Intengo ngezigaba. Amanani kanye namanani entengo

Encwadini umnotho isicebi, cishe noma yimuphi umkhiqizo has wentengo. It zingase zimiswe ngesisekelo ezihlukahlukene izindlela nemithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu ovamile yokusondela belinganisa okushiwo amanani e medium wabacwaningi wonke baye bathola nzima impela. Kukhona inani elikhulu sokunquma Ukwahlukaniswa sibalo okuhambisanayo. Ngumuphi kubo zivamile eRussia?

Iyini intengo futhi yiziphi imisebenzi yayo

Inani ngokuvumelana definition ezivamile - kuyindlela yokuveza ukubaluleka umkhiqizo ngesimo imali. It yakhelwe ukwenza ezihlukahlukene nemisebenzi. Phakathi kwalabo: ezimali, ukukhuthazwa, nokusabalalisa.

Ngokuphathelene nemisebenzi ezimali, abulawe yayo kusho ukuthi ukusebenzisa amanani izindleko zokukhiqiza nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo isilungisiwe. Ukukhuthazwa yakhelwe ukukhiqiza izimo ezinhle ukukhula nekusebenta ukukhululwa kwezimpahla, bathuthukise izinga lokuphila kwabo, ukwandisa zobuchwepheshe izinqubo zokukhiqiza. Umsebenzi wokusabalalisa senzelwe ukubandakanya emalini ahlukahlukene izintela, mkhuba intela kanye nemisebenzi, abese idluliselwe nomthengisi in isabelomali.

Abanye abacwaningi ukugqamisa social umsebenzi intengo. Luhilela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi labantu ezweni (isifunda noma umasipala) uzokwazi ukuthenga imikhiqizo ngezindleko kwezomnotho ezinengqondo, ngakolunye - ukuthi inkampani ukukhiqiza uhlobo olufanele imikhiqizo, kungaba inzuzo futhi ngaleyo ndlela silondoloze imisebenzi. Njengoba inketho - izakhamuzi edolobheni noma isifunda esisodwa.

Manje ake sicabangele indlela intengo kungaba kwenziwe ngezigaba.

Izici intengo ngezigaba

Kunezindlela eziningana elisekela futhi izizathu zokuthi izibalo okuhambisanayo yenani izimpahla Inkulumo singasetshenziswa eyabelwe isigaba esisodwa noma esinye. Ngakho, phakathi nezindlela ezivamile - ngezigaba ntengo isekelwe emkhakheni lezimpahla kwegazi. Ngesisekelo izinkomba yokukhuluma ukubaluleka izimpahla kungenziwa inikezwe njengoba:

• amanani wholesale (njengoba okukhethwa kukho, imikhiqizo zezimboni);
• ukuthenga izindleko ukusebenza kwezolimo;
• yamanani yezokuthutha;
• amanani okudayisa;
• yamanani Umthengi (isib for ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi);
• amanani, le bazibandakanye ekutholweni angaphandle ukuhweba izinto eziza kuqala.

Abanye abacwaningi bavame ukunezela leliqhinga ngezigaba, esekelwe izigaba ezithile nokusakazwa impahla.

ukuzungeza impahla

Ngakho, kunezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko yenqubo:

• kuhanjiswa kwemphahla kulesi simila, okuyinto ikhiphe ukuba izinhlangano wholesale;
• kuhanjiswa kwemphahla Wholesalers kumabhizinisi okudayisa;
• Yamadivayisi izimpahla Izitolo okudayisa kumsebenzisi wokugcina.

Leli cebo yakha esinye isizathu intengo ngezigaba - division izinkomba ezifanele ukuze lwezeMpilo Usizo. Ngemva kwesikhashana sizobheka imininingwane yabo ethize.

Ngokuphathelene amanani wholesale, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi zingabantu ngokwanele eduze kwempahla ukuthi asetshenziswa kwezolimo. Basuke ezibekwe abalimi noma Agro ngakunye kumsebenzisi noma, isibonelo, izakhiwo umlamuli - Izitolo amanethiwekhi, zinsiza, njll ...

Kukhona umbandela kwezomnotho, njengengxenye lapho ngezigaba kanye zamanani isakhiwo. Ngakho, abacwaningi basekela isabelo izinkomba isigaba esisodwa noma esinye, esekelwe degree of kokungenela wombuso zamanani. Uma banamathele kule indlela, izimpawu intengo ngezigaba siyofezwa ngezinga ukuhambisana zabo imithetho ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona. Ngakho, izinkomba kungaba:

• khulula (okungukuthi, zamanani Kwenziwa kuphela ngesisekelo imithetho ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona);
• Ashintshekayo (ngezinye izikhathi umbuso ungenelela ku izindlela ezifanele, avame kumayelana ukubaluleka lwamasu imikhakha umnotho kazwelonke);
• fixed (amandla fixed ngokucacile izintengo imikhiqizo ethile).

Kulokhu, izinqubo lesibili nelesithathu kungenzeka ekhona iminotho ngisho amaningi, kubhekwe njengendlela amazwe ejwayelekile zama-Capitalist. Ngokufanayo, e zokwakheka isimo nge kokungenela enamandla kukahulumeni emnothweni: isibonelo, China kukhona indawo zamanani khulula.

amalungiselelo ukuhweba

Intengo ngezigaba kungaba kwenziwe kunoma iyiphi enye ngezizathu. Ngakho-ke lezi zibalo okuhambisanayo yenani izimpahla singasetshenziswa eyabelwe isigaba esisodwa noma kwenye indawo kwezohwebo. Uma sikhuluma kulesi sigaba ubudlelwane bezentengiselwano, intengo kungaba: endalini, stock exchange noma kungaxoxwa. Uhlobo lokuqala ukusebenza kungenziwa elinesimo dissimilarity eside uma siqhathaniswa emakethe izibalo. Lokhu usukela ngokucacile indali ezaziwayo. KolwesiNgisi exchange rate kungaba intengo emakethe. Ngo ubudlelwane nomthetho commercial ezivamile nenqubo nezivumelwano. Ngokusho kwabo, kungenziwa kunqunywa intengo kwezimpahla, okuyinto omunye inkampani ngaphansi inkontileka kufanele sibeke ehlukile.

Ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa Ukwahlukaniswa amanani nsuku kwendawo. Ngakho-ke lezi zibalo okuhambisanayo yenani izimpahla kungenzeka kazwelonke, esifunda noma endawo. Kodwa emnothweni isiRashiya, le ndlela yokukhulisa zamanani akuyona ngezigaba kuvamile.

Sifunda imininingwane kohlobo oluthile amanani, okuyizinto mhlawumbe yokudlanga eliphakeme ekukhuleni komnotho wezwe. Izinhlobo amanani kanye ngezigaba zabo eyamukelwa isazi nemiphakathi emhlabeni wonke zingase zehluke, kodwa cishe njalo izindlela abafanele samanje isigaba ezifana izinkomba value lwezeMpilo kwezimpahla. Ake sifunde bona ngokuningiliziwe.

Izici amanani wholesale

lwamanani ase wholesale - isilinganiso ephawula ukukhiqizwa amabhizinisi, evame ukusebenza kuyo yonke imikhakha embonini, yokuthengisa nokuhweba naloko lokuhlongotwako mayelana nokuxhumana nosonkontileka. Ubunikazi kohlaka izindlela ezifanele ngokuvamile asihlobene. Kunezindlela eziningana ngezizathu ezengeziwe ku okungaba intengo ngezigaba okuqondene isigaba wholesale. Ngakho, ukukhululwa:

• ukuthengisa amanani;
• Industrial ukubaluleka izinkomba.

Ngokucacile lokudayisa amanani eshiwo yabo ngumkhiqizi komkhiqizo ngenhloso ukudayisa ibhizinisi wokusabalalisa. Kwezinye izimo, le sibalo elihambisana kungase kuchazwe ngokuthi intengo yokudlulisa. Lokhu kungenzeka uma budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye takhiwo inhlangano engokomthetho elilodwa (isibonelo, SA eziningana njengengxenye eliyifa). Ngokuvamile, intengo ukudluliselwa eqondiswa kwinkontileka, isihloko okuyinto - loan kwezohwebo.

Njengoba for izindleko ukusebenza ezimbonini, bona agcwele izimpahla idluliselwe sisonke ngokusebenzisa imigudu efanayo amanani wholesale, kodwa kufaka ne-VAT kanye nezinye izindleko kanye eziseceleni (lubohlo ngezithukuthuku amasevisi umlamuli). Ngakho, umehluko phakathi izinhlobo ezimbili imakwe ukusebenza wholesale ephawuleka, kodwa ngokuvamile ayegubha ukufana okukhulu kwesakhiwo.

Abanye abacwaningi baye ngamnyama amanani wholesale, okuyinto akhiwa ne nethonya ephawulekayo yeminyaka exchange izici. Kusolwa ukuthi lesi sibalo okuhambisanayo kusekelwe izingcaphuno phezu exchange isitokwe futhi ekugcineni setha bacabangele izaphulelo kungenzeka futhi omunye umphakeli okukhethekile ukuze umthengi (noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuncike ukwandisa, isibonelo, ngenxa yokuthi akubona ubuhlobo uzinze phakathi amabhizinisi).

Umsebenzi futhi intengo ngezigaba yokutholwa emiphakathini eminingi yocwaningo, kufaka ukwabiwa uhlobo ehlukile okudayisa ukusebenza ukubaluleka izimpahla. Sizofunda ngezindlela zazo.

Ikakhulukazi amanani okudayisa

amanani nokudayisa - izinkomba agcwele izindleko izimpahla ithengwa ibhizinisi ngqo umthengi lapho sibhekene isakhamuzi noma enye inhlangano. kumiswa lwabo ngezinyawo luhlanganisa kwethonya eziningana izingxenye yezomnotho. Phakathi kwalabo - intengo wholesale (kwezinye izimo ukuthengwa efanele), izintela ehlukahlukene amacala (isib i-VAT), izindleko zomsebenzi. Kumiswa ukusebenza okudayisa kuyinto encike ngqo kwi nenqubo nenzuzo, credit umthwalo waso, nemibandela izivumelwano zimali.

Le ndlela yokwenza, okubandakanya ngentengo ezivamile uhlelo eRussia kanye ngezigaba yawo asikisela ukuthi amanani okudayisa ngokuvamile oluyingozi ezingaphezu kuka wholesale. Iqiniso ukuthi bazwelane kakhudlwana ezingeni oyinhloko ngokufunwa, okuyinto aluqinile njalo (ikakhulukazi maqondana nempahla ebizayo ngezinga elincane, - kwansuku) kukhona. Njengomthetho, intengo okudayisa awunasilinganiso kwinkontileka (ezifana wholesale kwezinye izimo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibalo kungahluka kakhulu ezitolo ezahlukene. Siyini isizathu? Ngokuvamile, umehluko phakathi izici ezikhethiwe ukhiye kwebhizinisi lethu - eziseceleni ebolekiswe isevisi izindleko, etc ...

amanani kanye ngezigaba zabo yamukelwa amazwe amaningi uhlelo zihlanganisa ukwabiwa wodwana izinkomba ezihlobana namanye amazwe. Sizokwenza ukufunda imininingwane yabo ethize.

Ngokucacile amanani namanye amazwe

Foreign amanani ukuhweba elichaza kokwakho kwemikhiqizo kanye namasevisi olunikezwe yi yangasese futhi bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni, okuyinto babe yokuhlala kwelinye izwe noma enye, phesheya. Abakwazi ukufakwa amandla ezentengiselwano, futhi ngenxa yezivumelwano yangasese, ezivame ubuhanjelwe nezakhiwo zikahulumeni.

Ukwahlukanisa amanani ezweni uhlobo oluthile umkhiqizo, njengoba umthetho, kuyinto ehluke jikelele. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuphathelene izinkomba ezifanele Uwoyela emazweni lwanamuhla timbiwa sebemukele lolu hlobo uphethiloli amasu, lapho izindleko phansi izimpahla kufanele ibalwe ngesisekelo Brent.

Kukhona izinto eziningi ezisebenza ngokubambisana lapho kwakhiwa izibalo kubhekwe izindleko izimpahla. Izinto ezifana umqondo kanye nokubekwa ngezigaba amanani, senze uphenyo. Kuyasiza cabanga manje nentengo kungaba kwenziwe ngaphansi kohlaka iyiphi imithetho.

izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko intengo kumiswa ungabahlukanisa: naphakathi (lapho izibalo okuhambisanayo ukwakha ibhizinisi esikhiqiza izimpahla noma ukuhlinzeka amasevisi), kanye emakethe, lapho ezinye izibalo sibonakalisa izindleko izimpahla, kwakheka isisekelo ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona endaweni ingxenye ethile khulula emakethe. Njengomthetho, kokubili izindlela ezishiwo zisetshenziswa kanyekanye. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

zamanani Intracorporate

Ngakho kungenzeka amanani obala, ikakhulukazi ukuphathwa kwamabhizinisi, oveza izimpahla noma ohlinzeka ngomsebenzi. Ngokusekelwe kulokho okuyizidingo eziseqhulwini ukuzimisela izinkomba ezifanele? Intengo Yemfihlo abakhiqizi kwezimpahla kanye nabahlinzeki kungenziwa kuzinto ezifana izinjongo yenkampani ukuthuthukiswa, ezingeni izindleko ekukhiqizeni, abanikazi eziseqhulwini zimali nokunye. D.

Kwezinye izimo, le nkampani igcina ngamanani aphansi ngenhloso yokwenza niche market enkulu ukwedlula mncintiswano, futhi kulokhu kakade exhunywe indlela kumiswa izinkomba yezindleko izimpahla lesibili - emakethe. Sizokwenza ukufunda imininingwane yayo eqondile.

Market zamanani

Amanani Low, ngaleyo ndlela zingavezwa manje, ngesisekelo umgomo emakethe izici. Ngakho, kungenzeka uma funa ayanele (noma wawa, njengoba nakuyicabanga, ngenxa crisis) noma umncintiswano ingxenye likhulu kangangokuba kufanele sikhuthazele ngenxa yokwesatshiswa amanani.

Kungenzeka ukuthi izibalo ngeke kusengaphambili ukuthi ibhizinisi ukulahlekelwa wokwenza. Kulokhu, inkampani anganquma ukunciphisa izindleko (ngokusindisa labo noma eminye imithombo, futhi ngokwenza ngcono izinqubo zebhizinisi) noma sina ukunciphisa khona emakethe yayo. Kwezinye izimo, ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu wokuncintisana awusebenzi ukuhola inkampani ezikweletini.

Non-emakethe izici yentengo ukwakheka

Qaphela ukuthi kwezinye izimo, amanani entengo (intengo ngezigaba kungabuye zisuselwa nenqubo efanele) wenziwa khona ngaphansi kwethonya izici ze-non-market. Ngokuvamile kuba ngamalungiselelo athile okuphatha lokho kungase kuhilele isimo (noma inhlangano yendawo - uhulumeni zesifunda, umasipala). On isibonelo isimo samanje emhlabeni zibangelwa ithonya zezombusazwe isici zamanani: labo noma ezinye izinkomba intengo umkhiqizo angaba phezulu noma ngaphansana emakethe, hhayi ngoba ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona izindlela, futhi ngenxa ukungezwani phakathi States noma, kunalokho, omunye izwe sengqondo enobungane kakhulu kwesinye.

Ngakho, thina uhlole ntengo (umqondo, umsebenzi, ngezigaba). Saqaphela ukuthi kukhona inqwaba ucwaningo Tindlelanchubo kwencazelo essence yayo. Siphinde ezikhonjwe eziningana ezithandwayo intengo ngezigaba ngemibandela latayelekile endzaweni lesiphila kuyo izazi zomhlaba Russian futhi. Singaphetha ngokuthi lesi silinganiso inkomba izimpahla, naphezu lula ngoba kubonakala sengathi kunokuthula isakhiwo - into baluleke ukuthuthukiswa yimuphi isimiso sezomnotho - ebhizinisini ngamunye, ubambe noma izwe lonke. zamanani Proper - isici ekugcinweni ngempumelelo ukuncintisana izindlela kwezomnotho evunule osomabhizinisi namandla wombuso.