Iyini impikiswano eziphilayo (e amagciwane, isikhunta futhi izitshalo)?

Ngakho kukhona uhlobo olukhethekile cell nge igobolondo sasivumela obukhulu. Iyini impikiswano? Zingaba ezigabeni eziningana zezinto eziphilayo: amagciwane, isikhunta, futhi izitshalo. Imisebenzi yazo ehlukene. Uma amagciwane kumiswa la mangqamuzana ukhonza njengelungu indlela ukuvikela izimo ezingezinhle kwemvelo, indlela ukulondolozwa kwalezi zilwane, izitshalo kanye isikhunta - futhi yokuzalanisa. Iqiniso ukuthi izingxabano ezinjalo eziphilayo, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo oyifundayo kulokhu sihloko.

Ngo nezilwanyana ezincane

Igama elithi "ingxabano" Lokudabuka ngesiGreki futhi lisho "imbewu" noma "zokutshala." Iyini impikiswano e amagciwane? La magciwane ezincane izakhamuzi zezwe zasendulo impela, incwadi kufanele ukuvikela okukhulu ngokumelene zonke izinhlobo izinhlekelele eziye zenzeka zonke kulezi zikhathi. Futhi imvelo ubanike i-margin kakhulu zokuphepha ongenawo analogue. Ama-bacterium zingamelana zeqhwa nitrogen ahlale iziphethu ezishisayo, lapho izinga lokushisa kwamanzi ifinyelela cishe ukuze abilayo. Phila amanye amagciwane futhi acid amachibi amakhulu futhi endaweni-hydrogen sulfide. Bahlala futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu emkhathini, futhi ezijulile enhlabathini bese amanzi, sashiya yonke indawo ezinhlamvu virus. Kusho ukuthini? Uma izimo zokuphila ezingezinhle, igciwane efa futhi yakha uhlobo oluthile khona, esibizwa ngokuthi i-spore.

Igcina zinhlobo

Ushintsho olunjalo, a ekubumbeni entsha umzimba kubangelwa, njengoba umthetho, ukungabikho kokudla, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ushintsho. Kuyinto, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, elithi "umshuwalense" bacterium, kuleli fomu ke zingagcinwa, ukuba oVikelwe ekuqothulweni i kweminyaka eminingana. ezinhlamvu ezahlukene webhaktheriya sehluke. Ngokwesibonelo, imbewu eletha hay basuke enkabeni futhi ungaweqi ububanzi we micro-umzimba. Abanye - idlule ububanzi futhi zitholakala ekupheleni iseli. Uma ingxabano okungaphakathi igciwane (a silwanyana ungakheka eyodwa kuphela), lokhu endospores. Leli gciwane, okuyinto kudala ingxabano, ngokuthi sporangium. Kodwa futhi kwenzeka ukuthi ingxabano imbozwe i emgodleni zokuzivikela ezengeziwe, futhi lonke cell njengoba abune, ubaleka. Ukwakheka entsha inqubo exchange imiswe okwesikhashana, akukho cishe liquid ndaba ziyancipha kakhulu emqulwini, njengokungathi "Inciphisa".

Iyini impikiswano e isikhunta?

I umbuso isikhunta, sihlanganise ezinye izici kokubili izitshalo nezilwane, konke ukuhluka kancane. Kukhona ezinhlamvu akhiwa ikakhulu ngenjongo ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Kuyini "impikiswano" e mycology (isayensi study isikhunta)? khona phansi, ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, ngaphezu kwesigidi zinhlobo isikhunta. Babé iyingxenye ebalulekile phansi, komhlaba kanye nemvelo yasemanzini. Njengoba isikhunta zisakazekela emhlabeni ngesivinini enjalo?

Futhi kwenzeka ngenxa yezingxabano, yakhelwe ngokwemvelo zokukhiqiza. Lezinhlamvu of the ukhunta inamaseli eyodwa noma ngaphezulu encanyana. Zimbalwa kakhulu izakhi, ukwakheka uhlobo ukugxilisa ingqondo. Ezinhlamvu kukhona ukukhanya kakhulu, ngakho "ukuhamba" ngosizo namanzi, iqhaza nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Abaningi babo bayafa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezingavamile - ukusinda. Offset by the nature of the ukufa: ezinhlamvu omkhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, amakhowe ungakheka kuze kube amane bhiliyoni ezinhlamvu ngehora! Uma endaweni izimo sasivumela evumayo, ezinhlamvu lokusinda ziqhume, zisenza sibe entsha mycelium. Kunobufakazi for kumiswa asexual (mitospory) futhi ngokocansi ukukhiqizwa kabusha (meiospores). Imisebenzi yazo ehlukene. Okokuqala eyenzelwe Izindawo mass, ukwandisa ngamandla yokukhula. Isizathu sesibili - kunalokho ukuthuthukisa izinga ukukhiqizwa kabusha.

Ngo izitshalo

Iyini impikiswano endaweni izitshalo? Zonke izitshalo ngandlela-thile, ungakheka ezinhlamvu. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi sporogenesis. Nokho, spore ngokuthi lezo zitshalo ukuthi basuke ngobuchwepheshe ukusakaza futhi ezala esebenzisa la mafomu. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu ulwelwe Izinhlobo wona, wona club, horsetails. Kukholakala ukuthi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo (angaba yizigidi ezingu-400 edlule) kusukela ulwelwe oluhlaza iphutha izitshalo ephakeme ukuthi ukukhiqiza kabusha by ezinhlamvu - Rhyniophyta. Bona - okhokho baso sonke ephakeme imbewu spore nezilwane ekhona ezweni lanamuhla.