Isikhungo sokuboshwa ejele ... Umlando, izinhlobo, izinhloso kanye nokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokuboshwa ejele laseRussia

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhungo zokukhonza isijeziso ngabaphula umthetho. Kodwa-ke, bathatha incazelo ejwayelekile - "isikhungo sokuboshwa esibhedlela." Lesi yisiboshwa se-remand, ikoloni yabahlali, futhi empeleni, ijele ngokwayo. Le ncazelo iqondwa njengezikhungo ezihloswe ngamacala, kanye nezindawo zokuboshwa kwalabo abaphenywa.

Umlando wejele laseButyrskaya

Engxenyeni ye-post-Soviet indawo kukhona amajele amaningi. Kodwa yiziphi izikhungo zokuboshwa eRussia eziye zadume kakhulu? Okokuqala, leli yijele elidumile lase-Butyrskaya. Kuyo, ngendlela, kwakuyizintambo, kwahlelwa umthunzi ngisho nasezikhathi zikaPeter I. Ngaphansi komphefumulo uCatherine II Emelyan Pugachev waboshwa lapha .

Ijele laseButyrskaya kanye neziboshwa zabo ngesikhathi seSoviet - kwakuneMayakovsky, Solzhenitsyn, Mandelstam. Njengoba kucatshangwa ukuthi, izikhungo zokuboshwa ejele laseRussia ngaphambi kokuguquka kwakuyindawo yokuvukela umbuso emelene nombuso wamakhosi. Lapho befika ekubuseni kwamaBolshevik, baphetha lapha nalabo ababesaba ukuphikisa umbuso omusha.

Ijele linamabhilidi angamashumi amabili, futhi inqwaba kukhona amakhamera angu-434 e-Butyrka.

Indawo edumile kakhulu yokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe eSt. Petersburg

Indawo elandelayo yijele elidumile laseSt. Petersburg elibizwa ngokuthi "Crosses". Isakhiwo sakhiwe kusuka ebhenini elibomvu, futhi eduze kwalo kuyisonto elinomzimba okhanyayo. Igama lejele lamukelwa ngokusho kwendlela yokwakha lapho kwakhiwa isikhungo sokuboshwa.

Le ndawo, naphezu kwayo yonke inxushunxushunxushu, idume ngokunye okuhlukile. Bakhathazeka kuphela labo ababizwa ngokuthi "iziphathimandla" etilongweni. Kuzo zonke izikhalazo zokuthi "Iziphambano" zingaqhubeka kuze kube manje ukuthi omunye, egcineni i-iguana, futhi abanye bakwazi ukuhlela amadili emotweni.

Indawo yokuboshwa kwezigebengu ezimbi kakhulu

Elinye lamajele amabi kakhulu eRussia abizwa ngokuthi "Black Dolphin". Ukusuka lapho, cishe abazange bahambe mahhala - labo abaye bathola isigwebo sokuphila bakhonza isigwebo sabo lapha.

Zonke izinhlobo zezikhungo zokuboshwa zinezimo ezithile zangaphakathi, kodwa ijele elithi "Black Dolphin" alikho isizathu esibizwa ngokuthi amathuna ama-bandits. Le ndawo inomlando okhethekile. Isibonelo sejele sazakhela ngesikhathi sikaCatherine II futhi wayesesifundazweni sase-Orenburg, edolobheni laseSol-Iletsk.

Lesi sikhungo saqanjwa ngokuthi ngenxa yezithombe zama dolphins ezifakwa egcekeni layo. Kodwa endleleni, iziboshwa azikaze zibabone. Ngokushesha nje lapho befika etilongweni, ngokushesha bafaka isikhwama sekhanda emakhanda abo. Kwakungekho ngaphandle kwesizathu, ngoba "amaDodphins Black" athunyelwa izisulu ezimbi kakhulu. Babengamadodana, abadlwenguli, amaphekula. Etilongweni elivamile, labo ababoshwa bangase baqothulwe ukuba baqotshwe.

Ijele elingavamile kakhulu

Elinye lamajele angamaqondakali eRussia, ejele laseLefortovo, laphinde laba lusizi. Yakhiwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Futhi ekuqaleni kwakuhloswe ngamasela amancane nakwezinye izihlukumezi ezingenamthetho zomthetho. Kodwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwama-1930, iziboshwa ezinkulu kakhulu ziye zafakwa lapho.

Manje ijele lilawulwa yi-FSB yaseRussia. Lesi sikhungo singenye yezimiso eziqinile kunawo wonke eRussia - ivimbela noma yikuphi ukuthenga nokuthengisa phakathi kweziboshwa, futhi akunakwenzeka ukufika lapho umuntu ovamile. Ngisho noma isivakashi singummeleli wezindaba noma ithelevishini.

"Vladimirsky central" - esinye isikhungo esakhiwe yi-Imeratrix

Futhi, uCatherine II wakha ijele laseVladimirsky Central. Mayelana nalo futhi wahlabelela ingoma yakhe edumile uVladimir Krug. Kodwa empeleni kule ndawo ayikho imizwa yothando. Ekhulwini lokugcina, inhloko yokuphepha kukaHitler - uHan Rattenhuber, kanye nomculi uLydia Ruslanova, umlingisi uZoya Fedorova wabanjwa lapha.

Manje i-Vladimir central iyona kuphela ijele kulo lonke izwe laseRussia, lapho kungekho khona khona iziboshwa ezazisinda. Umlando wezikhungo zokuboshwa ejele eRussia unezinkulungwane zamacala okuzama ukuchitha phansi, ukusika ama-grill noma ukuhlosisa abalindi. Kodwa lapha zonke lezi zenzo zavezwa ngisho nangaphambi kokuba isiboshwa sikwazi ukwenza umzamo wokubalekela.

Ijele "White Swan"

Ijele elithi "White Swan" liyisigwebo sejele "i-Black Dolphin". Itholakala emzini waseSolikamsk, i-Perm Krai, kanye nezigebengu eziyingozi kakhulu nazo ziza lapha ukuzojezisa. Ijele lingabamba iziboshwa ezingu-510. Yakhiwa ngo-1938, futhi ekuqaleni yayihloselwe iziboshwa zezombusazwe kanye nezikhonzi zesonto. Kodwa kusukela ngo-1980 ensimini ye "White Swan" equkethe futhi yafundiswa kabusha mayelana nama-130 "amasela emthethweni."

Uthole igama lakhe hhayi nje ngenxa yesitatimende, njengoba kwenzeka "i-Black Dolphin". Isizathu salesi sondlo, ekuboneni kuqala, igama, kwakuyi-posture lapho iziboshwa zingahamba khona nxazonke ejele - ziguqa futhi ngezandla zazo emva kwazo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ejele lonke ungabona iziqu ze-swans ezimhlophe zobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Futhi zombili lezi zindatshana azihambisani ngokukhethekile.

Umlando wenhloso yamajele

Ngaphambilini, labo ababenze lobugebengu, babelindele ukukhethwa kokubili - ukujeziswa kwesigwebo noma ukuthunjwa. Kodwa umqondo wejele uqobo uvele eminyakeni engaba ngu-200 edlule. Isikhungo samajele siwumqondo wokuthi uJohn Howard wazisa kanjani. Ungomunye wabokuqala owasikisela ukuthi angaboshelwa izigebengu kwezinye izindawo, kodwa ukuzithoba ekufundiseni kabusha. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwemizamo yabashintshi, akukwazi ukusho ukuthi kukhona abaphindaphindiwe abaphindaphindiwe. Izikhungo zokulungisa izikhali azigcini ngokufeza umsebenzi wazo. Umgomo oyinhloko ezikhungweni zokuboshwa - ukuvuselela kabusha nokulungiswa - ngezinye izikhathi kufakwe indawo yokuwa ngokuphelele kobuntu.

Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulu emajele aseRussia. Isibonelo, ijele elithi "Vladimirsky Tsentral" liyijele elingamawele amabili edolobheni laseJalimane iBochum. Iziboshwa zaseJalimane zaze zafika esikhungweni sokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe zaseRussia ngensizakalo yokusiza. Iqiniso lokuthi benza izikhalazo ngeziboshwa eJalimane, abavela emsuka waseRashiya, benesithakazelo ezintweni eziningi, banesithakazelo sokuthi bangaba kanjani nokuthula. Uhlelo lwezikhungo zokuboshwa ejele laseRussia ngenye yezinonya kakhulu.

Kancane kancane ngamajele aseYurophu

Indima yejele ngaphambi kokuba amajele atholakale idlalwe yimikhumbi eboshiwe ejele ekhonjiswe iziboshwa kanye nezindawo ezikude.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kwekhulu le-18, labo abaphula umthetho eSpain bathunyelwe emagcekeni. Ngokusho kwezinkumbulo zesinye seziboshwa ngaleso sikhathi, uJames Fox, izimo zokuboshwa lapha zaziyihogo emhlabeni wonke. UFox waboshwa emkhunjini weRetribution, lapho kwakukhona abantu abangaba ngu-600 emakhonktsheni, kwakukhona ukungcola okubi kakhulu kanye nezidumbu.

Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yazo zonke iziboshwa zafa ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka nje ngenxa yendlala, ngoba izigebengu kwakudingeka zikhokhelwe abaphathi ngokudla ephaketheni labo. Labo abagcina belahlekelwa amandla abo futhi bengasakwazi ukusebenza, noma abangenabo abangane noma izihlobo emkhunjini, babezofa.

Ijele likaTomas Beaver liyisikhungo sokuqondisa izigwegwe, okuletha imali engenayo

Kodwa ngenkathi yomlando, abaningi baqala ukucabanga ngokuguqulwa kwesijeziso ngobugebengu. Abantu abaningi abafundele baqonda ukuthi isikhungo sokuboshwa asiyona indawo lapho umuntu kufanele ahlangabezane nokufa kwakhe. Okokuqala, kulesi sikhungo, kufanele azilungise yena futhi athathe indlela efanele.

Ngakho-ke, ngo-1875, umbusi ovela eNgilandi uThomas Beaver wakha ijele edolobheni laseNorfolk. Ngezimiso zakhe, ababoshiwe babenemibandela ehlukene, ngokuya ngobugebengu ababenzile. Futhi ngokwehlukana kule ndoda kwakungamadoda nabesifazane. Iziboshwa zasejele laseBeverver, ezaziwa ngokuthi iWymondham, zazidingeka zisebenze izinsuku eziyisithupha ngesonto. Inzuzo evela emisebenzini yabo yayizophindwa kabili ngaphezu kwezindleko ezenziwa isikhungo sokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe ekugcinweni kwazo.

Umehluko wamajele aseYurophu kusuka eRussia

Amajele angamanje aseYurophu ngezindlela eziningi ahlukile ezifuywayo. Isakhiwo sezikhungo zokuboshwa ejele laseRussia asihambisani ngezindlela eziningi kulabo abawela ezikhungweni zokulungiswa kwezigwegwe. Isibonelo, ejele elingabamba abantu abangu-9 000, kungaba khona abangu-12 000. Ezinye izikhulu zikholelwa ukuthi le nkinga ingaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo ezihlukile. Isibonelo, esikhundleni sokuboshwa, ungasebenzisa ukuboshwa kwendlu uma kuziwa ebugebengu obuncane.

Ejele laseYurophu, izimo zokuboshwa azikwazi ukuqhathaniswa namaRashiya. Ummeli angafika eziboshwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Endaweni yalezi zikhungo kukhona abalungisi bezinwele, ama-laundries, kanye nezitolo ezincane. Iziboshwa zaseYurophu zinethuba lokuhlanganyela emsebenzini wokudala noma ukufundela ikhompyutha ukufunda. Futhi emajele asezindaweni zasentshonalanga, iziboshwa zingaxhumana nomhlaba wangaphandle kunoma imuphi umzuzu - kukhona amafoni othomathikhi ensimini yezikhungo zokulungiswa kwezigwegwe. Zonke amakhamera eYurophu zinamathoyilethi ahlanzekile. Ngokungafani neRussia, lapho le ndima idlala khona emgodini phansi.