezinhlangano, abantu yemvelo kanye zomthetho lapho ukuthengiselana lomthetho nesamba semali imali. zokuxhumana nge- data singenzeka ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziningi ukuchumisa. Uhlelo yasebhange - isikhungo sezimali ukuthi kuyingxenye ebalulekile emnothweni kazwelonke.

Ingqikithi yalo zokuxhumana emakwe isimo, amabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye buvezwa uhlobo uhlelo yasebhange. Ngokufunda ukuthi yini engase yenzeke.

Ukwahlukanisa izinhlelo yasebhange

Kunezizathu eziningi ukuze Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlelo yasebhange. Esikhathini umkhuba Russian sandile umqondo, owawuthi ezikhungo ezithintekile zezimali kungenziwa okwethulwa izinguqulo kwezilandelayo:

- ukusatshalaliswa (noma ezingeni elilodwa) uhlelo;

- uhlelo zesikhashana;

- emakethe (noma Duplex) uhlelo.

Sizokwenza ukufunda imininingwane yabo ethize.

uhlelo uqimba

Ngakho-ke izinhlobo Kubikwe amasistimu yasebhange ezihilela ukukhethwa owodwa ezingeni yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali.

ngokucacile wabo khona ukuxhumana ovundlile phakathi credit izikhungo, ukuqaliswa dolobha ukuphathwa imisebenzi ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni jikelele kanye nezinkambiso. Umklomelo-lwesistimu yasebhange libhekene nezimo ngokuyinhloko emazweni iminotho ababuthakathaka, futhi emazweni lapho umkhuba izindlela zokuphatha of ukuphathwa kohlelo kwezomnotho.

uhlelo ezimbili abaphuma

umqondo kubhekwe, lapho lichaza izinhlobo ezahlukene izinhlelo yasebhange, Kuhilela ukwabiwa ezimbili abaphuma yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali.

Esikhathini yokugcina, ukuxhumana phakathi credit izikhungo kuthiwa kwenziwe noma indiza enezingqimba noma mpo. Ngokuphathelene indlela sesibili kuhilela ukuxhumana phakathi CB - isikhungo sezezimali ukhiye esimweni - namabhange nomfula. Ngaphansi kohlaka mshini eyasungulwa zokuxhumana ovundlile phakathi ngesimo esingokomthetho alinganayo-aspect of credit izikhungo. Indima Central Bank ngo uhlelo ezimbili abaphuma - ukuqinisekisa zezimali izakhiwo zokubika zezimali, kanye nokusetshenziswa sesimiso somthetho komnotho omkhulu.

Imodeli Soviet lenhlangano izinhlelo zamabhange

Izinhlobo izinhlelo yasebhange, esixoxe ngayo ngasenhla, it is hhayi kuhlobene nezinga isikhungo abafanele zezimali ezazikhona ngezikhathi KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi unakho eziningi azifani. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi uhlelo yasebhange omunye abaphuma kusikisela ukuba khona ukukhulumisana indlela eyodwa phakathi ngabanye zokuthenga ngesikweletu - nendawo. Amabili ezingeni kusikisela ukuthi inqubo ukuxhumana phakathi izikhungo zezimali kanye Central Bank ixhunyiwe.

Ekhuluma imodeli Soviet, angeke sikhone kusho ngalokucondzile kutsi elichaza ngokugcwele izici uhlobo lokuqala noma lesibili amasistimu. Iqiniso lokuthi amabhange eU.SSR wasebenza yinye evelele kanye kwakuwukuthi okuqinile Ibhange State. Lokho akuyona into zokuxhumana ovundlile akuthathi indawo phakathi kwabo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, iyiphi criteria ukuhlukanisa amazinga ezimbili ukuxhumana phakathi kwezikhungo zezimali eSoviet Union, futhi kunzima. Iqiniso ukuthi Bank State bekulokhu kuyingxenye uhlelo lukazwelonke olulodwa yasebhange, futhi indima yayo ofana nalowo owawenziwa Central Bank of Russia akugcini nokugcinwa zezimali futhi kungekho mithetho elandelwayo. Umsebenzi wayo sivezwe kula Eqinisweni ukuhlinzeka uhla egcwele amasevisi ebhenki ezilungiselelwa inethiwekhi umthetho ongaphansi amabhange lesifunda.

Nokho, abanye abacwaningi abathi ngokwezinga namanje bathambekele attribute imodeli Soviet lenhlangano credit nezinye izikhungo zezimali nohlobo olulodwa-level. Kuyini i-agumenti wezazi ngale ndaba? Iqiniso ukuthi isikhewu eU.SSR, ukuba okunguye yedwa cishe zonke izinhlobo amasevisi ebhenki, eqinisweni, sibe ngaleyo ndlela "kunesiko olulodwa" yenhloko-dolobha. Kukhona abacwaningi abafunda ngokuhlobana uhlukanise udumo kanye neluhlelo lwetimali wase-USSR nezinye uthi, izimpawu imodeli nezokuphatha ukuphathwa kwezomnotho njengendlela zinhlobo ehlukile - eyodwa.

Uhlelo zesikhashana

Iziphi izici agcwele ohlelweni Banking iyaguquka? Kungenzeka ukulandelela zokuxhumana, okuyizinto sici kokubili izinhlobo owodwa ezingeni weemali, futhi ezimbili-level. Esimweni sokuqala esingaxoxa ngazo khona amabhange lukahulumeni, isivinini inkomba, elikhulu lonke kohlelo yemali kazwelonke futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo alondoloze ukuzimela Central Bank uzwakalise ngokuya ukuqaliswa izinqubomgomo zezimali ekhuthaza emakethe, kwencazelo ukuthuthukiswa izinto eziza kuqala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ohlelweni yasebhange wezwe bangeza sikhungo, okuyinto yena, umbiko ngqo Central Bank futhi silondoloze ubukhosi phakathi komkhawulo obekiwe ngumthetho.

Izinto zesimanje yasebhange system of Russian Federation

Ngakho, sabuka izinhlobo eziyisisekelo izinhlelo yasebhange kohlaka imiqondo eziye sisakazeke kabanzi phakathi izazi zanamuhla. Akhuluma ngokuzokwenzeka izikhungo yesimanje zezimali eRussia, ungashada kanjani lo mbhangqwana oluthathwa?

On izimpawu iningi Russian yasebhange uhlelo - ababili abaphuma. It cishe akusho ukuqhuba imisebenzi izikhungo zezimali ukuthi akuzona sokulandisa Central Bank. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, Russian uhlelo yasebhange kuhilela ukusebenza inombolo enkulu of credit izikhungo ukuthi ngenkuthalo nihlanganyele ngendiza ovundlile. Central Bank of the Russian Federation lucwaningo kokubili nokulingana nemisebenzi zokulawula. Linikeza zezimali yebhange sibanike ukubolekisa ngokuhambisana izinga ukhiye.

Nokho, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uhlobo Russian uhlelo yasebhange manje - namanje elixutshwe. Kodwa hhayi ngokuya inhlanganisela izimpawu umuntu abaphuma kanye ezimbili abaphuma onobuhle, futhi isici khona izimpawu ethile isici ohlelweni eyodwa Soviet yenhlangano lesikhungo wezimali. Ochwepheshe phikisana lo mbono yokuthi emabhange Russia anothile - isimo. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Savings Bank, "VTB", "Agricultural Bank". Lokhu kunquma yokuthi isimo, efana isikhewu USSR, empeleni ophethe kazwelonke credit kanye neluhlelo lwetimali ngaphansi kolawulo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, e Russian uhlelo yasebhange kuyinto ezimisiwe emakethe-hlobo, okusikisela ukuthi ingxenye ohambelana yokuhwebelana uzobe ubuhanjelwe inqwaba yabadlali uxhumana nendawo. Lesi sici nobuntu imodeli ezimbili abaphuma.

Phawula ukuthi ngaphambi kokuphindela eSoviet Union - ku Izinsuku zoMbuso Wase-Russian - ezweni lakithi kukhona sezingeni elithuthukile yasebhange uhlelo. Kwakuthinta libhekene, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi abaningi, ukuxhumana ngempumelelo kakhulu weemali kwasobala nokwabantu ngabanye. Ngokusho kodokotela abathile, umuzwa zomlando yaleyo minyaka ngezinga elithile ozofakwa Russia yesimanje.

Ulwazi olutholakale emazweni omhlaba

Funda izimiso eziyisisekelo lapho amabhange asebenza kiyo, kanye Russian yasebhange uhlelo, cabangela la maqiniso eziphawuleka kakhulu ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi ezikhungo ezithintekile zezimali emazweni angaphandle. Ikakhulukazi ewusizo ukuba banake isipiliyoni kweminotho yaseNtshonalanga. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Russian uhlelo yasebhange wenziwa kohlaka imodeli zama-Capitalist. Ngokusobala, okuhlangenwe nakho emazweni aseNtshonalanga kule umqondo ngendlela engenakuqhathaniswa mkhulu.

Tindlelanchubo kwencazelo indima amabhange

Phakathi esiphawulekayo iningi izitayela yasebhange yesimanje emazweni aseNtshonalanga - a rethinking izindlela ukuqonda indima amabhange emnothweni kazwelonke. Iqiniso liwukuthi abantu basemazweni aseNtshonalanga udumo zakudala nezinye izikhungo zezimali - ungeyena abadlali kuphela emakethe ingxenye efanele. It is kuhlelwe ukuze uqinise indima kanye nokubaluleka umnotho kwezinhlangano ezingenzi yasebhange kazwelonke. Letakhi ongaqhuba ngezinga elithile eduze ukuthi okuyinto sici lamabhange classical: isibonelo, ukuze sihlinzeke izinhlelo ukuthola izinkokhelo, ukuze kube lula ukusebenzisa yemali imisebenzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi izakhiwo ezinjalo kungenzeka adinga khona Central Bank kwelayisensi Akuyikubakho icala ezifana sithuthukise lwahlolwa ukuze ukulandelwa kwemithetho zezimali ukuthi luqhutshwa iziphathimandla asimeme emabhange.

Yiqiniso, izinhlangano ezinjalo kakade imatasa nemisebenzi kanye eRussia. Lezi zihlanganisa ngokuyinhloko electronic-lokukhokha izinhlelo, kanye nezinhlangano micro-credit. Bala they lingenakubalwa phakathi amabhange, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, bakwazi ukunikeza izinkonzo ejwayelekile njengoba isikhathi izikhungo classical zezimali. Abanye abacwaningi bathi, ngqo ka-EPS imisebenzi, izikhungo microfinance nezinye izikhungo ze-non-yasebhange aseRussia sivumele isishaya-mthetho uhlose avumelana amalungiselelo lokulawula umsebenzi izakhiwo yalolu hlobo kanye namabhange classical. Kuyini i-agumenti wezazi abaphethe lombono? Ngakho, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho "Ngo uhlelo electronic-inkokhelo" njengoba isikhathi kuhilela imakwe ubunye kwamazinga zokulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuya yekubona umthengi isevisi. Eminyakeni yokuqala ukusebenza eRussia EPS ngenxa ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele amasevisi e-zokukhokha Russian Federation umuntu kwakungadingeki ukuba uqinisekise ubuwena ke kwemukelwa umthetho okukhulunywa ngakho, kwaphakama isidingo esinjalo.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, eWest yesimiso yasebhange, njengoba kwaphawula u-abanye abahlaziyi, bubonakala Komunye umongo. EPS nabanye abadlali okungezona ezakho yesigaba credit zakudala nezinye izikhungo zezimali ngeke, ngokuhambisana omunye imiqondo ethandwa kakhulu okufanele kungene ehlukile, hhayi kuhlobane ngokuqondile yasebhange niche. Kodwa yiziphi izici kungaba ngesisekelo zokwehlukanisa kumasegmenti ezimbili?

Ngakho, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi, amabhange kanye nezindlela amabhange azisebenzisayo ukuze enze uhla elandelayo imisebenzi:

- Depository amasevisi ngabanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho nge isiqinisekiso egcwele kulondolozwe dolobha;

- inhlangano amabhizinisi yemali imisebenzi nazo zonke izimfanelo olubaluleke zomthetho;

- ilungiselelo imali "eside" (mortgage, ukubolekisa for osomabhizinisi).

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, izakhiwo ze-non-yasebhange kumele, ngokuhambisana omunye imiqondo adumile ukugxila Umsebenzi elandelayo:

- ukuhlinzeka kuyashesha futhi kuthembekile imali Ukudluliselwa, izinkokhelo amasevisi ezimele kanye nekahulumeni;

- ekuhlinzekweni kwezinqalasizinda zobuchwepheshe ukhokhelwa amathikithi for tindlela tekutfutsa letehlukene;

- ilungiselelo imali "amafushane" (ikakhulukazi labo ihlukaniswa njengoba micro-credits);

- Ukulungiselela umsebenzi ngempumelelo ezitolo inthanethi.

Lawa zezimiso eziyinhloko ezibonisa umehluko phakathi indima bendabuko yasebhange izikhungo zezimali kanye nezikhungo ze-non-banking emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Ngezinga elingakanani ezifana umqondo aluhambelani umkhuba ukuxhumana zezimali Russian? Ngokusho kodokotela abathile, isihluthulelo izimiso okukhulunywa ngabo ngenhla ngempela efanelekayo WaseRussia. Into ebaluleke kakhulu - ukuthi sivumele isishaya-mthetho enikeziwe ezingeni edingekayo ukusekela imisebenzi abadlali emakethe e ngokuya ngamasizo efanele.

amabhange Commercial kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali

Emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga abenza umehluko amabhange (futhi lena ngenye sokuqomisana ekulinganisweni izinhlelo ezifanele) kulabo ukuthi afeze credit nemisebenzi yezimali, kanye nalezo abenza ikakhulukazi utshalomali (ezihlobene ukuthengwa nokudayiswa kwamasheya, izibambiso, njll . d.). Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States empeleni izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene izinhlangano. Ngokufanayo kunjalo eJapane. ERussia, kwakukhona umkhuba lapho brand olulodwa zingase zimiswe amayunithi wemfanelo kokubili ebhange kanye nemisebenzi utshalomali. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-isakhiwo "VTB" ebambe sakhiwo "VTB 24" futhi "VTB Capital". Amadili kuqala nge yasebhange, kwesibili - nje umsebenzi ofanayo utshalomali.

Indima Central Bank

Izici izinhlelo zamabhange kazwelonke buvezwa umsebenzi ezithile Central Bank, yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni emnothweni wesifundazwe. Yiziphi izindlela ukuze yokuqonda yayo ye athuthukile kosozimali iminotho?

Kukhona uthi lapho Central Bank umlamuli ematheni uhlelo lwezimali lukazwelonke. Phakathi kwalabo - Australia, e-Ireland, i-Italy. Kwamanye amazwe, Central Bank uhlukanisa umsebenzi ophawulekayo nezinye izinhlangano - umkhuba onjalo uye wazakhela e-United States, eJalimane, eFrance. Phakathi amamodeli ezithakazelisayo kakhulu yenhlangano izinhlelo zamabhange kazwelonke - American.

Ngakho, ngo-isakhiwo se-isikhungo sezezimali efanele e-United States lapho empeleni izinhlobo ezine izikhungo:

- kazwelonke izikhungo abolekise ;

- isimo amabhange ngaphakathi isakhiwo Federal Reserve System;

- amabhange ngeke kufakwe Fed, kodwa abasemaqenjini Federal Idiphozithi Yemshwalense;

- credit izakhiwo ukuthi musa uxhumana izinhlangano okhetheke khulu.

Fed kuleli cala uba i-analog of CBA okuyinto wenza ekushayweni umsebenzi futhi inakekele impahla ibe yimali. Nokho, e-United States Ungase futhi usebenze zokuthenga ngesikweletu ukuthi kungukuthi ezihlobene imisebenzi Federal Reserve System.

Amathemba yentuthuko Russian uhlelo yasebhange

Ngakho safunda umqondo futhi izinhlobo zezimiso yasebhange. Yikuphi imiqondo yentuthuko isikhungo wezimali is kangcono Russia? Impendulo yalo mbuzo kudinga ukuhlaziya eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho, kwezenhlalo, futhi ngezindlela eziningi zezici zomlando namasiko agcwele ngokucacile we Russian Federation njengoba isimo. Ngokwabacwaningi eziningi, izinkinga zesimiso yasebhange waseRussia, ukuthi kukhona manje, ngokukhethekile, kuqhathaniswa eziphezulu zenzalo yokuzigcina ukubolekisa, a kwencika elikhulu weemali Russian by ukubolekisa angaphandle, kunqunywa kusengaphambili njengoba isikhathi yokuthi amazinga amaningi entshonalanga bakwenze yasebhange eRussia ngaphandle kucatshangelwa imininingwane kazwelonke ka lwenethiwekhi, ibhizinisi futhi izakhamuzi kule ndawo.

Kule ndaba, ochwepheshe abaningi bakubheka njengodumo noma ewusizo ukuhlola hhayi kuphela okuhlangenwe nakho emazweni asentshonalanga ngokuphathelene nokuthuthukiswa lesikhungo wezimali, kodwa futhi imodeli komlando ukusebenza izinhlangano credit eRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bona, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, ikhona isikhathi eside futhi abangu libhekene, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, ngezinga eliphezulu of yinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho-ke, esebenza e izinhlobo Russian zomlando amasistimu yasebhange futhi izici yabo kungaba umthombo ezingabalulekile kangako ubuchwepheshe ngokuya ekuthuthukiseni imodeli samanje isimo ukuphathwa ikomkhulu lesizwe.