Izidingo zobuciko nobuhle bomuntu

Ngokusho kwemiphumela yokuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala, kungaphetha ngokuthi ngisho nabantu bokuqala babe nesidingo esiyingqayizivele sobuhle. Abacwaningi bathola amasampula e-rock art, okwenziwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-30 000 edlule. Ngisho nalapho, umuntu waphupha ngokuzungezwa ngezinto ezivumelanayo, ezinhle.

Izindlela ezivela emthonjeni wezidingo zobuhle

Kuyini isidingo sokuzijabulisa? Kunezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuqonda leli gama.

I-Hedonism

Inkolelo yokuthokozisa ubuhle (i-hedonism) ihilela ukuqonda kwemvelo njengomthombo oyinhloko wenjabulo. UJ. Locke uthe amagama anjengokuthi "ubuhle", "amahle", ekuqondeni komuntu abeka lezo zinto "ezibangela izinjabulo zenjabulo nenjabulo." Kwakuyi-hedonistic indlela eyaba nomthelela ekwenzeni izidingo zobuciko nobuhle, okwaholela ekwenzeni ama-aesthetics okuhlola.

Umsunguli walo mkhuba ngumcwaningi we-psychophysicist G. Fechner. Izidingo zobuhle zibhekwa njengesidingo sokudala izimo zokuthola injabulo yokuhlelwa kwezinto. UFerchner waqhuba ukuhlolwa ngeqembu lamavolontiya, enikeza umsindo, imibala. Imiphumela ahlelwe ngayo, ngenxa yalokho akwazi ukusungula "imithetho" yenjabulo yokuzijabulisa:

• IThreshold;
• Ukuqinisa;
• Ukuvumelana;
• Ukucaca;
• Ukungabi nokuphikisana;
• Izinhlangano zokuzijabulisa.

Uma kwenzeka ngokungahambi kahle kwemingcele yokugqugquzela ngezimfanelo zemvelo, umuntu angathola injabulo yangempela ezintweni ezibonakalayo zemvelo. Le ncazelo ithola uhlelo lwayo ekutheni isiko lendabuko nesakhiwo sezimboni. Isibonelo, abantu abaningi bayakujabulela ukubukeka kwezimoto ezibizayo, kodwa akubona bonke ababhekene nezidingo zobuhle zokucabangela imisebenzi yamazwi aseJalimane.

Umbono wozwela

Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukudlulisela okuhlangenwe nakho emisebenzini ethile yobuciko, umuntu ufanisa nabo. UF. Schiller ubheka ubuciko njengendlela yokwenza "imizwa yabanye abantu ekuhlangenwe nakho kwabo". Inqubo yokuzwela inomqondo onembile. Le ncazelo igcizelela ukwaneliseka kwezidingo zobuhle ngokusizwa kwezithombe "ezidalwe ngokwemithetho."

Indlela yokuqonda

Kulesi simo, isidingo somuntu ngamunye sibonakala njengendlela yokuqonda ukuhlakanipha. Lo mbono wawubanjwe ngu-Aristotle. Abasekeli bale ndlela babheka ubuciko njengokucabanga okungokomfanekiso. Bakholelwa ukuthi izidingo zomuntu zokuzijabulisa zizomsiza ukuba azi umhlaba owuzungezile.

"Psychology of Art"

ULS Vygotsky emsebenzini wakhe wahlaziya le nkinga. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izidingo zokuzijabulisa, amandla omuntu kuyindlela ekhethekile yokuzijabulisa komphakathi wezwe lakhe elizwelayo. Ngokombono oshiwo emsebenzini othi "Psychology of Art", umlobi uyaqiniseka ukuthi ngosizo lwemisebenzi yobuciko kungenzeka ukuguqula izinkanuko, imizwelo, imizwelo ngayinye, ukuguqula ukungena ekuziphatheni okuhle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umuntu unesimo se-catharsis, esichazwe ukukhanyiswa, ukuqedwa kokuphikisana ngemizwa, ukuqaphela isimo esisha sokuphila. Ngenxa yokuphumula kwezingxabano zangaphakathi ngosizo lwemisebenzi yobuciko, ukugqugquzela kwangempela kuvela emsebenzini olandelayo we-esesthetic. Enkambweni yokudala ukunambitheka okuthile, ngokusho kukaVigotsky, kunesidingo semfundo yobuhle. Umuntu ulungele ukutadisha inkolelo ukuze aphinde abone injabulo yokufundwa okubukwayo kwezinto zobuciko.

Njengokuthuthukiswa komqondo wobuntu, izinguquko emphakathini, isimo sengqondo sobuhle, isifiso sokudala sishintshiwe. Ngenxa yentuthuko ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila komuntu, kwavela impumelelo ehlukahlukene yenkambiso yezwe. Ngenxa yentuthuko, izidingo zobuciko nezokuzijabulisa zomculi zenziwe zanamuhla, futhi isithombe somoya somuntu sasijwayelekile. Zithinta isiqondiso sokudala, ukuhlakanipha, isiqondiso sokudala kwemisebenzi nezifiso, isimo sengqondo kwabanye abantu. Uma kungabikho amandla okwakhiwa kwemicabango, isintu ngeke sikwazi ukuzibonakalisa ezweni elihle neliningi. Kulokhu, umuntu akakwazi ukukhuluma ngesiko. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi simfanelo kungenzeka ngesisekelo semfundo yobuhle.

Ukubaluleka kokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko

Ake sihlaziye izidingo eziyisisekelo zobuhle. Izibonelo zokubaluleka kwemfundo yobuhle obugcwele ziqinisekiswa ngamaqiniso omlando. Izidingo zohlelo lokuhlola ubuhle ziwumthombo wokuthuthukiswa kwezwe. Umuntu uyisimo senhlalakahle, ngakho-ke, ukuze azibonele yena kufanele azizwe isidingo sakhe, isidingo. Ukwaneliseka kubangela ukuhlukunyezwa, kuthinta kabi isimo sengqondo somuntu.

Iyini isidingo?

Noma yimuphi umuntu ophilayo ukhona ngokudla izinzuzo ezidingekayo ekuphileni. Isisekelo sale nqubo yisidingo noma isidingo. Ake sizame ukuthola incazelo yalo mqondo. I-MP Ershov emsebenzini wakhe othi "Isidingo Somuntu" sisho ukuthi isidingo yisisusa sokuphila, futhi le mfanelo isici sazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Ubheka isidingo sokuba yindawo ethile ethize ephilayo, ehlukanisa nayo ezweni elingapheli.

Amafilosofi wezwe lasendulo

Abacwaningi baseRoma lasendulo neGrisi lasendulo babecabanga ngokucophelela inkinga yezidingo zabanye abantu, futhi baze bakwazi nokufeza imiphumela ethile emihle. Ukufuna kukaDemocritus kwachazwa njengamandla amakhulu okushayela umqondo womuntu, wamsiza ukuba aqonde inkulumo, ulimi, athole umkhuba wokusebenza okusebenzayo. Uma abantu bengenazo izidingo ezinjalo, bekuzohlala kusendle, bekungakwazi ukudala umphakathi wezenhlalakahle othuthukile, ukhona kuwo. U-Heraclitus wayeqiniseka ukuthi bavuka kuye ngezimo zokuphila. Kodwa isazi sefilosofi satshela ukuthi izifiso kufanele zibe nengqondo ukuze umuntu akwazi ukuthuthukisa ikhono lakhe lobuhlakani. UPlato wahlukanisa zonke izidingo emaqenjini amaningana:

• Okuyisisekelo, okwenza "umphefumulo ophansi";
• Secondary, okwazi ukwenza ubuntu obulungile.

Isimanje

Izinto zokwaseFrance ezisekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 zazibaluleka kulezi zimfanelo. Ngakho, u-P. Holbach uthe ukuthi ngosizo lwezidingo umuntu angakwazi ukulawula izinkanuko zakhe, kuzokwenza, amakhono engqondo, athuthuke ngokuzimela. UK Chernyshevsky uxhumanise izidingo ngomsebenzi wokuziqonda kwanoma yimuphi umuntu. Wayeqiniseka ukuthi kuyo yonke impilo yakhe izithakazelo nezidingo zomuntu zishintsha, okuyinto eyinhloko yokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo nemisebenzi yokudala. Naphezu kokungafani okukhulu kwemibono, singasho ukuthi imibono evezwe ososayensi inokufana okuningi. Bonke babona ubuhlobo phakathi kwezidingo nemisebenzi yabantu. Ukungahambi kahle yisifiso sokushintsha isimo sibe ngcono, thola indlela yokuxazulula le nkinga. Isidingo singacatshangwa njengengxenye yombuso wangaphakathi womuntu, isici sokwakhiwa komsebenzi osebenzayo, okuhlosiwe ukuthola umphumela oyifunayo. Emibhalweni yakhe, uCarl Max walinakekela ngokwanele le nkinga, eqaphela ukubaluleka kokuchaza uhlobo lombono. Uphawula ukuthi yizidingo eziyimbangela yazo yonke imisebenzi evumela umuntu othile ukuba athole indawo yakhe emphakathini. Indlela enjalo yemvelo isekelwe ekuhlotsheni phakathi kohlobo lwemvelo lomuntu kanye nohlobo oluthile lomlando wobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle osebenza njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwezidingo kanye nemvelo yomuntu. Khona-ke singakwazi ukukhuluma ngobuntu, uK. Marx ucatshangelwe, lapho umuntu engazibekeli izidingo zakhe, kodwa futhi uxhumana nabanye abantu.

I-kungenzeka yokuzibonakalisa

Njengamanje, izinketho ezihlukahlukene zisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa izidingo zomuntu. U-Epicurus (isazi sefilosofi sesiGreki sasendulo) wabahlukanisa waba yindalo futhi kuyadingeka. Uma kungeneliseki kwabo, abantu bahlupheka. Izidingo wabiza ukuxhumana nabanye abantu. Ukuze umuntu azibonele yena, udinga ukwenza imizamo enzima. Ngokuqondene nobuhlakani, ingcebo, ukunethezeka, kunenkinga kakhulu ukuzithola, amayunithi kuphela akwazi ukwenza lokhu. U-Dostoevsky wabonisa isithakazelo esikhethekile kule ndaba. Wakhuphuka ngezigaba zakhe, ukukhomba izinzuzo ezibonakalayo, ngaphandle kokuthi ukuphila okuvamile komuntu akunakwenzeka. Indawo ekhethekile yanikezwa izidingo zokuqaphela, ukuhlangana kwabantu, izidingo zomphakathi. U-Dostoevsky wayeqiniseka ukuthi izifiso zakhe, izifiso zakhe, ukuziphatha emphakathini kuxhomeke ngqo ezingeni lokuthuthukiswa ngokomoya.

Amasiko wobuntu

Ukucabangela ukuzama ukucwaninga kuyingxenye yomqondo womphakathi, isakhiwo saso. Kanye nokuziphatha kubumba isisekelo somphakathi wanamuhla, kusiza isintu ukuba sithuthukise, ngokuqinisekile sikhombise ingokomoya labantu. Emisebenzini yayo kubonakala ngesimo sesidingo esingokomoya sokuveza isimo sengqondo ngezimo zangaphandle. Akuphikisani nentuthuko yobuhle, kepha kumgqugquzela umuntu ukuba enze umsebenzi osebenzayo, kumsize ukuba asebenzise ulwazi lwamazwi ngokusebenza.

Isiphetho

Umqondo onjalo, njengoba udinga, kuyo yonke inhlangano yomphakathi wakhanga abantu abaningi abacabangelayo nabaningi obuhle. Kuye ngezinga lokuthuthukiswa, izici zobungcweti, umuntu ngamunye uzenzela isimiso sakhe siqu sezidingo, ngaphandle kwalokho okubheka ukuthi ubukhona bakhe bulinganiselwe, buphansi. Abantu abathuthukile ngokwengqondo kuqala baqaphele izidingo zobuhle, futhi kuphela lapho bacabanga ngezinto ezibonakalayo. Abantu abanjalo bangashadile, ngezikhathi zonke zokuba khona komphakathi wesintu babhekwa njengesibonelo sokulingisa, isibonelo sabo salandelwa abanye abantu. Kuyinto isidingo sokuxhumana, isifiso sokwenza okuthile kwabanye abantu, esakhiwe yizibalo zezombusazwe kanye nomphakathi, sisiza ekuziqapheliseni nasekuthuthukiseni.