Inhloko-dolobha ye-Australia: Sydney noma Canberra? Australia: ibalazwe

Lapho itholakala futhi igama dolobha ye-Australia? Sydney noma Canberra - ezinye zalezi emadolobheni imisebenzi yenhloko-dolobha? Ukunikeza izimpendulo ezinembile zale mibuzo uzoya kude uhambo oya ezwekazini ezikude. Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wathola Melika, kodwa ngaphambi Antarctica. Izingxabano ngobani abaMhlophe bokuqala lawela e-Australia, hhayi subsiding kuze kube manje. Kuyinto futhi mpikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana luhlobo luni lomuzi kuleli zwe elihle kakhulu futhi ezikulungele ukuhlala kuzona.

lwase-Australia

Photo kangaroo koalas - uhlobo sokushaya ikhadi zaleli zwekazi kulencane Zomhlaba. Australia kancane cishe 4.5 izikhathi ukwedlula e-Afrika futhi izikhathi 2.5 kuphela ezingaphezu kuka isiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - Greenland. Ezwekazini, kuba nesimo esikhulu - Commonwealth of Australia. Abafundi ngokuvamile bakuthola kunzima ukuphendula umbuzo mayelana igama dolobha yase-Australia, i-Sydney noma Canberra? Melbourne noma Sydney? Futhi akusiwona kuphela amazwekazi ezikude kanye namazwe. Kunezizathu eziningana ukuthi ucabange ngaphambi shayela dolobha. Chaza isimo ukusiza ulwazi umlando ukutholakala kanye zokuhlala nezwekazi abantu baseYurophu.

mlando letibalulekile esigabeni sokuqala emlandweni ukutholakala kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-Australia

Cinga indlela yasolwandle esuka eYurophu, iNdiya neChina ngenkuthalo iqhutshwe inkathi omkhulu okutholakele womhlaba, abaseSpain, isiPutukezi, futhi ngemva kwabo, kanye Dutch. Ngaphambi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII eYurophu asazi lapho kuyinto Australia. Imininingwane kusele izingxenyana nje ze mayelana uhambo lomkhumbi amatilosi isiPutukezi kanye abathengisi kuya ogwini ezweni eningizimu engaziwa zisukela ekhulwini XVI, kodwa ubufakazi eqoqwe akwanele.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi wamazwe Torres ezaziwa kusukela eSpain ngo 1606 idlule Strait eningizimu New Guinea, okufakazela ukuthi isiqhingi, kunokuba yingxenye engaziwa nezwekazi eliseningizimu. Torres wabona ngokusebenzisa strait elibizwa ngegama lakhe namuhla, ogwini ukuusiza (e-Australia). umnikelo Omkhulu ekutadisheni nezwekazi sewenze Dutch. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwakungaziwa ukuthi likude empumalanga kanjani welula Insimu nezwekazi eliseningizimu.

BaseYurophu zonke kungajwayelekile ukuvula emazweni awo elise kude ngaseningizimu. Okokuqala, owafika evela Izwe Elidala emangala marsupial, inhlabathi ebomvu, ayasha emifuleni. I elula kunazo ngenxa yokuphila abasuka eYurophu kwakuyi-esembusweni empumalanga, lapho imimoya olumanzi olwandle imisiwe ezintabeni uwela kwezulu ezingaphezu kuka maphakathi nezwekazi.

Ukubhukuda D. Cook futhi indima British kuleyandawo zaleli zwekazi

Babaziwa Ngokungenisa aluthatha ephindelela emhlabeni wonke eyiNgisi Dzheyms Awe-Kuk, ukwazi lapho Australia saya e eminyakeni 1769-1770 ukufunda imingcele ogwini olusempumalanga. Bedlula ogwini ababevela eNew Zealand, Cook wafinyelela enhla nenyakatho zwekazi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala ukuthuthukiswa ala mazwe izikhonzi IsiZulu Umqhele. Januwari 26, 1788 leli koloni lokuqala British yasungulwa. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII ngihlalé ayiqondakali kahle ngaphakathi endaweni oye engazivimbeli isimangalo British kulo lonke izwekazi ababengaphansi kwemibuso yakwamanye amazwe. Nge ukubukwa of kwaboMdabu Tasmanian umuntukazana Australian lingazange libale.

Namanje mpikiswano esishubile mayelana nokuthi kwakukhona esikhathini esidlule zomlando ngalo ukuqothulwa kohlanga izwekazi lalolo hlanga. Akungabazeki impendulo yombuzo zazo ulimi e-Australia. Leli zwe amaningi abahlanganyeli-Commonwealth of Nations. Ngokusemthethweni mithi odlule kanye Queen samanje England - inhloko okuqondene inhlangano yamazwe nezindawo nasekuthengeni. E-Australia, ulimi olusemthethweni ngesiNgisi.

Leli zwekazi owesincane Umhlaba: isikhundla nendawo (GP)

Ngayiphi Nenkabazwe-Australia? Ake sibheke ibalazwe. Njengoba ubona, ezwekazini eseningizimu yenkabazwe, isb. E. Ingabe elise ngokuphelele eNingizimu Nenkabazwe. Izakhi esemqoka ye-GP-Australia ngo-latitude:

• York Peninsula - ngokwedlulele iphuzu enyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe.
• Isikhundla aseningizimu kakhulu kuleli zwekazi ithatha Cape South Point.
• Territory of Australia ubabonisa parallel 10 ° S. w. kuya ku-39 ° S. w.
• Cishe maphakathi nezwekazi sawela by Southern Tropic.

Ngayiphi Nenkabazwe Australia: East noma West? Mainland asiphambani meridians 0 ° 180 °, kusho ukuthi-ke itholakala ngokuphelele Nenkabazwe empumalanga. Izakhi esemqoka ye-GP-Australia Longitude:

• Emkhawulweni entshonalanga - m Point emaweni ..
• Ngokwedlulele isikhundla empumalanga kuthatha m. Byron.
• Australia amanga empumalanga umugqa owehla nembulunga okuyi-113 °. g., 153 ° entshonalanga. d.
• Le ndawo ingqikithi nezwekazi imayelana 7.659.000. Km ^2.

Izwekazi osuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga kungathi izinkulungwane 4. Km. Ibanga esuka ezwekazini enyakatho ukuya eningizimu waso angaphandle imayelana ayizinkulungwane 3.7. Km.

ugu lolwandle

Lwase-Australia ubizwa wageza:

• Timor futhi Arafura Sea, uye ngasenyakatho;
• Coral, Tasman Sea empumalanga;
• Usebe lwesiqhingi futhi sokuhlupheka Indian Ocean intshonalanga neningizimu.

Eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Australia Tasmania, isiqhingi kwi - e enyakatho-mpumalanga. New Guinea. Kanye ogwini olusempumalanga siphela cluster Kunawo Wonke Emhlabeni yamakhorali - eGreat Barrier Reef. Zemvelo "isakhiwo" ifinyelela ubude ayizinkulungwane 2. Km. Izixhobo zamakhorali, ezingamaqoqo indlela nzima kusukela ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Australia ezwekazini (isithombe esisodwa leziqhingi ezincane ezingaba eboniswe ngezansi).

Wamazwe ase-Australia

Kuze kube eyishumi yokugcina engxenyeni XIX leminyaka-Australia siqukethe 6 amakoloni ehlukile ababo ohulumeni, amabutho empi kanye nezinye izimfanelo wokuzibusa. Ngo 1898 waqala ukuthuthukiswa yomthethosisekelo amakoloni Federation. Ngosuku lokuqala 1901 Australia wamukela njengezakhamizi isimo esisodwa - Commonwealth of Australia.

Umbango phakathi imizi yezwe, zibalwa lesithupha emhlabeni ngokuya endaweni, laqala iminyaka engaphezu kuka-100 edlule. Lokhu kunganeliseki kwavela ngemva mbuzo: lapho kuyoba enhlokodolobha yase-Australia? Sydney noma Canberra - okuyinto kweminye yale mizi uncamela? Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abaningi base-Australia bakholwe izwekazi yabo esiyinqaba. Kusukela eSydney futhi Canberra bekhala umuzi wabo, bacabange ukuthi okungcono. E Melbourne abathi ukuthi umuzi wazo olunothile, ethandwa.

Indlela ibizwa ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha yase-Australia: Sydney, Melbourne noma Canberra?

ohulumeni Federal emva 1901 asethunyelwe kwi wadala ngokukhethekile Australian Capital Territory. Kwanqunywa ukuthi kuyoba enhlokodolobha yase-Australia. Sydney noma Melbourne - lawa kathi kwale mizi emibili enkulu kwakungase kube zokuqondisa we inhlangano namanje kule minyaka eyishumi yokuqala ngemva indalo yayo. Ekuphetheni ingxoxo, kwanqunywa ukuba ukuqeda umncintiswano ezaphakama. Kukhethwa ikakhulu okwesikhashana Melbourne. Lokhu-dolobha yase-Australia, lapho iphalamende federal kwaba yingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka.

Umqondo wokwakha idolobha elisha isikhathi eside ukuba babe khona ensimini ka-New South Wales, kodwa hhayi eSydney, futhi kancane eminye kude nasolwandle. Kuphela ngo-1908 kwathiwa ekugcineni evunywe indawo sokuqondisa nezombusazwe zezwe, futhi ngo-1911 waqala nomklamo walo futhi ukwakhiwa. Melbourne dolobha nemisebenzi eyenziwa kuze 1927.

Canberra: base futhi idolobha

Ngadlula iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi ngemva kokudalwa kuka isimo esisodwa ezwekazini, kodwa abantu abaningi kusengenzeka ukuthole kunzima ukuphendula lo mbuzo: "? Inhloko-dolobha ye-Australia - Sydney noma Canberra"

Ngo-1911, umncintiswano kwamenyezelwa for the design of idolobha elisha. Wanqoba kuye umakhi American Walter Griffin. Abalobi umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha kwakukhona ukungabaza mayelana negama layo. Sinikeza kukho okulandelayo: Dzheyms Awe-Kuk, uShakespeare, Olympus, kodwa ekugcineni, igcinwe igama mlando.

Ngo-March 1913 itshe kuqala isisekelo edolobheni yasungulwa. Igama dolobha entsha livela emzaneni eponymous Canberra ku Molongo emfuleni. Ibanga kusuka lapha ukuze eSydney ngesikhathi enyakatho-mpumalanga - mayelana 280 amakhilomitha eMelbourne eningizimu-ntshonalanga - 650 km. Igama elithi "Canberra" lihunyushwa lisuselwa olimini AboMdabu base-Australia-Australia kungasho ngokoqobo "endaweni yomhlangano". Lesi sivumelwano IsiZulu siqala lapha 1820. Iholide kazwelonke - Usuku isisekelo Canberra - Australia sika banquma ukugubha unyaka ngamunye (NgoMsombuluko yesibili ngoMashi).

Wekukhula, intfutfuko, futhi lanamuhla ezingokoqobo Capital Australian

inhlokomo Kwezomnotho kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala imisiwe ukwakhiwa. Kuphela ngo-1927, i-Federal Iphalamende Australia lisuswe kusuka Melbourne ukuze Canberra. I ukukhula nokuthuthuka inhlokodolobha baye behlisa phakathi neNkathi Yokuwohloka Okukhulu kanye neMpi Yezwe II. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye 1945 Canberra baqala ukwanda. Isibalo izakhamuzi zakhona nxazonke ayizinkulungwane 392. Man. Enhloko-dolobha, lizinga lalabamnyama labangasebenti ingaphansi kanye komholo ojwayelekile ingaphezu kwe kulo lonke lelo zwe. Ekuqaleni, iphrojekthi ehlinzekelwe ukudalwa nedolobha eliyingadi, ukuphila enhle futhi zikhululekile. Ensimini ka-Canberra wahlala ezindaweni abalulekile izimila ezindaweni zemvelo, ephukile amapaki amasha kanye tikwele. Enhloko-dolobha, esihlalweni iPhalamende eNkantolo Ephakeme, nama-ejensi eziningi zikahulumeni. izingosi mlando ezihehayo Canberra kanje:

• IziNdlu zePhalamende (zangaphambili futhi lamanje);
• Anglican Church of St Ioanna Krestitelya ;
• igceke lesonto of St John;
• Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe kaZwelonke;
• War Memorial;
• -Australian National University;
• Royal Military College;
• National Gallery.

Izici zokuphatha-indawo futhi ukwanda kwabantu

Ngaphezu Federal Capital Territory, Australia kuyingxenye izifunda ambalwa ezingalingani ngobukhulu, inombolo kanye nokwakheka labantu. Ngaphansi ugcwale futhi endaweni athuthukile - North. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona 6 zithi ahlukene: Western futhi South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria Tasmania. I enkulu endaweni izifunda-Australia - eQueensland Western Australia.

Idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke kuleli zwe esisogwini ogwini olusempumalanga, hhayi kuphela ngenxa umlando ukutholakala kanye settlement zaleli zwekazi. Kusukela Ocean Pacific ngasogwini Australian siphela uchungechunge ezintabeni, ukuphakama kwayo ngokwesilinganiso - 1500-2000 m Lona Omkhulu kuhlukane Range, esivikela strip ogwini imimoya ezishisayo nezomile ohlabayo kusukela maphakathi ezingwadule zase ..

Idolobha elikhulu e-East Coast - eSydney. Inani labantu wedolobha nxazonke-4.4 million. Man. Esikhathini isithombe edolobheni ungakwazi ngokuvamile ubone isakhiwo emhlophe enhle Opera House, kepha efaniswe yacht useyili noma izingxenye orange. Opera eSydney - sezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu yokwakha izwe - uphawu hhayi kuphela edolobheni kodwa wonke ye-Australia. Kakhulu lobuchwepheshe isixazululo nombhali isakhiwo yaseshashalazini (Jörg Utston) ehlanganiswe ukuphila iminyaka engu-10. UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki ngaphakathi opera umhlobiso liye labizwa ngokuthi "Gothic cosmic".

Melbourne itholakala eningizimu sikaSydney Canberra, inani lezakhamuzi zalo abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-3.9. Umuzi kubhekwa yezemidlalo inhlokodolobha Australia: kukhona ngamazwe Tennis Tournament, nabagibeli uhlanga "Umthetho ofingqiwe -1". Abathandwayo izakhiwo yokuqala izivakashi Melbourne. City esikhathini esingaphansi amabili eminyaka, kuye kwaqala entweni okudotshwa ibe muzi.

Incazelo emfushane izinkomba izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho main

Sibutsetelo Australia kuyobe akuphelele uma ungayeki izinkomba lokubala ubuningi babantu eziyisisekelo, ingasaphathwa eyezinye izici ukhiye kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Le ndawo ingqikithi isimo yase-Australia imayelana 7,687 km ^2. Insimu ayihlanganisi kuphela ezwekazini, kodwa futhi inombolo eduze kwalo iziqhingi ezinkulu nezincane. isibalo sabantu ezweni lonke - ngokuvumelana idatha ye 2014 - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-23,8.

Amalungu iSonto LaseSheshi e-Commonwealth of Australia has mayelana 26% abantu sebebonke. Mayelana efanayo e-Australia amaKatolika nabalandeli bezinye izinkolo zobuKristu. Ngesikhathi kokwehla ezwekazini bamakoloni baseYurophu lalolo hlanga kwaba ezingeni eliphansi kwezentuthuko. Australia Bomdabu abangu matasa bebutha izithelo nembewu endle, ukuzingela nokudoba.

Ezwekazini England waqala ukungenisa iziboshwa, ikoloni kuqala nezinye zokuhlala unomphela. Kusukela Old World e-Australia kanye labantu ayizisebenzi nezilwane ezifuywayo babe Amagciwane nezilwane. Ngenxa yalokho yesifo kakhulu ziyancipha isibalo sabantu bomdabu. umonakalo Omkhulu ukuba nezimila zasendle okubangelwa onogwaja nezinye ezidla uhlaza ngazivumelanisa nendlela.

Australia ecebile yezinto zemvelo, okuyinto ngokuyinhloko misela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ne esentshonalanga yezwe. Amaminerali kungenziwa ngokuthi igesi yemvelo imali, uwoyela, amalahle, izinsimbi ayoni futhi non-ayoni, igolide kanye nokwe-uranium. Isetshenziswa ezwekazini kubakhiqizi abakhiqiza imithombo energy: emisebeni yelanga, amagagasi, umoya. Imifula main - the Murray Darling ukuthutheleka - nisela emasimini ezolimo eningizimu-mpumalanga. Australia - enkulu izinkomo-zizalela esifundeni, ikakhulukazi ithuthukiswe lapha esihle-fleeced izimvu nezinkomo ekukhuliseni izingane. Ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkampanini nabaphesheya ukutshala e ezimbiwa phansi uphethiloli izinto zokusetshenziswa (uwoyela negesi). Commonwealth of Australia ukuthuthukisa imboni yezimayini ukucutshungulwa izimboni, izinto ukuthekelisa-enikeziwe eluhlaza, amandla kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo. Leli zwe okuthuthuke tertiary komnotho (indawo yesevisi).

Indima lwemali main iyona Australian dollar lisebenza. GDP capita-Australia ngayinye phakathi kwamazwe ayishumi phezulu, simo lesithupha emhlabeni. E-Australia, emazweni nase-Oceania dolobha yabakhanga zezivakashi. Ukuze encane esiqhingini ezindaweni imali ukuthi lo mkhakha umnotho kubalulekile.

Australia njengengxenye Oceania

Control Commonwealth osebenza ku archipelagos futhi iziqhingi: Ashmore, Cocos, Cartier, Macdonald Norfolk, Christmas, Hurd (yalemikhakha akuyona labantu umhlali).

Inhloko-dolobha ye-Australia nase-Oceania is kakhulu ihluke nomunye ngezindlela eziningi. izizwe Iningi esiqhingini ubuswa lalolo hlanga. Ngisho ezindaweni ngobukhulu ozijameleko engaphansi emashumini izikhathi esingaphansi lase-Australia. Ngakho, izwe ndawo, etholakala enyakatho-Australia - Papua New Guinea - imayelana ayizinkulungwane 463 km ^2, inani izakhamizi safinyelela 7.1 izigidi ezingu ..

Nezimfumbe izwekazi encane

Izikhangibavakashi e-Australia ikhange kubantu abaningi, ngoba nezwekazi idume angavamile. Kukhona sendawo eziningi, wathola flora kwenye ezilwaneni nasezimileni. Njengoba abacwaningi basikisela, endulo wawuyingxenye yezinto ezinkulu-izwekazi lase-Australia, kodwa ngenxa yokuhlukanisa yakhe futhi drift uya eningizimu-mpumalanga lasuswa kusukela nakwamanye amazwekazi. Ngenxa kude kwaso e-Australia futhi obakhathalelayo. Tasmania walondoloza izitshalo esifuze futhi ama-marsupial, eside yokuqothulwa e-Afrika futhi Eurasia.

Ngokusho imiphumela abavubukuli, idwala imidwebo, izinsalela womuntu, amathuluzi zomsebenzi lasendulo, abacwaningi baye kunqunywa ngesikhathi zokuhlala kuleli zwekazi. Okwatholakala kusikisela ukuthi e-Australia kufika abantu bokuqala abavela kwezinye amazwekazi owakhiwe. Mhlawumbe abantu kukhona kakade eminyaka ngu-50, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi abahlali bokuqala kwakunabamemezeli abangaba ngu-21 eziyinkulungwane. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

abacwaningi Australian ukuhlonza nezilwane endaweni ethile, bekholelwa ukuthi abahlala izilwane kakhulu lasendulo kule ndawo Zomhlaba. Kukholakala ukuthi ngenkathi Paleozoic kwakukhona izwe ngenxa engxenyeni Asian ezintaba zase-Eurasia. Khona-ke phezu nezilwane ezwekazini akubanga ahlukahlukene. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba nokuqala kwenkathi eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni e-Australia kwavela izilwane marsupial. Ngesikhathi kwakukhona ngokwahlukana yokugcina amazwekazi. Njengoba Australia akubanga ezikwazi ukuhlaba zingene izilwane ezidla ezinye - abamele ezincelisayo ephakeme. Ngakho-ke, i-nezilwane zabomdabu kuleli zwekazi phambi kwethu, awayona ejwayelekile. Found in Australia omdala esinomhlapho ezincelisayo - platypus futhi echidna, ama-marsupial - kangaroo, koalas nezinye izilwane engavamile.