Ionosphere - Iyini? izingqimba ionospheric

emkhathini woMhlaba yakhiwa izingxenye eziningana nge izingoma ezahlukene. I Stratosphere, exosphere, iThrojani efaka isimeli seseva, ionosphere, futhi kwezinye izingqimba ukuvikela zonke ekuphileni emhlabeni kusukela kanzima cosmic ngemisebe. Akubona bonke babo yakhiwa oxygen isamba ukwanele ukuphefumula. Kodwa ngamunye wenza imisebenzi yawo ngokupheleleko. Ngokwesibonelo, ionosphere - ungqimba eyayibaluleke umkhathi elitholakala ngenhla km 50. It is ibizwa kanjalo ngoba inombolo enkulu ion kwakhiwa ngenxa yokuchayeka emisebeni yelanga. Bona ukugcina iningi emisebeni cosmic.

Ionosphere: Ukwakheka

Lokhu ungqimba umkhathi siqukethe inhlanganisela amagesi. Zimbalwa kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukhuluma Umoya-mpilo omncane kakhulu ngalesi kokuwa. Yingakho izindiza kule ndawo akunakwenzeka. Iningi ionosphere eMhlabeni iqukethe ama-athomu hlangothi nitrogen ne-oxygen. Kodwa oyiyo eziyisisekelo - kuyinto plasma quasineutral, lapho inani izinhlayiya kahle icala cishe ilingana nenani omubi icala. ion ezinjalo ziyanda nge ibanga ukusuka eMhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, i-ionosphere ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi yi-plasma emgodleni Zomhlaba.

Isakhiwo eziyisisekelo ionosphere kusuka amakhilomitha 50 kuya ku-100 ngaphezu surface eMhlabeni - mpilo, i-nitrogen, kanye sodium. Kodwa ngemva km 100 baqale linqobe hydrogen ne-helium.

incazelo yegama

I ionosphere - ungqimba ebangelwa umkhathi, ibizwa kanjalo ngoba ngezinga eliphezulu of ionization. Kuyinto umthombo walo X-ray kanye kwelanga ultraviolet. Ion - kumbi icala electron. Esikhathini ionosphere, ingqondo kuphezulu kakhulu. Izinga ion kancane nomthelela Magnetosphere woMhlaba. Kodwa inani electron ionized ngokuvamile kwandisa ngesikhathi igqamuka, kanye ngenxa indinyana esidlule Umhlaba imizimba ehlukahlukene yasezulwini, isibonelo, izinhlayiya emkhathini. Ebusuku, lapho kungekho emisebeni yelanga ngesikhathi ionization lizinga lekungenelela Galactic imisebe cosmic.

Flare kuholele yokuthi ukugeleza buqondene Umhlaba izinhlayiya aphansi - proton, ama-electron. Ezisithintayo zonke zamatshe emkhathini woMhlaba. Kodwa iningi emisebeni kanzima imisiwe ku ionosphere. Lokhu kakhulu kwandisa ionization yayo.

Ucwaningo we ionosphere

Lesi sendlalelo umkhathi kubonakele ku-ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ososayensi E. Appleton, Barnet M., futhi M. G. Breit Tuve. Bathola ukuthi endaweni engamamitha amakhilomitha 50 kusukela kukhona ungqimba amagesi sibonakalisa namagagasi omsakazo. Kuye laqala khona ukugubha. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi ionosphere njalo kuyahlukahluka. Ngisho ezinsukwini Ukwakheka kanye nezinye izici zalo ushintsho. amanani angalingani amagesi ku zavsimosti ukuphakama. Ngakho-ke, i-ionosphere ihlukaniswe izingqimba ezintathu.

Kodwa ukuqonda ngokugcwele izici zale ngxenye emkhathini lwesintu yayingatholakala engxenyeni kwekhulu lama-20 yesibili. Safunda ngayo iziteshi ionospheric eliwumhlaba. Waseqala wuhlole kusuka ngaphakathi. rocket Okokuqala, ke iziphuphutheki wakhuphukela emkhathini. Futhi abantu bakwazi ukuqonda lokho ionosphere. Ukwakheka kwalo ukuthi uphenyo ngokusebenzisa imicibisholo evuthayo ne-mass spectrometer. Kungenzeka futhi ukukala nemingcele:

• lokushisa;
• ion okuhlushwa;
• conductivity kagesi;
• imithombo ionization;
• elangeni okunzima ngokukhethekile.

Hlola ionosphere nayo usebenzisa izindlela umsakazo - ekutadisheni kubonakala namagagasi omsakazo. Futhi muva nje, baqala ukusebenzisa iziphuphutheki ebhodini ezithinta iziteshi futhi iphenya ukuhlola i-ionosphere kwaphezulu. Lokhu kwenza ukuba umqondo wokuthi ungqimba yayo kuqala, asikwazi wafunda ukusuka eMhlabeni.

izingqimba ionospheric

Kuyingxenye umkhathi futhi iyunifomu. Kuyo kukhona izingqimba ezintathu kokuba ngamazinga ahlukene ionization negesi kwabantu.

• Esikhathini ungqimba ephansi, edlulisela kuze kube amakhilomitha angu-90, ionization aphansi. Emoyeni ionized ngaphansi kwethonya iziphepho magnetic, umhlaba, kanye X-imisebe yelanga. Ngakho ebusuku ionization is nakakhulu encishisiwe.
• Isendlalelo wesibili uvela amakhilomitha 90 ukuya kwayi-120. It libhekene kwabantu kusho athomu, okuyinto kwanda kakhulu eminyakeni usuku emisebeni yelanga. Kulesi ungqimba, ke kubonakala amaza omsakazo phakathi futhi iDemo. Le ngxenye ibizwa ngokuthi i-ungqimba ionosphere Kennelly-Heaviside, owaqala wayifunda.
• Ezinye izindaba zika-ionosphere ngenhla 130 amakhilomitha ungqimba sesithathu. Izinga esiphezulu ionization siyenzeka endaweni engamamitha angaba ngu-200 amakhilomitha. Lesi sendlalelo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba adlulisele iDemo-wave erediyo e phezu amabanga amade. Ngavula IsiZulu physics Appleton ungqimba.

Kuyini ungqimba lwe-ozone

Ngezansi ionosphere kuyinto i-ozone. Kuvikela Umhlaba emiphumeleni elimazayo emisebe ye-UV nokusuka nokushisa. Ososayensi baye babonisa ukuthi i-ozone kuzuzisa nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ukuncishiswa senani noma kungekho nomthelela omubi impilo yabantu. izimbobo Ozone, eyayibonakala eyatholwa ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, kubangele ukwanda kwenani zomdlavuza. Abanye ososayensi elihlobene ne izinqubo abanjalo bangabaphostoli amagesi kusuka emhlabeni ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho kubhujiswa ionized izingqimba engenhla asemkhathini, okuyinto babe eyingozi ultraviolet emisebeni sidlule.

Umthelela ionosphere emsakazweni

A izinga eliphakeme ionization lomoya kule ungqimba umkhathi kungathinta noma zingasebenzi emsakazweni. Iyimbi icala izinhlayiya ezihambayo nemiyalezo zingashintsha isiqondiso amaza omsakazo ngisho ukuncela zabo amandla. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona umsindo eside, ukunyamalala yesikhashana umsakazo noma, kunalokho, kukhuphuke iziteshi zomsakazo ezikude slishimosti.

Ososayensi baye babonisa ukuthi ionosphere - kuba ungqimba ebangelwa umkhathi, esenza kwenzeke wokusakazeka amagagasi omsakazo. Kwenzeka isimanga ngoba ngenxa lezi radoivolnam futhi lesi sendlalelo kule 20s yekhulu lama-20 kwavulwa.

Ukuze ukudluliswa esinembile ngamagagasi omsakazo olude udinga ukuthola iphuzu kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona ionosphere, kuveza kusukela lapho uzothola ke endaweni lapho udinga. Enye inkinga ukuthi ezinye amandla amuncwa ion omubi icala. Okuhlobene nalokhu lomkhuba lapho nombono ngokushesha damped ku ionosphere, wadlula kangcono iDemo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana umsakazo liwohloka lapho kuneziphepho kazibuthe, lapho ionization kuyehla.

Ukubhujiswa kwabantu ionosphere

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi umhlaba udinga emkhathini. I ionosphere kuyafana - kuba ungqimba esivikela nezinye zamatshe emisebeni yangaphandle kanzima. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi ukubunjwa yayo inakekelwa ezingeni evamile. Kodwa izinto ezenziwa abantu eminyakeni yamuva kuholela yokuthi lesi sendlalelo emkhathini siqala ukubhodloza phansi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isebenza isikhala laboratory "Skayleb" ku ionosphere uyakhishwa izindodla i-hydrogen.

Okunye booster hhayi umthelela kancane umkhathi. Isikhala "Shuttle" Ufaka ngesikhathi omlilo semali chlorine, i-carbon monoxide, aluminium oxide, i-hydrogen. A "Energia" - okuningi nitrogen oxide. Konke lokhu ebhubhisa izingqimba asebenzayo we ionosphere, futhi kunciphisa Umthamo we-ozone. fuel asalile isikhathi eside buthelela emkhathini. Ikakhulukazi eziningi kubo aqukethe Stratosphere. I ionosphere kakhulu ebucayi yezinguquko ngezithako zawo, ngakho-athomu ngokushesha ubhujiswe.

It kuvela uma ugijima ukuthi mkhathi kuwo wonke kwalo mzila indiza Kumiswa, okubizwa ngokuthi imbobo ionospheric. Kuleli qophelo, imisebe cosmic ukungena umkhathi ukufinyelela komhlaba, kubathinta ezithinta zonke izinto eziphilayo.

izibani enyakatho

Ionosphere - yindawo lapho akha khona into enjalo okumangazayo Borealis aurora. Kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya kwemisebe emkhathini. Lapho kukhona isikhala icala izinhlayiya ukuthuthela umhlaba ngaphakathi izingqimba engenhla ionosphere, le perturbation we ion kwenzeka, okuyinto ngezansi ibonwa njengoba enhle kukhanya enhlobonhlobo. Empeleni le nqubo zokuyithena ku vortices ionosphere ehlehlela izinhlayiya okuvela elangeni. Uma kungenjalo walesi sendlalelo "ama-solar wind" angase achithe yonke eziphilayo emhlabeni.